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# | The '''Naengic languages''' form a subbranch of the [[Lakovic languages]], including forms of [[Naeng]] and the vernacular [[Tergetian]] languages. It is characterized by some shared innovations: | ||
#The Naengic Vowel Shift: A chain vowel shift ä > a > o > u > ü. Exception: -aʔ became -a, not -o. | |||
#Shift to strong final stress. | |||
#An associative plural *φam which could be used after a noun. | |||
#A 4-tense system of past, present, future and imperative/subjunctive. | |||
#A full set of personal pronouns, with an associative plural suffix in the 2nd and 3rd person plural and a grammaticalization of ''*tʔej sa'' 'this side' for 1st person plural exclusive. | |||
#Retains preposed possessive pronouns. (Classical Windermere had those.) | |||
PLak φetn Xtar > *hìnθar > inθar by Grassmann | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! |Labial | |||
! |Dental | |||
! |Domed | |||
! |Palatal | |||
! |Velar | |||
! |Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | |||
| '''m''' /m/ | |||
| '''n''' /n/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Stop | |||
! |<small>plain</small> | |||
| '''p''' /p/ | |||
| '''t''' /t/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''k''' /k/ | |||
| '''ʔ''' /ʔ/ | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''b''' /b/ | |||
| '''d''' /d/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''g''' /g/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative | |||
| | |||
| '''s''' /s̻/ | |||
| '''ś''' /s̺/ | |||
| '''š''' /ʃ/ | |||
| | |||
| '''h''' /h/ | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate | |||
| | |||
| '''c''' /ts̻/ | |||
| '''ć''' /ts̺/ | |||
| ('''č''' /tʃ/) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Approximant | |||
| '''w''' /w/ | |||
| '''l''' /l/ | |||
| '''r''' /r/ | |||
| '''y''' /j/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
Proto-Ashanic had 6 vowels and register tone: | |||
'''i ü u e o a''' = /i y u e o a/ | |||
'''ì ǜ ù è ò à''' = /i y u e o a/ + breathy voice | |||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
Final consonant clusters were allowed, unlike in [[Windermere]]; they are the source of final voiced stops in Windermere. | |||
Prefinal syllables only allowed the vowels /a i u/. | |||
===Stress=== | |||
Stress was likely on the final syllable. | |||
==Grammar== | |||
[[Category:Lakovic languages]] |
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