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'''Proto-Talmic''' is a descendant of [[Proto-Quihum]] and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including [[Thensarian]], [[Tíogall]], [[Nurian]], [[Roshterian]], ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.
{{construction}}
==Diachronics==
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
Some sound changes from [[Proto-Quihum]]:
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
*Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
The '''Talmic languages''' (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ ''TAHL-mik'') are a subfamily of the [[Quame languages]], originally spoken chiefly in the [[Bitaleta]] region in the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]].
*Ejectives become voiced stops:
 
**cʼ z > z
* PET
**ƛʼ λ > ɮ
** Talmic
**qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
*** [[Tigol]]
*xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
**** [[Eevo]]
*ƛ > t
**** [[Anbirese]]
*Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
**** Ciètian
*lenition of p > φ
 
*Cluster simplifications
== Syntax ==
*tk, tq > rk, rq
Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.
 
== Morphology ==
Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify
 
Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.
 
==History of Talmic studies==
===History of the term===
The Talmic family was referred to as the "''Kwēm'' languages" (Scellan: ''brits Cłeem'') in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word ''cēm'' for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as [[Naquian]], the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.
 
==Todo==
*''-nəm'' = patientive
*''sθan-'' = gather
**''sθannəm'' = gathering
***Skellan ''sdann'' = (''mathematics'') set
**~ ''sta-'' in ''stāmom''?
 
*add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
**''-ssōs'' = another noun suffix
** 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
**lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū
 
Change 1pl.ex from m to b


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="11"|Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|+ Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Alveolar
!  |Lateral
!  |Palatal
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Velar
Line 44: Line 68:
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|  
|  
| *θ
| *t
| *t
|
|
|
| *k
| *k
Line 55: Line 79:
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *b
| *δ
| *d
| *d
|
|  
|  
| *g
| *g
Line 67: Line 91:
! |<small>voiceless</small>
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| *ɸ
| *ɸ
|
| *s
| *s
| *ɬ
|
|
|  
|  
| [x]
|  
|  
| [χ]
|  
|  
| *h
| *h
Line 79: Line 103:
|  
|  
|  
|  
| *ɮ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|
|rowspan="2"| *ʁʷ
|rowspan="2"| *γ
|rowspan="2"| *γʷ
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|  
|  
| *l
| *r
| *r
| *l
| *y
| *j
|  
|  
| *w
| *w
|   
|   
|}
|}
The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū
a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū


Diphthongs:  
Diphthongs:  


ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw
ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou


====Thensarian reflexes====
==Derivational morphology==
PTal reflexes in bold
===Affixes===
Some derivational affixes are:
*''-nam'' (n.) = patient suffix
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer (from ''*-əx̌-''; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
**What if ''*-əx̌-'' meant something else in PQuih?
**Roshterian ''-ia-/-i-'' - fossilized suffix in many verbs
*''-ākos'' (n.) = verbal noun (from ''*-əx̌-'' verbalizer + ''*-kas'' = older VN suffix)
**Roshterian ''-iac''
*''-akt(V)-'' = adjectivizer
**Roshterian ''-ait''


*{{recon|''a''}} > '''o''' > ''o''
====Ablaut patterns====
*{{recon|''ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ''}} > '''ā''' > ''ā''
*{{recon|''aʔ, əx̌ʷ''}} > '''ō''' > ''ō''
*{{recon|''ə''}} > '''e''' > ''e''
*{{recon|''i''}} > '''i''' > ''i''
*{{recon|''u''}} > '''u''' > ''u''
*{{recon|''ay''}} > '''oi''' > ''ȳ''
*{{recon|''əy''}} > '''ai''' > ''ae''
*{{recon|''iy''}} > '''ei''' > ''ē''
*{{recon|''uy''}} > '''ui''' > ''ui''
*{{recon|''iʔ, ix''}} > '''ī''' > ''ī''
*{{recon|''aw''}} > '''ow''' > ''ao''
*{{recon|''əw''}} > '''ew''' > ''iō''
*{{recon|''iw''}} > '''iw''' > ''iū''
*{{recon|''uʔ, ux, uxʷ''}} > '''ū''' > ''ū''
*{{recon|''uw''}} > '''ou''' > ''ao''
*{{recon|''Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ''}} > C'''a''' > ''Ca''
*{{recon|''Cxʷ''}} > C'''o''' > ''Co''
*{{recon|''Cx''}} > C'''ə''' > ''Cy''
*{{recon|''əʔ, əx, ix̌''}} > '''ē''' > ''ē''
*{{recon|''ux̌, x̌u''}} > '''ō''' > ''ō''
*{{recon|''axʷ, ax̌ʷ''}} > '''aw''' > ''ao''
*{{recon|''ixʷ, ix̌ʷ''}} > '''ew''' > ''iō''
*{{recon|''ux̌ʷ''}} > '''ō''' > ''ō''
*{{recon|''iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ''}} > ''ija'' > ''iā''
*{{recon|''əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ''}} > ''eja'' > ''eā''
*{{recon|''iy(ə)x''}} > ''ije'' > ''iē''


==Morphology==
==Syntax==
===Nouns and adjectives===
The emphatic particle {{recon|''-is''}} was commonly suffixed to the verb.
====Masculine nouns====
== Gibberish ==
 
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.
====Feminine nouns====
 
====Neuter nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''tektəs'' 'child'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''tektəs'' || ''tetektəs'' || ''tektəen''
|-
! Definite
| ''tektəes'' || ''tetektəes'' || ''tektəer''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''tektəs'' - 'child'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''tektət''|| ''tektəerət''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''tektən''|| ''tektəerən''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''tektəssi''|| ''tektəerəssi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''tektəssiu''|| ''tektəerəssiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''tektiu''|| ''tektəeriu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''tektī''|| ''tektəerī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''tektəta''|| ''tektəerta''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''tektəsmo''|| ''tektəersmo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''tektəswi''|| ''tektəerswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''tektəka''|| ''tektəerka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''tektōr''|| ''tektəerōr''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jenaqs'' 'water' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
! style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Indefinite
| ''jenaqs'' || ''jenenaqs''
|-
! Definite
| ''jenaqes'' || ''jenenaqes''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''stuφs'' 'fire' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Indefinite
| ''stuφs'' || ''stetuφs''
|-
! Definite
| ''stuφes'' || ''stetuφes''
|}


===Verbs===
====Object markers====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+ Object affixes
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''ni-''
|''mē-''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''ɬē-''
|-
!|2
|''ti-''
|''sē-''
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|''nē-''
|}
====TAM + subject markers====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+Present indicative
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaisman || *kaφsən
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismar  || *kaφsər
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismam || *kaφsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismasim || *kaφsəsim
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaisma || *kaφs
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismamē || *kaφsmē
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismant || *kaφsənt
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaske || *kaφsəske
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismat || *kaφsət
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+Preterite indicative
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismannem || *keφsənnem
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismarəg  || *keφsrəg
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismasəm || *keφsəsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismast || *keφsəst
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismaso || *keφso
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismamer || *keφsəmer
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismanter || *keφsənter
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismasker || *keφsəsker
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismater || *keφsəter
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Subjunctive
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismanai || *kaφsnai
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismarai || *kaφsrai
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismamewr || *kaφsmewr
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismasewr || *kaφsəsewr
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismawr || *kaφsewr
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismamai || *kaφsmai
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismantai || *kaφsəntai
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskai || *kaφsəskai
|-
| 3PL || *kaismatewr || *kaφsətewr
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+Imperative
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaisman'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel-stem) !! ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismā! || *kaφsə!
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismantē! || *kaφsəntē!
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismaskē! || *kaφsəskē!
|}
{{col-end}}
==Syntax==
*{{recon|''-is''}} = emphatic particle


[[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]
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