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|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''nūrimai''
|nativename = ''senNūrima''
|setting=[[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting=[[Verse:Tricin]]
|pronunciation = /ˈnˠuːrʲɪmˠɐɪ/
|pronunciation =
|region = Txapoalli
|region = Txapoalli
|country = Nūrei  
|country = Nūrei  
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}}
}}


'''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: ''gaffai nūrimai'' /ˈgɐfˠːɐɪ ˈnˠuːrʲɪmˠɐɪ/, [[Eevo]]: ''Nwrib'' or ''brits Nwrée'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] and a sister of [[Tigol]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, Lithuanian and Arabic. Nurian is one of the classical languages of Bjeheond, along with Classical [[Netagin]]. (In Modern Netagin, an Old Nurian-imitating word ''ďaccerabaccera'' is used for 'unintelligible', cf. Japanese ''chinpunkanpun''.)
'''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: ''senNūrima'', [[Eevo]]: ''Nwrib'' or ''brits Nwrée'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] and a sister of [[Tigol]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, Lithuanian and Arabic. Nurian is one of the classical languages of Bjeheond, along with Classical [[Netagin]]. (In Modern Netagin, an Old Nurian-imitating word ''ďaccerabaccera'' is used for 'unintelligible', cf. Japanese ''chinpunkanpun''.)


(Nurian goes extinct in CF Tricin by the time Irtans arrive?)
Language of what begins as basically Buddhism? "What if Buddhism evolved differently"
 
Euphonic vowels instead of conservative IE endings


==Todo==
==Todo==
q qw > epiglottal stop


R Rw > ayin
Allow ''ntt'' unlike Pali and like Finnish?
Nurian reading traditions in Bjeheond, Txapoalli (and Wiebian in Crackfic Tricin)
*Explain Lithuanian-like vowel system as a result of Idavic substrate?
*Explain Lithuanian-like vowel system as a result of Idavic substrate?
*should be P-Talmic
*should be P-Talmic
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*''-tą'' = instrument/patient suffix
*''-tą'' = instrument/patient suffix
*''massah'' = dark
*''massah'' = dark
*''Tamīħinai'' = Wen Dămea
*''Tamī3inai'' = Wen Dămea
*''ħammih'' = wheat (~ sñyrm)
*''ħammih'' = wheat (~ sñyrm)
*''dallhatuh'' = strife
*''dallhatuh'' = strife
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*''nhuobai'' = jaw
*''nhuobai'' = jaw
*''natterai'' = chain
*''natterai'' = chain
== Diachronics ==
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqenskās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷodoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-baxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor. --> Hīs pēmah hara ġą3auti δe rhībau nhāmesar δe na rhādamattį. 3aniantih vi najesi, mhā-diaurrhimar biqąkhāh bakū kaddaffeih vi hammhinuo. Θhą luġġeθaih vi baqquor piδδalābih, kah haθθį har valtājessittha, bar Bau3āċą vi qaffīqah. Nai bājah δe nemmuoruh phadattānih! Hivvuor hēs-baθθitar qatibāti miauġūh! Hannhīdar davvai δe naθθheqqātāh qāvitar.
i e a o u ī ē ā ō ū ei ai oi ui iu eu au ou → i 'a a a u ī 'ā ā uo ū 'ai ai ai ui 'ū 'au au au; yV → generally, gemination of preceding consonant + 'V
final -uo > -u? (more Lithuanian)


==Historical phonology==
==Historical phonology==
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Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially.
Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially.
*''bl ml fl tl dl θl δl cl gl ngl'' > ''bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi ṡṡi żżi kki ggi ngi''
*''bl ml fl tl dl θl δl cl gl ngl'' > ''bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi ṡṡi żżi kki ggi ngi''
*''ħl, ȝl'' > ''ħħ, ȝȝ''  
*''ql, ȝl'' > ''qq, ȝȝ''  
*''nl, rl'' > both ''ll''
*''nl, rl'' > both ''ll''
*''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, ħħ, tth, nnh, llh, rrh''
*''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, qqh, tth, nnh, llh, rrh''
*''sb, sd, sg'' > ''bb, zz, gg''
*''sb, sd, sg'' > ''bb, zz, gg''
*''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, ħr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, ħħ''
*''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, qr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, qqh''
*''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ''
*''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ''
*''mr'' > ''mm''
*''mr'' > ''mm''
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The Old Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 58 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic velarization vs. palatalization in hard-soft pairs. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
The Old Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 58 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology is phonemic contrast between velarization and palatalization in consonants. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Old Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /l/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/, /t/, and vowels are allowed.
Old Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /l/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/, /t/, and vowels are allowed.
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!<small>tenuis</small>
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ
| '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ
| '''θ''' t̪ˠ || '''θi''' t̪ˢʲ
| '''t''' t̪ˠ || '''ti''' t̪ˢʲ
| '''t''' tˠ~ʈˠ || '''ti''' tʲ
| '''t{{cdb}}''' tˠ~ʈˠ || '''t{{cdb}}i''' tʲ
| '''ċi''' tʃ
| '''ċi''' tʃ
| '''ki''' kʲ
| '''ki''' kʲ
| '''k''' k
| '''k''' k
|  
| '''q, qi''' ʡ
| '''-r''' ʔ
| '''-r''' ʔ
|-
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ
| '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ
| '''θh''' t̪ˠʰ || '''θhi''' t̪ˢʲʰ
| '''th''' t̪ˠʰ || '''thi''' t̪ˢʲʰ
| '''th''' tˠʰ~ʈˠʰ || '''thi''' tʲʰ
| '''t{{cdb}}h''' tˠʰ~ʈˠʰ || '''t{{cdb}}hi''' tʲʰ
| '''ċhi''' tʃʰ
| '''ċhi''' tʃʰ
| '''khi''' kʲʰ
| '''khi''' kʲʰ
| '''kh''' kʰ
| '''kh''' kʰ
|  
| '''qh, qhi''' ʡʰ
|  
|  
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ
| '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ
| '''δ''' d̪ˠ || '''δi''' d̪ᶻʲ
| '''d''' d̪ˠ || '''di''' d̪ᶻʲ
| '''d''' dˠ~ɖˠ || '''di''' dʲ
| '''d{{cdb}}''' dˠ~ɖˠ || '''d{{cdb}}i''' dʲ
| '''ġi''' dʒ
| '''ġi''' dʒ
| '''gi''' ɡʲ
| '''gi''' ɡʲ
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''ħ, ħi''' ħ
|  
| '''h, hi''' h
| '''h, hi''' h
|-
|-
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|}
|}


'''Diphthongs:''' /aɪ aʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/
'''Diphthongs:''' /ɐɪ ɐʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/


;Notes
;Notes
*/a aː/ each have three allophones:
*/a aː/ each have two allophones:
**[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants. /aː/ in this environment may be pronounced [ɔː] or [ʌː] by many younger speakers of the Fiuṡṡērah accent.
**[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants.
**[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
**[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
*Allophony of /a aː/ is, however, reduced in the speech of many younger speakers of the Dagȳne accent, who pronounce both as [ɐ aː]
===Stress===
Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic:
*Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable;
*if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed.
==Orthography==
Nurian is written in an Ancient Gwnax-based script.
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Consonants'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''θ''!!''δ''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''k''!!''g''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j''
|-
!Hard
|/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/vˠ/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/
|rowspan="2"|/ħ/
|rowspan="2"|/ʕ/
|rowspan="2"|/h/
|rowspan="2"|/j/
|-
!Soft
|/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/vʲ/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/
|}
The pairs of aspirated plosives and voiceless resonants /pʰˠ pʰʲ/, /tʰˠ tʰʲ/, /tʃʰ/, /kʲʰ kʰ/, /m̊ˠ m̊ʲ/, /n̪̊ˠ n̊ʲ/, /ɲ̊ ŋ̊/, /l̥ˠ l̥ʲ/, /r̥ˠ r̥ʲ/ are written {{angbr|''ph, th, ċh, kh, mh, nh, ngh, lh, rh''}}.
Final ''-r'' is pronounced /ʔ/.
===Vowels===


Romanization:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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*''ie'': soft /iə/
*''ie'': soft /iə/
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
===Stress===
Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic:
*Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable;
*if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed.
==Orthography==
Nurian is written in an Ancient Gwnax-based script.
===Consonants===
===Vowels===


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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== Numerals ==
== Numerals ==
Nurian uses a vigesimal numeral system. 1-20: ''pēm, θiuor, naġġį, δiaubį, salle, thām, ruodih, laddih, habbih, ħuor, ħuopphēm, ħuoθθhiur, ħuonnaġġį, ħuonδiaubį, ħųsalle, ħųthām, ħuorruodih, ħuolladdih, ħuorrhabbih, miekah''
Nurian uses a vigesimal numeral system. 1-20: ''pēm, θiuor, naġġį, δiaubį, salle, thām, ruodih, laddih, habbih, quor, quopphēm, quoθθhiur, quonnaġġį, quonδiaubį, qųsalle, qųthām, quorruodih, quolladdih, quorrhabbih, miekah''


* ''pēm, pēmai, pēmah'' '1', ''thām, thāmai, thāmah'' '6' and their teen counterparts decline as o-stem adjectives
* ''pēm, pēmai, pēmah'' '1', ''thām, thāmai, thāmah'' '6' and their teen counterparts decline as o-stem adjectives
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*''ei'' (/ɛɪ/) = 'not'
*''ei'' (/ɛɪ/) = 'not'
*''fī'' /fʲiː/ = 'if'
*''fī'' /fʲiː/ = 'if'
* ''khą'' = but
* ''rį'' = relativizer
* ''fim'' = complementizer


===Relative clauses===
===Relative clauses===
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==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
===UDHR, Article 1===
:''Kakarai ħausį gatthāną kaθ θeθeivų di khussiū kat iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį nai ȝabbī kad dȳkaluttī, ṡiūȝą danθū hieθariākah ħaibatthah di helą venghimę.''
:''Kakarai 3ausį gatthāną kaθ θeθeivų di khussiū kat iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį nai qabbī kad dȳkaluttī, ṡiūqą danθū hieθariākah 3aibatthah di helą venghimę.''
:[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠːɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐθ θʲɛˈθʲɛɪvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː kɐʔ ˈɪdʒːætˠuː | æmʲːɪmʲiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː nɐɪ ʕæbʲːiː kɐd dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, ʃuːʕãː dˠɐnθˠuː fʲɛɪtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɐh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː]
:[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠːɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐθ θʲɛˈθʲɛɪvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː kɐʔ ˈɪdʒːætˠuː | æmʲːɪmʲiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː nɐɪ ʕæbʲːiː kɐd dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, ʃuːʕãː dˠɐnθˠuː fʲɛɪtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɐh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː]
:human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M INS reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F
:human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M INS reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F
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