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| In the [[Verse:AETHER|AETHER]] timeline, the '''Idavic languages ''' are a family of in-universe conlangs. The family is intended to blend IE, Uralic, Salish, and Semitic phonaesthetics seamlessly.
| | :[[Idavic languages/Lexicon]] |
| | :[[Idavic languages/Swadesh]] |
| | {{Infobox language family |
| | | setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] |
| | | region = Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond |
| | | name = Idavic |
| | | familycolor = dodellic |
| | | family = One of [[Tricin]]'s primary language families |
| | | protoname = Proto-Idavic (PId) |
| | }} |
| | |
| | '''Idavic''' (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic ''*ʔidawi'' 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic. |
| | The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic. |
| | |
| | Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical [[Netagin]]. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund. |
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| ==Family tree== | | ==Family tree== |
| *Idavic | | *Idavic |
| **Shalaic | | ** A language with Uralic grammar |
| ***[[Shalaian]] (Arabo-Salisho-RP) | | **Netagic (the only tricons branch) |
| **Netagic | | ***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim) |
| ***Pseudo-Finnish | | ** Hmoob-like language |
| ***[[Netagin]] (Sami + German)
| | ** [[Whitmer]] |
| | ** [[Pategian]] |
|
| |
|
| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| *Consonants: b d dł j g gʷ t tł č k kʷ q s ł š h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
| | === Consonants === |
| *Vowels: a i u ā ī ū (ə allophonic)
| | Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars. |
| *Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''ã''')
| |
| ** Creaky voice is the source of glottal reinforcement in Shalaian and vowel shifts in Netagin.
| |
| ===Shalaian diachronics=== | |
| *b > v; ɓ > b; g > y, kh, or CL; j > ʒ; ng > ng3 > n3
| |
| *Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
| |
| *q G q' > H ayin q
| |
| *further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ
| |
| *Vowel shifts: ā > ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/
| |
| *final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i
| |
| *Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/
| |
| *Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/
| |
| | |
| ===Phonotactics===
| |
| ====Allowed root clusters====
| |
| Allowed clusters with no glottal stop:
| |
| *mC: mn ml mr my m3 mb md mj mg mb' mt' mč' mk' mkw' mq' mp mt ms mč mk mkw mq mh
| |
| *nC: nm nr n3 ny nw nd nj ng nt' nč' nk' nkw' nq' nt ns nč nk nkw nq nh
| |
| *lC: lm ln l3 ly lw lb ld lj lg lb' lt' lč' lk' lkw' lq' lp lt ls lč lk lkw lq lh
| |
| *rC: rm rn r3 ry rw rb rd rj rg rb' rt' rč' rk' rkw' rq' rp rt rs rč rk rkw rq rh
| |
| *3C: 3m 3n 3l 3r 3y (never initial) 3w 3b 3d 3j 3g 3b' 3t' 3k' 3p 3t 3s 3č 3k 3kw 3q
| |
| *Cm: nm lm rm 3m dm jm gm t'm č'm k'm kw'm q'm tm sm čm km kwm qm hm
| |
| *Cn: mn ln 3n bn dn jn gn b'n t'n č'n k'n kw'n q'n pn tn sn čn kn kwn qn hn
| |
| *Cl: ml nl 3l rl bl dl jl b'l t'l č'l k'l kw'l q'l fl tl sl čl kl kwl ql hl
| |
| *Cr: mr nr għr vr br dr jr t'r č'r k'r kw'r q'r pr tr sr čr kr kwr qr hr
| |
| *Cy: my ny ly ry 3y (never initial) by b'y dy t'y č'y k'y q'y py ty sy ky qy hy
| |
| *Cw: nw 3w dw jw t'w č'w q'w tw sw čw qw
| |
| *C3: m3 n3 l3 r3 b3 d3 j3 b'3 t'3 č'3 k'3 kw'3 q'3 p3 t3 s3 č3 k3 kw3 q3
| |
| *XX: bd bj bg bt' bč' bk' bs bkw' bq' pt pč pk pq db dg tb' t'k' t'q' tp tk tq jb jd jg čb' č't' č'k' čp čt čs čq gb gd gj kb' k't' k's k'č' kp kt kč ks kwb' kw't' kw's kw'č' kwp kwt kws kwč qb' q't' q'č' qp qt qs qč sb sd sg sb' st' sč' sk' sq' sp st sč sk sq
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|
| ==Morphology== | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; " |
| Combine Old Irish, Semitic and PIE morphologies
| | ! colspan="2" | |
| | ! |Labial |
| | ! |Front coronal |
| | ! |Back coronal |
| | ! |Front velar |
| | ! |Labiovelar |
| | ! |Back velar |
| | ! |Glottal |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" |Nasal |
| | | |'''m''' /m/ |
| | |colspan=2|'''n''' /n̪~n̠/ |
| | |colspan=3|'''ŋ''' /ɲ~ŋ/ |
| | | | |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Plosive |
| | ! <small>voiceless</small> |
| | |'''p''' /p/ |
| | |'''t''' /t̪/ |
| | |'''ť''' /t̠/ |
| | |'''ḱ''' /k̟/ |
| | |'''k{{lab}}''' /k{{lab}}/ |
| | |'''k''' /k̠/ |
| | |'''ʔ''' /ʔ/ |
| | |- |
| | ! <small>voiced</small> |
| | |'''b''' /b/ |
| | |'''d''' /d̪/ |
| | |'''ď''' /d̠/ |
| | |'''ǵ''' /g̟/ |
| | |'''g{{lab}}''' /g{{lab}}/ |
| | |'''g''' /g̠/ |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" |Fricative |
| | | |
| | |'''s''' /s̟/ |
| | |'''š''' /s̠/ |
| | |'''x́''' /x̟/ |
| | |'''x{{lab}}''' /x{{lab}}/ |
| | |'''x''' /x̠/ |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" |Affricate |
| | | |
| | |'''c''' /t̪s̟/ |
| | |'''č''' /t̠s̠/ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" |Resonant |
| | | '''w''' /w/ |
| | | '''l''' /l̪/ |
| | | '''r''' /r/, '''ľ''' /ɺ/ |
| | | '''y''' /j/ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |} |
| | '''s c''' were lamino-dental, and '''š č''' were retracted apico-alveolar. |
|
| |
|
| Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Idavic. Shalaic retained Proto-Idavic accent, while Netagic lost it with a shift to stem-initial stress and a vowel split conditioned by creaky voice.
| | === Vowels === |
| | Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic. |
| | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
| | |+Proto-Netagin vowels |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" | |
| | ! colspan="2" |Front |
| | ! colspan="2" |Back |
| | |- |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small> |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small> |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small> |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small> |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Close |
| | | '''i''' /ɪ/ |
| | | '''ī''' /i:/ |
| | | '''u''' /ʊ/ |
| | | '''ū''' /u:/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Open |
| | | '''e''' /æ/ |
| | | '''ē''' /æ:/ |
| | | '''a''' /ɑ/ |
| | | '''ā''' /ɑ:/ |
| | |} |
| | Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/ |
|
| |
|
| The three genders, the three numbers and the possessive suffixes are Proto-Idavic features. Shalaian added a new alienable-inalienable possession distinction by creating alienable possessive prefixes from genitive pronouns.
| | ===Suprasegmentals === |
| ===Pronouns=== | |
| *independent: lī, dā, xʷā, nī
| |
| *emphatic: *swi-lu, *swi-da, *swi-xʷa, *swi-níji
| |
| *absolutive/suffix: *-la, *-du, *-xʷa, *-níji
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Root structure=== | | ==Morphology== |
| Idavic roots were consonantal roots similar to PIE and Semitic languages: most roots were biconsonantals C-C or triconsonantals alternating between CVC(ə)C (also called the ''segolate form'') and C(ə)CVC (also called the ''antisegolate form'') by Schwebeablaut.
| | Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this |
| | |
| 2-letter roots:
| |
| *√t-q 'to say' (a source of Shal. ''thaaH'')
| |
| *√ʕ-d 'to shine, to show' (source of Shal. ''għeed'' 'bright'; ''għádmer'' 'happiness' comes from a root extension √ʕ-dm)
| |
| *√ʕ-n 'high, raised'
| |
| | |
| 3-letter roots:
| |
| *√qdVb~qVdb 'true'
| |
| | |
| Schwebeablaut alternations work as follows:
| |
| *The default state is the CVCC form: ''qidb'' 'to be true'; ''qidbti'' 'loyalty'
| |
| *With closed syllable in the prefix the segolate form is used: ''hin·qídb'' 'to verify' → ''li·hinqadb'' 'I verify'
| |
| *With open syllable in the prefix the antisegolate form is used: ''ri·qádb'' 'to stay true' → ''li·ríqdab'' 'I stay true'
| |
| | |
| ===Ablaut===
| |
| There were 8 ablaut grades:
| |
| *zero-grade (CC)
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| *a-grade (CaC ~ CCa or CaCC ~ CCaC)
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| *i-grade (CiC ~ CCi or CiCC ~ CCiC)
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| *u-grade (CuC ~ CCu or CuCC ~ CCuC)
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| *lengthened grades: ā, ī, ū-grades (intensive? transitive? plural? nominalization? pair up with short grades?)
| |
| *creaky voice: causative?
| |
| | |
| Many prefixes and suffixes require certain ablaut grades.
| |
| | |
| ====Examples====
| |
| √ʕ-d 'to shine'
| |
| *Intransitive verbs: ''-ʕad- ~ -ʕid- ~ -ʕd-'' = to shine
| |
| *Adjectives: ''ʕīd'' = bright
| |
| *Noun:
| |
| **''ʕād'' = light
| |
| **''ʕā̃d'' = Sun, star? (singulativized collective)
| |
| **creaky voice marked singulatives: ''ʕãd'' = ray
| |
| *Action or state noun: ''ʕud-ar'' = (state of) shining, brightness
| |
| *Deverbal nouns:
| |
| *Derived stems:
| |
| **''wa·ʕā́d'' = to polish
| |
| **''ʕãd-ī́r'' = to illuminate, to show (source of Shal. ''għa'téer'' 'to prove')
| |
| **''ʕád-m-ar'' = (root extension) happiness, joy
| |
| **''ʕíd-n-ar'' = (root extension) beauty, radiance
| |
| | |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| Proto-Idavic had 3 genders: inanimate (i), animate (a), and abstract (h). The abstract gender evolved to serve honorific functions in Shalaian, hence the abbreviation "h".
| |
| | |
| Proto-Idavic nouns were marked for singular and dual and plural numbers.
| |
| ====Declension====
| |
| Nouns declined for two cases (nominative, genitive) and three numbers (singular, dual, plural).
| |
| | |
| Idavic nouns could have plurals marked with -ā, -ī, ablaut and/or reduplication. Nouns pluralized with a suffix are ''weak nouns'' and nouns pluralized with stem changes are ''strong nouns''. There were broken plurals marked by lengthening the stem vowel; these often developed into singular nouns in Shalaian.
| |
| | |
| Nouns were usually weak and take plurals marked with suffixes: 'star' is declined as ''ʕā́d'', ''li-ʕā́d'', ''ti-ʕā́d'', ..., with plural ''ʕādā''.
| |
| | |
| Inalienably possessed nouns were always pluralized with stem changes, like Arabic broken plurals: ʔəmmā́ "mother", ʔəmā́m "mothers".
| |
| | |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
| As in IE and Semitic, adjectives agreed with nouns in number, gender and case.
| |
| ====Class 1====
| |
| ''ʕīd-'' 'bright'
| |
| animate/inanimate/abstract; singular, dual, plural
| |
| *nom: ʕīda/ʕīdi/ʕīdar, ʕīdand/ʕīdind/ʕīdarind, ʕīdān/ʕīdā/ʕīdarā
| |
| *gen: ʕīdak/ʕīdik/ʕīdarik, ???, ʕīdī/ʕīdāka/ʕīdarāka
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| ====Paradigms====
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| *Strong verbs: basic verbs, conjugated by ablaut
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| *Weak verbs: verbs formed with verb-forming affixes
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| | |
| ====Finite verbs====
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| Do the Old Irishy prefix thing but w/ personal prefixes?
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| | |
| *''ʕáb'' 'see! look (at it)!'
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| *la·ʕáb-Ø → ''la·ʕáb '' 'I see it'
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| *la·ri-ʕáb > ''la·ráʕb '' 'I am seen'
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| *ja·la-ʕab → ''ja·láʕb '' 'I see you folks'
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| | |
| ====The verb forms====
| |
| *The finite forms including the imperative
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| *The first infinitive: origin of Shalaian finite verbs; some conflation with imperative
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| *The second infinitive (more of a lexical deverbal noun): origin of the Shalaian infinitive
| |
| | |
| ==Derivation==
| |
| Proto-Idavic had an extensive array of derivational affixes.
| |
| | |
| Root extensions: suffixes
| |
|
| |
|
| *Creaky voice marked intensive or transitive verbs like the Semitic geminate binyan
| | Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms. |
| *''-ay'' (h): deverbal noun
| |
| *With prefixed verbs, the stress shift derives verbal nouns: *ri·kʷā́n 'to rest' → ·ríkʷan 'rest'. This is the source of some infinitives being marked with stress shifts in [[Shalaian]] (''riwháin, ríwhain'' 'sleep').
| |
| *''-gʷid'' (i): augmentative; derives nouns
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| *''-t'' (i): verbal noun, resultative
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| *''-āk'' (i): collective
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| **developed to the ''-akh'' plural in Shalaian
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| Todo:
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| *agent nouns
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| *instrument nouns
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| *frequentative
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| *applicative
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| *telic
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| *"X a little, almost X"
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| *change of state
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| *graduative
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| *mis-X/over-X
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|
| |
|
| ==Lexicon== | | Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, ''*mi''. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs. |
| Entries are listed in the following "Semitic abjad" order: ʔ b g gʷ d h w j dł q y k kʷ l m n s ʕ p č tł r š ł t
| | === Pronouns === |
| ===ʔ===
| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px |
| *''ʔappā́'' 'father', pl. ''ʔapā́pā'' | | !| || 1sg || 2sg || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl |
| *''ʔəmmā́'' 'mother', pl. ''ʔəmā́mā'' | | |- |
| ===b===
| | ! Independent |
| ===g===
| | | ''*wēlu'' || ''*wēbu'' || ''-'' || ''*wēći'' || ''*wēnīʔi'' || ''-'' |
| *√gb 'to hit' | | |- |
| **Shalaian ''kȯ́vid'' 'calamity' ← *gā́b-gʷid | | ! Emphatic |
| | | ''*hanlī'' || ''*hanbā'' || (demonstratives) || ''*hanćā'' || ''*hannīʔi'' || (demonstratives) |
| | |- |
| | ! Alienable |
| | | ''*le-'' || ''*be-'' || ''*ʔin-'' || ''*će-'' || ''*neś-'' || ''*ʔeś-'' |
| | |- |
| | ! Inalienable |
| | | ''*-alu'' || ''*-abu'' || ''*-ī'' || ''*-ćā'' || ''*-nīʔi'' || ''*-iś'' |
| | |- |
| | |} |
|
| |
|
| ===gʷ=== | | === Nouns === |
| ===d=== | | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |
| *√db 'to live'
| | |- |
| **''dāb'', pl. ''ʔidāb'' 'person'
| | ! |
| ===h=== | | ! colspan=2| decl. A |
| ===w===
| | ! colspan=2| decl. B |
| ===j===
| | ! colspan=2| decl. D |
| ===dł===
| | |- |
| | ! |
| | !singular |
| | !plural |
| | !singular |
| | !plural |
| | !singular |
| | !plural |
| | |- |
| | |align="right"|'''Absolute state''' |
| | |''lēti'' ||''lētāla'' |
| | |''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱi''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱi''''' |
| | ||''-īni''||''-ijē'' |
| | |- |
| | |align="right"|'''Construct state''' |
| | |''lēta-'' ||''lētā-'' |
| | |''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱa-''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱa-''''' |
| | ||''-''||''-'' |
| | |} |
|
| |
|
| ===q=== | | === Verbs === |
| *√qdb 'true, to believe'
| | Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart: |
| **''qidb-ar'' | | * ʔ- dynamic |
| ***Shal. ''ħídver'' 'truth' | | ** infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative |
| **''qədāb-t'' | | * ŋ- causative |
| ***Shal. ''ħadóft'' 'trust'
| | * s-infix: to do in advance |
| **''qũdb-'' | | * various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much" |
| ***Ntg. ''qoeıdb'' 'faithful, loyal' | |
|
| |
|
| ===y=== | | {| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;" |
| ===k===
| | |- |
| *''kū̃la'' = house | | ! Stem !! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Applicative !! Transgressive !! Verbal noun |
| **Shal. ''kul''' | | |- |
| **Ntg. ''c̦uall'' | | ! a-stem |
| | | ''*1i2a3'' || ''*-(e)12a3'' || ''*-1in2a3'' || ''*1a2ā3'' || ''*1a2ī3i'', ''*1e2ī3i'' |
| | |- |
| | ! e-stem |
| | | ''*1a2e3'' || ''*-12e3'' || ''*-1in2e3'' || ''*ʔa1e2ā3'' || ''*12e3eḱi'' |
| | |- |
| | ! ʔ-prefix stem |
| | | ''*ʔa12e3'' || ''*-ʔa12u3'' || ''*-ʔi1en2i3'' || ''*ʔa12ā3'' || ''*ʔa12ē3i'' |
| | |- |
| | ! {{ng}}-prefix stem |
| | | ''*{{ng}}a12e3'' || ''*-ŋ1a2u3'' || ''*-{{ng}}1in2i3'' || ''*{{ng}}a12ā3'' || ''*12ū3eḱi'' |
| | |- |
| | ! š-infix stem |
| | | ''*1aš2e3'' || ''*-1aš2u3'' || ''*-1išin2o3'' || ''*1aš2ā3'' || ''*1aš2ē3i'' |
| | |- |
| | ! ʔ-infix stem |
| | | ''*1aʔ2e3'' || ''*-1aʔ2u3'' || ''*-1iʔin2i3'' || ''*1aʔ2ā3'' || ''*te1aʔ2e3i'' |
| | |- |
| | ! 2-redup |
| | | ''*21a2e3'' || ''*-2a12u3'' || ''*-21in2u3'' || ''*21a2ā3'' || ''*21a23eḱi'' |
| | |- |
| | ! 3-redup |
| | | ''*1i2a3e3'' || ''*-1a23u3'' || ''*-1in2i3u3'' || ''*1a2a3ā3'' || ''*12a3ē3i'' |
| | |- |
| | ! 13-redup |
| | | ''*1i31a2e3'' || ''*-1i3a12u3'' || ''*-1i31in2u3'' || ''*1i31a2ā3'' || ''*1i31a2ē3'' |
| | |} |
|
| |
|
| ===kʷ=== | | ===Derivation=== |
| ===l===
| | * Noun patterns: ''1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3'' |
| ===m===
| | * ''1aʔ2ū3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities |
| ===n===
| | *''ʔe12ā3'' = agent noun |
| ===s===
| | *''1iʔ2i3'' = resultatives |
| ===ʕ===
| | *''1aʔ2e3'' = tendency/quality of X |
| *√ʕd 'to shine' | | *''1iʔ2a3'' = degree/measure |
| **''-ʕad- ~ -ʕid- ~ -ʕd-'' = to shine
| | *''-ām'' = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo) |
| **''ʕīd'' = bright
| | *''-ān'' = abstract noun, collective |
| **''ʕād'' = Sun, star
| | *''1a2ī3'' = quality adjective |
| **''ʕud'' = (state of) shining, brightness
| | *''1u2a3'' = resultative adjective |
| **''ʕōd'' = light
| | *''1e2ā3'' = event |
| **Derived stems:
| | *''śi12ū3'' = event |
| ***''wa·ʕā́d'' = to polish
| | *''tawa12a3'' |
| ***''ʕãd-īr'' = to illuminate, to show (source of Shal. ''għa'týr'' 'to prove')
| | *''śi12a3/śi12i3'' = instrument |
| ***''ʕid-nar'' = (root extension) beauty, radiance
| | *''wa12ē3/wa12ī3'' = profession |
| ***√ʕdm 'happiness, joy' | | *''ti12a3/ti12e3'' = process |
| *√ʕn 'to be high' | | *''wa12ū3'' = patient noun |
| **√ʕnm 'to raise'
| | *''wa12ā3'' = resultative noun |
| ***Shal. ''għánam'' 'to honor, to exalt' | |
| **√ʕnb 'to raise'
| |
| ***Shal. ''għánav'' 'to dedicate, to devote' | |
| *√ʕr 'to be in, at'
| |
| **''ʕar''
| |
| ***Shal. ''ʕar'' | |
| ***Ntg. ''lo'' | |
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| ===p=== | | ==Syntax== |
| ===č===
| | Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial. |
|
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| ===tł===
| | [[Category:Language families]] |
| ===r===
| |
| ===š===
| |
| ===ł===
| |
| ===t===
| |
| *√tq 'to say'
| |