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| In the [[Verse:Unbegotten|Unbegotten]] timeline, the '''Idavic languages ''' are a family of in-universe conlangs. The family is intended to blend IE, Uralic, Salish, and Semitic phonaesthetics seamlessly.
| | :[[Idavic languages/Lexicon]] |
| | :[[Idavic languages/Swadesh]] |
| | {{Infobox language family |
| | | setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] |
| | | region = Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond |
| | | name = Idavic |
| | | familycolor = dodellic |
| | | family = One of [[Tricin]]'s primary language families |
| | | protoname = Proto-Idavic (PId) |
| | }} |
| | |
| | '''Idavic''' (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic ''*ʔidawi'' 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic. |
| | The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic. |
| | |
| | Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical [[Netagin]]. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund. |
|
| |
|
| ==Family tree== | | ==Family tree== |
| *Idavic | | *Idavic |
| **[[Shalaic]] | | ** A language with Uralic grammar |
| ***[[Shalaian]] (Arabo-Salisho-RP) | | **Netagic (the only tricons branch) |
| **[[Netagic]] | | ***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim) |
| ***[[Siaoued]] (Finno-Arabo-Irish)
| | ** Hmoob-like language |
| ***[[Netagin]] (Sami + German)
| | ** [[Whitmer]] |
| | ** [[Pategian]] |
|
| |
|
| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| *Consonants: b d dł j g gʷ p t tł č k kʷ q s ł š h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
| | === Consonants === |
| *Vowels: a i u ā ī ū (ə allophonic)
| | Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars. |
| *Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''ã''')
| |
| ** Creaky voice is the source of glottal reinforcement in Shalaian and vowel shifts in Netagin.
| |
| **Vowels can only be long in stressed syllables.
| |
| ===Shalaian diachronics=== | |
| *b > v; ɓ > b; g > y, kh, or CL; j > ʒ; ng > ng3 > n3
| |
| *Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
| |
| *q G q' > H ayin q
| |
| *further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ
| |
| *Vowel shifts: ā > ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/
| |
| *final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i
| |
| *Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/
| |
| *Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Phonotactics=== | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; " |
| ====Allowed root clusters====
| | ! colspan="2" | |
| Allowed clusters with no glottal stop:
| | ! |Labial |
| *mC: mn ml mr my m3 mb md mj mg mp mt mtł ms mł mč mk mkw mq mh
| | ! |Front coronal |
| *nC: nm nr n3 ny nw nd ndł nj ng nt ntł ns nš nč nk nkw nq nh
| | ! |Back coronal |
| *lC: lm ln l3 ly lw lb ld lj lg lp lt ls lč lk lkw lq lh
| | ! |Front velar |
| *rC: rm rn r3 ry rw rb rd rdł rj rg rp rt rł rtł rs rč rk rkw rq rh
| | ! |Labiovelar |
| *3C: 3m 3n 3l 3r 3y (never initial) 3w 3b 3d 3dł 3j 3g 3p 3t 3s 3ł 3tł 3č 3k 3kw 3q
| | ! |Back velar |
| *Cm: nm lm rm 3m dm jm gm tm sm šm čm łm tłm km kwm qm hm
| | ! |Glottal |
| *Cn: mn ln 3n bn dn jn gn pn tn sn šn čn łn tłn kn kwn qn hn
| | |- |
| *Cl: ml nl 3l rl bl dl jl fl tl sl šl čl kl kwl ql hl
| | ! colspan="2" |Nasal |
| *Cr: mr nr għr vr br dr jr pr tr sr šr čr kr kwr qr hr
| | | |'''m''' /m/ |
| *Cy: my ny ly ry 3y (never initial) by py dy ty sy šy ły dły tły gy ky qy hy
| | |colspan=2|'''n''' /n̪~n̠/ |
| *Cw: nw 3w dw dłw jw tw tłw sw łw čw qw
| | |colspan=3|'''ŋ''' /ɲ~ŋ/ |
| *C3: m3 n3 l3 r3 b3 d3 j3 p3 t3 tł3 ł3 s3 š3 č3 k3 kw3 q3
| | | | |
| *XX: any cluster of 2 obstruents are allowed, as long as they agree in voicing and are not both dorsal (k, g, kw, gw, q); in addition, s + voiced stop and š + voiced stop
| |
| | |
| ==Morphology== | |
| Combine German, Semitic and PIE morphologies
| |
| | |
| Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Idavic. Shalaic retained the Proto-Idavic accent system, while Netagic lost it with a shift to stem-initial stress and a vowel split conditioned by creaky voice.
| |
| | |
| The three genders, the three numbers and the possessive suffixes are Proto-Idavic features. Shalaian added a new alienable-inalienable possession distinction by creating alienable possessive prefixes from genitive pronouns.
| |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| *independent: lī, dā, kʷā, nikʷī́
| |
| *emphatic: *swi-lu, *swi-da, *swi-xʷa, *swi-níkʷi
| |
| | |
| ===Root structure=== | |
| Idavic roots were consonantal roots similar to PIE and Semitic languages: most roots were biconsonantals C-C or triconsonantals alternating between CVC(ə)C (also called the ''segolate form'') and C(ə)CVC (also called the ''antisegolate form'') by Schwebeablaut.
| |
| | |
| 2-letter roots: | |
| *√t-q 'to say' (a source of Shal. ''thaaH'')
| |
| *√ʕ-d 'to shine, to show' (source of Shal. ''għeed'' 'bright'; ''għádmer'' 'happiness' comes from a root extension √ʕ-dm)
| |
| *√ʕ-n 'high, raised'
| |
| | |
| 3-letter roots:
| |
| *√qdVb~qVdb 'true'
| |
| | |
| Schwebeablaut alternations work as follows:
| |
| *The default state is the CVCC form: ''qidb'' 'to be true'; ''qidbti'' 'loyalty'
| |
| *With closed syllable in the prefix the segolate form is used: ''hin·qídb'' 'to verify' → ''li·hinqadb'' 'I verify'
| |
| *With open syllable in the prefix the antisegolate form is used: ''ri·qádb'' 'to stay true' → ''li·ríqdab'' 'I stay true'
| |
| | |
| ===Ablaut===
| |
| There were several ablaut grades:
| |
| *zero-grade (CC)
| |
| *a-grade (CaC ~ CCa or CaCC ~ CCaC)
| |
| *i-grade (CiC ~ CCi or CiCC ~ CCiC)
| |
| *u-grade (CuC ~ CCu or CuCC ~ CCuC)
| |
| *lengthened grades: ā, ī, ū-grades (intensive? transitive? plural? nominalization? pair up with short grades?)
| |
| *creaky voice: causative?
| |
| | |
| Many prefixes and suffixes require certain ablaut grades.
| |
| | |
| ====Examples====
| |
| √ʕ-d 'to shine'
| |
| *Intransitive verbs: ''-ʕad- ~ -ʕid- ~ -ʕd-'' = to shine
| |
| *Adjectives: ''ʕīd'' = bright
| |
| *Noun:
| |
| **''ʕād'' = light
| |
| **''ʕā̃d'' = Sun, star? (singulativized collective)
| |
| **creaky voice marked singulatives: ''ʕãd'' = ray
| |
| *Action or state noun: ''ʕud-ar'' = (state of) shining, brightness
| |
| *Deverbal nouns:
| |
| *Derived stems:
| |
| **''wa·ʕā́d'' = to polish
| |
| **''ʕãd-ī́r'' = to illuminate, to show (source of Shal. ''għa'téer'' 'to prove')
| |
| **''ʕád-m-ar'' = (root extension) happiness, joy
| |
| **''ʕíd-n-ar'' = (root extension) beauty, radiance
| |
| | |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| TODO: needs a more PIE-like feel; shift accents, lengthen/change root vowels
| |
| | |
| Proto-Idavic had 3 genders: inanimate (i), animate (a), and abstract (h). The abstract gender evolved to serve honorific functions in Shalaian, hence the abbreviation "h".
| |
| | |
| Nouns declined for four cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive) and three numbers (singular, dual, plural).
| |
| | |
| Idavic nouns could have plurals marked with case suffixes (''weak nouns'') and sometimes with ablaut and/or reduplication and then marked with singular suffixes (''strong nouns''). Broken plurals often developed into lexicalized singular nouns in Shalaian.
| |
| | |
| ====Animate====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ ''rū̃sa'' 'dog' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | | | ! rowspan="2" |Plosive |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular | | ! <small>voiceless</small> |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Dual
| | |'''p''' /p/ |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| | |'''t''' /t̪/ |
| | |'''ť''' /t̠/ |
| | |'''ḱ''' /k̟/ |
| | |'''k{{lab}}''' /k{{lab}}/ |
| | |'''k''' /k̠/ |
| | |'''ʔ''' /ʔ/ |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Nominative | | ! <small>voiced</small> |
| | ''rū̃sa'' || ''rū̃sandi'' || ''rusā́n'' | | |'''b''' /b/ |
| | |'''d''' /d̪/ |
| | |'''ď''' /d̠/ |
| | |'''ǵ''' /g̟/ |
| | |'''g{{lab}}''' /g{{lab}}/ |
| | |'''g''' /g̠/ |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Accusative | | ! colspan="2" |Fricative |
| | ''rū̃say'' || ''rūsandi'' || ''rusī́k'' | | | |
| | |'''s''' /s̟/ |
| | |'''š''' /s̠/ |
| | |'''x́''' /x̟/ |
| | |'''x{{lab}}''' /x{{lab}}/ |
| | |'''x''' /x̠/ |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Dative | | ! colspan="2" |Affricate |
| | ''rū̃sam'' || ''???'' || ''rusī́s'' | | | |
| | |'''c''' /t̪s̟/ |
| | |'''č''' /t̠s̠/ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Genitive | | ! colspan="2" |Resonant |
| | ''rū̃sat'' || ''???'' || ''rusā́ka'' | | | '''w''' /w/ |
| | | '''l''' /l̪/ |
| | | '''r''' /r/, '''ľ''' /ɺ/ |
| | | '''y''' /j/ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |} | | |} |
| | '''s c''' were lamino-dental, and '''š č''' were retracted apico-alveolar. |
|
| |
|
| ====Inanimate==== | | === Vowels === |
| acc = nom for inanimates and abstracts
| | Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic. |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;" | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
| |+ ''šármi'' 'stone' | | |+Proto-Netagin vowels |
| |- | | |- |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | | | ! rowspan="2" | |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular | | ! colspan="2" |Front |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Dual | | ! colspan="2" |Back |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Nominative | | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small> |
| | ''šármi'' || ''šármindi'' || ''šarmā́t'' | | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small> |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small> |
| | ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small> |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Accusative | | ! style="" |Close |
| | ''šármi'' || ''šármindi'' || ''šarmā́t'' | | | '''i''' /ɪ/ |
| | | '''ī''' /i:/ |
| | | '''u''' /ʊ/ |
| | | '''ū''' /u:/ |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Dative | | ! style="" |Open |
| | ''šármin'' || ''???'' || ''šarmī́s'' | | | '''e''' /æ/ |
| |-
| | | '''ē''' /æ:/ |
| !| Genitive
| | | '''a''' /ɑ/ |
| | ''šármit'' || ''???'' || ''šarmā́ka'' | | | '''ā''' /ɑ:/ |
| |} | | |} |
| | Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/ |
|
| |
|
| ====Abstract==== | | ===Suprasegmentals === |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;" | | |
| |+ ''ʕídnar'' 'radiance' | | ==Morphology== |
| | Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this |
| | |
| | Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms. |
| | |
| | Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, ''*mi''. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs. |
| | === Pronouns === |
| | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px |
| | !| || 1sg || 2sg || 3sg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl |
| |- | | |- |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | | | ! Independent |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| | | ''*wēlu'' || ''*wēbu'' || ''-'' || ''*wēći'' || ''*wēnīʔi'' || ''-'' |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Dual
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Nominative | | ! Emphatic |
| | ''ʕídnari'' || ''ʕídnarandi'' || ''ʕidnā́ri'' | | | ''*hanlī'' || ''*hanbā'' || (demonstratives) || ''*hanćā'' || ''*hannīʔi'' || (demonstratives) |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Accusative | | ! Alienable |
| | ''ʕídnari'' || ''ʕídnarandi'' || ''ʕidnā́ri'' | | | ''*le-'' || ''*be-'' || ''*ʔin-'' || ''*će-'' || ''*neś-'' || ''*ʔeś-'' |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Dative | | ! Inalienable |
| | ''ʕidnárin'' || ''???'' || ''ʕidnā́rin'' | | | ''*-alu'' || ''*-abu'' || ''*-ī'' || ''*-ćā'' || ''*-nīʔi'' || ''*-iś'' |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Genitive
| |
| | ''ʕidnárit'' || ''???'' || ''ʕidnā́rit''
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ====Possessive suffixes==== | | === Nouns === |
| Possessive suffixes were added directly to the case form of a noun.
| | {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |
| | |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |
| ! Possessor !! Suffix
| |
| |-
| |
| ! First person singular
| |
| | *-li
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Second person singular
| |
| | *-di
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Third person singular | | ! |
| | *-hī ~ *-sī (his/her)<br/>*-ha ~ *-sa (its) | | ! colspan=2| decl. A |
| | ! colspan=2| decl. B |
| | ! colspan=2| decl. D |
| |- | | |- |
| ! First person plural | | ! |
| | *-kʷi
| | !singular |
| | !plural |
| | !singular |
| | !plural |
| | !singular |
| | !plural |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Second person plural
| | |align="right"|'''Absolute state''' |
| | *-nikʷi | | |''lēti'' ||''lētāla'' |
| | |''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱi''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱi''''' |
| | ||''-īni''||''-ijē'' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Third person plural
| | |align="right"|'''Construct state''' |
| | *-hist ~ *-sist | | |''lēta-'' ||''lētā-'' |
| | |''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱa-''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱa-''''' |
| | ||''-''||''-'' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ===Adjectives=== | | === Verbs === |
| Adjectives agreed with nouns in number, gender and case.
| | Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart: |
| ====Class 1====
| | * ʔ- dynamic |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;" | | ** infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative |
| |+ ''ʕīd-'' 'bright'
| | * ŋ- causative |
| | * s-infix: to do in advance |
| | * various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much" |
| | |
| | {| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;" |
| |- | | |- |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | | | ! Stem !! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Applicative !! Transgressive !! Verbal noun |
| ! colspan="3" | singular | |
| ! colspan="3" | plural | |
| |- | | |- |
| !animate | | ! a-stem |
| !inanimate
| | | ''*1i2a3'' || ''*-(e)12a3'' || ''*-1in2a3'' || ''*1a2ā3'' || ''*1a2ī3i'', ''*1e2ī3i'' |
| !abstract
| |
| !animate
| |
| !inanimate
| |
| !abstract
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Nominative | | ! e-stem |
| | ''ʕī́da'' || ''ʕī́di'' || ''ʕī́dar'' || ''ʕidā́n'' || ''ʕidā́'' || ''ʕidā́ri'' | | | ''*1a2e3'' || ''*-12e3'' || ''*-1in2e3'' || ''*ʔa1e2ā3'' || ''*12e3eḱi'' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Accusative | | ! ʔ-prefix stem |
| | ''ʕī́day'' || ''ʕī́di'' || ''ʕī́dari'' || ''ʕidī́'' || ''ʕīdā́ka'' || ''ʕīdā́ri'' | | | ''*ʔa12e3'' || ''*-ʔa12u3'' || ''*-ʔi1en2i3'' || ''*ʔa12ā3'' || ''*ʔa12ē3i'' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Dative | | ! {{ng}}-prefix stem |
| | ''ʕī́dam'' || ''ʕī́din'' || ''ʕī́darin'' || ''ʕidī́s'' || ''ʕidī́s'' || ''ʕidā́rin'' | | | ''*{{ng}}a12e3'' || ''*-ŋ1a2u3'' || ''*-{{ng}}1in2i3'' || ''*{{ng}}a12ā3'' || ''*12ū3eḱi'' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Genitive | | ! š-infix stem |
| | ''ʕī́dat'' || ''ʕī́dit'' || ''ʕī́darit'' || ''ʕidā́ka'' || ''ʕidā́ka'' || ''ʕidā́rit'' | | | ''*1aš2e3'' || ''*-1aš2u3'' || ''*-1išin2o3'' || ''*1aš2ā3'' || ''*1aš2ē3i'' |
| |}
| |
| ====Class 2====
| |
| Broken plurals; no gender distinction in plural
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| Verbs had the following forms:
| |
| *imperative
| |
| *imperfect (either nonpast or imperfective aspect)
| |
| *past participle
| |
| *infinitive or verbal noun
| |
| *mi-infinitive (analogous to the German zu-infinitive)
| |
| *mi-participle (analogous to the German zu-participle)
| |
| Verbs were not inflected for person.
| |
| ====Paradigms====
| |
| There were two regular classes of verbs, strong and weak verbs, much like strong and weak verbs in Germanic. Note: The infinitive was formed in a variety of ways.
| |
| | |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
| |
| ! !! weak-unprefixed !! weak-prefixed !! strong-unprefixed !! strong-prefixed
| |
| |- | | |- |
| ! imperative | | ! ʔ-infix stem |
| | ''kadī́r! ''||'' kadī́r dal! ''||'' ʔakʷ! ''||'' ʔakʷ nuš!'' | | | ''*1aʔ2e3'' || ''*-1aʔ2u3'' || ''*-1iʔin2i3'' || ''*1aʔ2ā3'' || ''*te1aʔ2e3i'' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! imperfect | | ! 2-redup |
| | ''kadī́rik ''||'' dal·kadī́r ''||'' ʔákʷik ''||'' nuš·ʔákʷ'' | | | ''*21a2e3'' || ''*-2a12u3'' || ''*-21in2u3'' || ''*21a2ā3'' || ''*21a23eḱi'' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! active participle | | ! 3-redup |
| | ''kadī́riškʷ- ''||'' dal·kadī́riškʷ- ''||'' ʔákʷiškʷ- ''||'' nuš·ʔákʷiškʷ-'' | | | ''*1i2a3e3'' || ''*-1a23u3'' || ''*-1in2i3u3'' || ''*1a2a3ā3'' || ''*12a3ē3i'' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! passive participle | | ! 13-redup |
| | ''ʔa·kadirī́n- ''||'' dálʔa·kadirī́n- ''||''ʔa·ʔúkʷč- ''||''núšʔa·ʔúkʷč-''
| | | ''*1i31a2e3'' || ''*-1i3a12u3'' || ''*-1i31in2u3'' || ''*1i31a2ā3'' || ''*1i31a2ē3'' |
| |-
| |
| ! infinitive
| |
| | ''kadī́rti ''||'' dálkadirti ''||'' ʔā́kʷi~ʔãkʷi~ʔā̃kʷi~ʔíkʷi ''||'' núšʔakʷi, núšʔəkʷi, etc.'' | |
| |-
| |
| ! mi-infinitive
| |
| | ''mi·kadī́rti ''||'' dálmikadirti ''||'' mi·ʔā́kʷi~mi·ʔãkʷi~mi·ʔā̃kʷi ''||'' núšmiʔakʷi, núšʔəkʷi, etc.''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! mi-participle
| |
| | ''mi·kadī́riškʷ- ''||'' dálmikadiriškʷ- ''||''mi·ʔákʷiškʷ- ''||'' núšmiʔakʷiškʷ-''
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ====Auxiliaries==== | | ===Derivation=== |
| *''man-'': 'to have' | | * Noun patterns: ''1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3'' |
| *''bī'', ''lawk'': 'to be' | | * ''1aʔ2ū3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities |
| *''łar'': 'to become' | | *''ʔe12ā3'' = agent noun |
| | | *''1iʔ2i3'' = resultatives |
| need haben, sein, werden and all the modals
| | *''1aʔ2e3'' = tendency/quality of X |
| | *''1iʔ2a3'' = degree/measure |
| | *''-ām'' = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo) |
| | *''-ān'' = abstract noun, collective |
| | *''1a2ī3'' = quality adjective |
| | *''1u2a3'' = resultative adjective |
| | *''1e2ā3'' = event |
| | *''śi12ū3'' = event |
| | *''tawa12a3'' |
| | *''śi12a3/śi12i3'' = instrument |
| | *''wa12ē3/wa12ī3'' = profession |
| | *''ti12a3/ti12e3'' = process |
| | *''wa12ū3'' = patient noun |
| | *''wa12ā3'' = resultative noun |
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |
| Lifted from German: V2, SAuxOV, verb final in subordinate clauses
| | Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial. |
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| ==Derivation==
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| Proto-Idavic had an extensive array of derivational affixes. | |
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| Root extensions: suffixes
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| *Creaky voice marked intensive or transitive verbs like the Semitic geminate binyan
| | [[Category:Language families]] |
| *''-ay'' (h): deverbal noun
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| *With prefixed verbs, the stress shift derives verbal nouns: *ri·kʷā́n 'to rest' → ·ríkʷan 'rest'. This is the source of some infinitives being marked with stress shifts in [[Shalaian]] (''riwháin, ríwhain'' 'sleep').
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| *''-gʷid'' (i): augmentative; derives nouns
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| *''-t'' (i): verbal noun, resultative
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| *''-aʕ'' (a): agentive
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| Todo:
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| *agent nouns
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| *instrument nouns
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| *frequentative
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| *applicative
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| *telic
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| *"X a little, almost X"
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| *change of state
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| *graduative
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| *mis-X/over-X
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