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Idavic languages (view source)

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Ashe and Hirst's Shalaian grammar provides the following diachronics:
:[[Idavic languages/Lexicon]]
:[[Idavic languages/Swadesh]]
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond
| name        = Idavic
| familycolor = dodellic
| family      = One of [[Tricin]]'s primary language families
| protoname  = Proto-Idavic (PId)
}}
 
'''Idavic''' (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic ''*ʔidawi'' 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic.
The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.
 
Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical [[Netagin]]. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.
 
==Family tree==
*Idavic
** A language with Uralic grammar
**Netagic (the only tricons branch)
***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim)
** Hmoob-like language
** [[Whitmer]]
** [[Pategian]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
*Consonants: b d j g ɓ t’ č’ k’ kʷ’ q’ p t č k kʷ q s h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
=== Consonants ===
*Vowels: a i u ā ī ū ō ə
Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.
*Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''aˀ''')
 
===Diachronics===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
*b > v; ɓ > b; g > għ-, -j; j > ʒ
! colspan="2" |
*Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
! |Labial
*q G q' > H ayin q
! |Front coronal
*further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ
! |Back coronal
*Vowel shifts: ā > /ɛɪ/ (except before pharyngeals); ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/
! |Front velar
*final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i
! |Labiovelar
*Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/
! |Back velar
*Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/
! |Glottal
===Phonotactics===
|-
1- or 2- syllabic roots most common: CVC, CVCC, CVCCa, CVCVC, CVCCVC
! colspan="2" |Nasal
| |'''m''' /m/
|colspan=2|'''n''' /n̪~n̠/
|colspan=3|'''ŋ''' /ɲ~ŋ/
| |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! <small>voiceless</small>
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t̪/
|'''ť''' /t&#800;/
|'''ḱ''' /k&#799;/
|'''k{{lab}}''' /k{{lab}}/
|'''k''' /k&#800;/
|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /d̪/
|'''ď''' /d&#800;/
|'''ǵ''' /g&#799;/
|'''g{{lab}}''' /g{{lab}}/
|'''g''' /g&#800;/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|
|'''s''' /s&#799;/
|'''š''' /s̠/
|'''x́''' /x&#799;/
|'''x{{lab}}''' /x{{lab}}/
|'''x''' /x&#800;/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
|'''c''' /t&#810;s&#799;/
|'''č''' /t&#800;s̠/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''l''' /l&#810;/
| '''r''' /r/, '''ľ''' /ɺ/
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
'''s c''' were lamino-dental, and '''š č''' were retracted apico-alveolar.
 
=== Vowels ===
Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Proto-Netagin vowels
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ī''' /i:/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''ū''' /u:/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''e''' /æ/
| '''ē''' /æ:/
| '''a''' /ɑ/
| '''ā''' /ɑ:/
|}
Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/
 
===Suprasegmentals ===


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Shalaian, as in Modern Shalaian.
Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this


The three genders, the strong and weak declensions and the two sets of possessive markers are all Proto-Shalaian features. Verbs were not inflected for tense or person, and were syntactically verbal nouns; it is thought that verbs developed personal marking later from possessed (even doubly-possessed) verbal noun forms.
Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.
===Nouns===
 
===Adjectives===
Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, ''*mi''. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.
===Verbs===
=== Pronouns ===
====The auxiliary====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
Explain and/or fix:
!| ||  1sg || 2sg ||  3sg  || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl
====Tables====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Inflection of the preverb'''
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="3"| present
!colspan="3"| past
!colspan="3"| future/subjunctive
|-
|-
! <small>pos.</small></small> || <small>neg.</small> || <small>foc.</small> || <small>pos.</small> || <small>neg.</small> || <small>foc.</small> || <small>pos.</small> || <small>neg.</small> || <small>foc.</small>
! Independent
| ''*wēlu'' || ''*wēbu'' || ''-'' || ''*wēći'' || ''*wēnīʔi'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! direct (verbal)
! Emphatic
| ''vor''
| ''*hanlī'' || ''*hanbā'' || (demonstratives) || ''*hanćā'' || ''*hannīʔi'' || (demonstratives)
| ''mar''
| ''thom' ''
| ''lōkh''
| ''larra''
| ''lōm'''
| ''zhar't'', ∅
| ''bai'''
| ''zharm'''
|-
|-
! mirative
! Alienable
| ''thwal''
| ''*le-'' || ''*be-'' || ''*ʔin-'' || ''*će-'' || ''*neś-'' || ''*ʔeś-''  
| ''lizhmer''
| ''thwal'om'''
| ''thwakh''
| ''thwakhra''
| ''thwakh lōm'''
| ''thwal zhar't''
| ''thwal bai'''
| ''thwal zharm'''
|-
|-
! hearsay
! Inalienable
| ''shaf''
| ''*-alu'' || ''*-abu'' || ''*-ī'' || ''*-ćā'' || ''*-nīʔi'' || ''*-iś''  
| ''shaf mar''
| ''shafom' ''
| ''shafakh''
| ''shafra''
| ''shaf lōm'''
| ''shaf zhar't''
| ''shaf bai'''
| ''shaf zharm' ''
|-
|-
! inferential
|}
| ''tib''
 
| ''tib mar''
=== Nouns ===
| ''tib thom' ''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
| ''tílakh''
| ''tib ra''
| ''tib lōm'''
| ''tib zhar't''
| ''tib bai'''
| ''tib zharm' ''
|-
|-
! question
!
| ''am''
! colspan=2| decl. A
| ''maand''
! colspan=2| decl. B
| ''am thom' ''
! colspan=2| decl. D
| ''okh''
| ''morra''
| ''okh thom'''
| ''ner't''
| ''ner'bai'''
| ''nerm'''
|-
|-
! relativizer (direct)
!
| ''vi''
!singular
| ''dov''
!plural
| ''vi thom'''
!singular
| ''vikh''
!plural
| ''dover''
!singular
| ''vikh thom'''
!plural
| ''ver't''
| ''do'ft''
| ''verm'''
|-
|-
! relativizer (indirect)
|align="right"|'''Absolute state'''
| ''cha' ''
|''lēti'' ||''lētāla''
| ''do'ch''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱi''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱi'''''
| ''cha' thom'''
||''-īni''||''-ijē''
| ''chakh''
| ''do'char''
| ''chakh thom'''
| ''char't''
| ''do'cht''
| ''charm'''
|-
|-
! complementizer
|align="right"|'''Construct state'''
| ''ith''
|''lēta-'' ||''lētā-''
| ''dor''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱa-''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱa-'''''
| ''ith thom' ''
||''-''||''-''
| ''ian''
|}
| ''dorn''
 
| ''ian thom' ''
=== Verbs ===
| ''naaf''
Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:
| ''dor't''
* ʔ- dynamic
| ''naaf thom' ''
** infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
* ŋ- causative
* s-infix: to do in advance
* various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! Stem !! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Applicative !! Transgressive !! Verbal noun
|-
|-
! if (real)
! a-stem
| ''sher''
| ''*1i2a3'' || ''*-(e)12a3'' || ''*-1in2a3'' || ''*1a2ā3'' || ''*1a2ī3i'', ''*1e2ī3i''
| ''rikh''
| ''sher thom' ''
| ''shern''
| ''reen''
| ''shern thom' ''
| ''wher't''
| ''reer't''
| ''wher't thom' ''
|-
|-
! if (irreal or less vivid)
! e-stem
| ''roogħ''
| ''*1a2e3'' || ''*-12e3'' || ''*-1in2e3'' || ''*ʔa1e2ā3'' || ''*12e3eḱi''
| ''rikh''
|-
| ''roogħ thom' ''
! ʔ-prefix stem
| ''roogħan''
| ''*ʔa12e3'' || ''*-ʔa12u3'' || ''*-ʔi1en2i3'' || ''*ʔa12ā3'' || ''*ʔa12ē3i''
| ''reen''
|-
| ''roogħan thom' ''
! {{ng}}-prefix stem
| ''roor't''
| ''*{{ng}}a12e3'' || ''*-ŋ1a2u3'' || ''*-{{ng}}1in2i3'' || ''*{{ng}}a12ā3'' || ''*12ū3eḱi''
| ''reer't''
|-
| ''roogħ zhar't thom' ''
! š-infix stem
| ''*1aš2e3'' || ''*-1aš2u3'' || ''*-1išin2o3'' || ''*1aš2ā3'' || ''*1aš2ē3i''
|-
! ʔ-infix stem
| ''*1aʔ2e3'' || ''*-1aʔ2u3'' || ''*-1iʔin2i3'' || ''*1aʔ2ā3'' || ''*te1aʔ2e3i''
|-
! 2-redup
| ''*21a2e3'' || ''*-2a12u3'' || ''*-21in2u3'' || ''*21a2ā3'' || ''*21a23eḱi''
|-
! 3-redup
| ''*1i2a3e3'' || ''*-1a23u3'' || ''*-1in2i3u3'' || ''*1a2a3ā3'' || ''*12a3ē3i''
|-
! 13-redup
| ''*1i31a2e3'' || ''*-1i3a12u3'' || ''*-1i31in2u3'' || ''*1i31a2ā3'' || ''*1i31a2ē3''
|}
|}
===Derivation===
* Noun patterns: ''1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3''
* ''1aʔ2ū3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*''ʔe12ā3'' = agent noun
*''1iʔ2i3'' = resultatives
*''1aʔ2e3'' = tendency/quality of X
*''1iʔ2a3'' = degree/measure
*''-ām'' = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
*''-ān'' = abstract noun, collective
*''1a2ī3'' = quality adjective
*''1u2a3'' = resultative adjective
*''1e2ā3'' = event
*''śi12ū3'' = event
*''tawa12a3''
*''śi12a3/śi12i3'' = instrument
*''wa12ē3/wa12ī3'' = profession
*''ti12a3/ti12e3'' = process
*''wa12ū3'' = patient noun
*''wa12ā3'' = resultative noun


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Proto-Shalaian syntax was AuxVOS:
Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.
*Stative verbs (eventually all intransitives): Aux_i prep VN-w_i S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
 
*Dynamic verbs (eventually transitives): Aux_i prep s_j-VN-w_i O_j S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
[[Category:Language families]]
*Infinitive clauses: prep VN.INF-w_i S_i O ... (nom/acc in Shal.)
IlL
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