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Tocharian D/Nouns: Difference between revisions
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Nouns in Tocharian D infect for number(singular/plural) and case | |||
== number == | |||
== case == | |||
Nouns inflect for twelve cases, and the six “primary” cases are of PIE date: Nominative, Vocative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Instrumental. The other six “secondary” case suffixes are agglutinative, added to the accusative: Perlative, Comitative, Allative, Ablative, Locative, and Causative. | |||
=== primary case === | |||
*'''Nominative''' marks Subject/Agent. | |||
*'''Vocative''' is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed. | |||
*'''Genitive''' | |||
*'''Dative''' | |||
*'''Accusative''' | |||
*'''Instrumental''' | |||
=== secondary case === | |||
*'''Locative''' and '''perlative''' are used when an action is accomplished by way of someone’s agency. | |||
*'''Comitative''' is often used with the word ‘with’, in terms of accompaniment. | |||
*'''Allative''' is used when expressing motion towards something. | |||
*'''Ablative''' is used when expressing motion away from something. It implies a separation. | |||
*'''Causative''' is often used with the word ''mic''(with), but in terms of referencing the tool in which something is accomplished. Causative and instrumental are used in same meaning. | |||
==== Gruppenflexion ==== | |||
The “secondary” case suffix attached only to the last element of a noun phrase. | |||
== declension == | |||
Conjugation in nouns have largely taken over the system of Proto-Indo-European languages. They are classified into four types according to their stem: /a/type, /n/type, /i/type, and /u/type. There are a small number of other three types, root nouns (ending with a consonant), kinship nouns (ending with /er/), and /s/type nouns. | Conjugation in nouns have largely taken over the system of Proto-Indo-European languages. They are classified into four types according to their stem: /a/type, /n/type, /i/type, and /u/type. There are a small number of other three types, root nouns (ending with a consonant), kinship nouns (ending with /er/), and /s/type nouns. | ||
== /a/type == | === /a/type === | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ||
! [[w:Plural]] | ! [[w:Plural|Plural]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | | [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | ||
| Line 35: | Line 58: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== /n/type == | === /n/type === | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ||
! [[w:Plural]] | ! [[w:Plural|Plural]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | | [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | ||
| Line 69: | Line 92: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== /i/type == | === /i/type === | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ||
! [[w:Plural]] | ! [[w:Plural|Plural]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | | [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | ||
| Line 103: | Line 126: | ||
|} | |} | ||
== /u/type == | === /u/type === | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ||
! [[w:Plural]] | ! [[w:Plural|Plural]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | | [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== kinship nouns (/er/ type) == | === kinship nouns (/er/ type) === | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ||
! [[w:Plural]] | ! [[w:Plural|Plural]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | | [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== /s/ type == | === /s/ type === | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ||
! [[w:Plural]] | ! [[w:Plural|Plural]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | | [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== root nouns == | === root nouns === | ||
{| class=wikitable | {| class=wikitable | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ! [[w:Grammatical number|Singular]] | ||
! [[w:Plural]] | ! [[w:Plural|Plural]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | | [[w:nominative case|Nominative]] | ||