Heracliotic Greek

Heracliotic Greek
Irallódiga
Pronunciation	[/iɾaˈʎoðiɣa/]
Created by	User:Tardigrade
Date	2021
Language family	Indo-European Hellenic Aeolic Greek Heracliotic Greek
Official status
Official language in	Heraclia
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qnm
BRCL	grey

Heracliotic Greek (Irallódiga), also known as Heracleiotic, Heracliot, Irallian, or Atlantic Greek, is a Hellenic language spoken on the island of Heraclia in the northeast Atlantic, near the Canary Islands.

In the age of Greek colonies, or perhaps later than the age in which most colonies were established, some enterprising Greeks passed the Pillars of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar) and settled an island in the Atlantic, which they named Ἡράκλεια Heraclia. Their descendants still speak a language derived from Aeolic rather than the Attic Greek that gave rise to all modern Greek other than Tsakonian. Their language split off from the rest of Greek after diphthongs had been smoothed and voiced stops changed to fricatives, but before voiceless aspirates became fricatives.

Consequently, while their language is not free from the common observation that Greek resembles Spanish, they arrived at that situation from a slightly different direction, and lack the /θ/ sound. The island was conquered by the Spanish around the same time as the Canary Islands, but failed to transition to being an island of Spaniards due to having a large Greek population and Catholic Christianity already having been introduced to the Heracliots independently, although much later than most of Europe had been Christianised.

The indigenous name for the island is Iralla, and the Spanish name is Ílagra, showing the same metathesis as palabra and árbol. Folk etymology often asumes the Spanish name is a corruption of Isla Griega "Greek Island". From the 16th century onwards, educated people on the island have also spoken Spanish, and Franquismo discouraged the language in the 20th century. The language strongly affects how Heracliots speak Spanish; their habit of aspirating voiceless plosives and devoicing voiced ones has led to the stereotype that they say dotado as tostado /d̥otʰaðo/.

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m̥ ⟨mh⟩ m ⟨m⟩	n̥ ⟨nh⟩ n ⟨n⟩	ɲ̊ ⟨ñh⟩ ɲ ⟨ñ⟩	(ŋ̊) ⟨n⟩ (ŋ) ⟨n⟩
Plosive	pʰ~p ⟨p⟩	tʰ~t ⟨t⟩	ʨʰ~ʨ ⟨ch⟩	kʰ~k ⟨c, qu⟩
	b̥~b~β ⟨b~v⟩	d̥~d~ð ⟨d⟩	ʥ̥~ʥ~ʑ ⟨ċh~ẋ⟩	g̊~g~ɣ ⟨g, gu⟩
Spirant
		s ⟨s⟩	ɕ ⟨x⟩		h ⟨j⟩
Lateral		l̥ ⟨lh⟩ l ⟨l⟩	ʎ̥ ⟨llh⟩ ʎ ⟨ll⟩
Rhotic		r̥~ɾ̥ ⟨rh⟩ r~ɾ ⟨r⟩

After a homorganic nasal, unaspirated plosives become voiced and aspirated plosives lose aspiration.

Unaspirated plosives lenite to voiced fricatives after a vowel or (except for /d̥/ which becomes voiced instead) after a lateral or rhotic consonant.

A rhotic consonant is a tap after vowels, otherwise a trill.

All the above phenomena occur across word boundaries.

Morphology

Mutations

Heracliotic has one consonant mutation with morphological significance: provection, where unaspirated plosives become aspirated.

• /b̥/ → /pʰ/
• /d̥/ → /tʰ/
• /ʥ̥/ → /ʨʰ/
• /g̊/ → /kʰ/

liquid consonants become unvoiced:

• /l/ → /l̥/
• /ʎ/ → /ʎ̥/
• /m/ → /m̥/
• /n/ → /n̥/
• /ɲ/ → /ɲ̊/
• /r/ → /r̥/

Words beginning with a vowel acquire /h/:

• /∅V/ → /hV/

Provection occurs after words that historically ended in /s/ in Ancient Greek.

There is also nasalisation, where unaspirated plosives become voiced after a nasal and aspirated ones lose aspiration. The nasal becomes homorganic to the plosive:

• /N pʰ/ → [mp]
• /N tʰ/ → [nt]
• /N ʨʰ/ → [ɲʨ]
• /N kʰ/ → [ŋk]
• /N b̥/ → [mb]
• /N d̥/ → [nd]
• /N ʥ̥/ → [ɲʥ]
• /N g̊/ → [ŋg]

Nasalisation has no morphological or phonemic significance in mainstream Heracliot and is not indicated in any orthography. The Island of Aya Rava however elides nasals in the syllable coda while maintaining nasalisation effects on plosives. Consequently the Ayaravot dialect promotes the nasalisation process to a full mutation and introduces a three-way phonemic contrast between aspirated, unaspirated and voiced plosives. Few attempt to indicate the mutation in writing outside academic linguistic literature, although Ayaravots often write the silent (to them) Heracliot final nasals erratically.

Declension

Case	bodumo "river"
	singular		plural
		after adjective		after adjective
subjective	bodumo ᴴ	podumo ᴴ	bodumi
vocative	bodume
objective	bodumon		bodumi ᴴ	podumi ᴴ
genitive	bodumu		bodumun

Case	oreno "sky"
	singular		plural
		after adjective		after adjective
subjective	oreno ᴴ	joreno ᴴ	oreni
vocative	oren
objective	orenon		oreni ᴴ	joreni ᴴ
genitive	orenu		orenun

Case	bedra "cliff"
	singular		plural
		after adjective		after adjective
subjective	bedra		bedri
objective	bedran		bedri ᴴ	pedri ᴴ
genitive	bedra ᴴ	pedra ᴴ	bedrun

Evolution

Vowels

The Ancient Greek vowel length and pitch accent were converted to a stress accent, placed on what had in Aeolic Greek been the third-to-last mora of a word (or the first, if the word was fewer than three moras long).

Consonants

/s/ became lenited between vowels, but not when geminated or in pausa. This was the origin of the provection mutation:

• σ /s/ → /h/

/dz/ became /z/ in all positions except after nasals:

• ζ /dz/ → /z/
• νζ /ndz/ → /ndz/

Voiced stops and /z/ at the beginning of a word or beginning a stressed syllable merged with the aspirates and /s/ respectively, leaving a rising tone (pre-existing aspirates result in a level high tone). The other voiced consonants /l, ʎ, m, n, ɲ, r/ also came to be followed by a rising tone, that was changed to a level high tone when provected. As a result, all stressed vowels have either rising or high level tone.

• βα /ba/ → /pʰǎ/
• δα /da/ → /tʰǎ/
• γα /ga/ → /kʰǎ/
• ζα /za/ → /sǎ/
• φα /pʰa/ → /pʰá/
• θα /kʰa/ → /tʰá/
• χα /kʰa/ → /kʰá/
• σα /sa/ → /sá/

Otherwise, /z/ entirely merged with /s/ and voiced stops were lenited after vowels to the extent that they were entirely lost, The vowels that came into contact as a result formed diphthongs:

• β δ γ /b, d, g/ → /Ø/

• aCa → /a/
• aCe → /ai/
• aCi → /ai/
• aCo → /au/
• aCu → /au/
• eCa → /ja/
• eCe → /e/
• eCi → /ei/
• eCo → /eu/
• eCu → /eu/
• iCa → /ia/
• iCe → /ie/
• iCi → /i/
• iCo → /iu/
• iCu → /iu/
• uCa → /ua/
• uCe → /ui/
• uCi → /ui/
• uCo → /u/
• uCu → /u/

Voiceless stops were also lenited. Note that this occurred after tonogenesis was complete, and no new tones were generated. Consequently all unaspirated stops opening stressed syllables are necessarily followed by high level vowels:

• π /p/ → /b/
• τ /t/ → /d/
• κ /k/ → /g/

/b d g/ came to be realised as voiced stops [b d g] only in nasal + stop clusters.

Otherwise they are realised as voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] (after vowels and non-nasal voiced consonants)

or devoiced stops [b̥ d̥ g̊] (in pausa and after voiceless consonants).

Provection changes /b d g/ to aspirated /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.

When Ancient voiceless stops were geminated or in a cluster with /s/, they were aspirated instead:

• ππ σπ ψ φ πφ σφ /pp sp ps ph pph sph/ → /pʰ/
• ττ στ τσ θ τθ σθ /tt st ts th tth sth/ → /tʰ/
• κκ σκ ξ χ κχ σχ /kk sk x kh kkh skh/ → /kʰ/

Aspirates lost aspiration before unstressed vowels. As unstressed vowels do not carry phonemic tone, this did not have any tonal effect.

Several consonants were palatalised when followed by /iV/ where /V/ is any back vowel:

• λιV /liV/ → /ʎV/
• νιV /niV/ → /ɲV/
• σιV ζιV /siV ziV/ → /ɕV/
• νζιV /nziV/ → /ɲʥV/

Velars were also palatalised before any front vowel (subsequent loans from Spanish and onomatopeia have reintroduced velars before front vowels however):

• g → ʥ
• kʰ → ʨʰ

Similar to /b d g/, /ʥ/ is realised as voiced stop [ʥ] in a nasal + stop cluster,

as a voiced fricative [ʑ] between vowels and after non-nasal voiced consonants

and as [ʥ̥] in pausa or after voiceless consonants.