Linguifex

Verse:Irta/Hebrew: Difference between revisions

Verse Discussion

Verse:Irta/Hebrew (view source)

Revision as of 07:41, 5 January 2023

8,488 bytes removed ,  5 January 2023
m
→‎Comparison
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(282 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Irta is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the Zohar are identical to ours. (Basically everything about Hasidism stays the same except with Izeweg rather than Yiddish.)  
The history of Rabbinic Judaism in Irta is much like in our own world. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, the Mishnah, the Talmud and the major Kabbalah texts are identical to ours; the Shulchan Aruch prescribes the same laws. (Basically everything about Hasidism stays the same except with Judeo-Brythonic rather than Yiddish.)  


However, many accents of Apple PIE Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times.
However, many accents of Irta Hebrew, except Tiberian Hebrew which is identical to our timeline's Tiberian Hebrew, preserve phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost by Post-Exilic Hebrew times.
 
There is also a large group of people who call themselves "lost-tribe Israelites" (analogous to Samaritans) who live in Africa and preserve Palestinian-Hebrew like vowel points, but pronounced with aspirated stops for voiced fricatives.


== Irta Modern Hebrew ==
== Irta Modern Hebrew ==
== Crackfic Irta Modern Hebrew ==
{{main|Verse:Irta/Modern Hebrew}}
Used as a Jewish lingua franca rather than as a vernacular


Should be mutually intelligible with our Modern Hebrew speakers, though it may sound a bit flowery.
== Irta Sephardi Hebrew ==
Also Irta Yevani and Togarmite Hebrew
* Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h v z ħ t⁼ j k⁼ x l m n s ʕ~ŋ p⁼ f ts⁼ k⁼ r ʃ t⁼ θ]
* Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} ä ä o{{lowered}} o{{lowered}} u e̞ ä e̞ o̞]


The standard variety today is Sephardi Hebrew with an Ăn Yidiș-influenced accent and grammar. Formal Hebrew is less of an Ăn Yidiș relex, and recent spoken Hebrew's more of an English relex.
== Chinese Hebrew ==
 
Chinese Hebrew is the reading tradition used in [[Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin]]-speaking communities. It's a result of a restandardization to Tiberian niqqud; some Hebrew loans in Judeo-Mandarin keep relics of an older reading.  
* Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [(ʔ) p= v k= ɣ t⁼ t⁼ h w ts⁼ χ t⁼ j kʰ χ l m n s ʁ pʰ f tsʰ kʰ r~ɻ ʃ tʰ s]
* Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e(j) e a a u o u Ø~ə a e o]
* /r/ is alveolar and is often an approximant.
* Undageshed tav is [s] as in Ăn Yidiș Hebrew.
* Irta Modern Hebrew doesn't have the /-ah/ > /-ha/ metathesis like our Israeli Hebrew.
 
Grammatically, it is SVO like our Israeli Hebrew, but sometimes prefers Ăn Yidiș syntax, e.g.
* much more willing to use איני, אינך, ...for negation in present tense (אין הוא, אין היא in 3rd person); in our IH these forms are formal/written (bc Gaelic negation comes before subject pronouns). לא אני... ''Lo ăni'' is a focus construction 'It's not me that...', and אין אני ''eyn ăni'' in non  3rd person are solemn.
* Irish/Ăn Yidiș calques in some common expressions
** The following are used instead of בבקשה ''bevakasha'':
*** עם רצונך ''im retzonxa'' (lit. 'with your will', a calque of ''lă dă-thel'') 'please'
*** זה חייך ''ze xayéxa'' (lit. 'it's your life', like ''șe dă-bhethă'') 'you're welcome'
*** זה לך ''ze lăxa'' (lit. 'this is to you', like ''șa did'') 'here you go'
** רצון איתי ''ratzon iti'' 'I like' (''tel lum''), עדיף איתי ''ȝadif iti'' 'I prefer' (''fyor lum''), ''ăni xofec bă-'' 'I want'
*** More formally ''ani rotze be-'' = 'I like, I am pleased with'
** ''haya racon iti'' 'I'd like'
** אפשר איתי ''efšar iti'' 'I can' (''efșăr lum'')
* Question particles (''ha2im'', ''ha-'' in more formal contexts) are usually retained. Questions don't have a different intonation from declarative sentences; they both have falling intonation. Question marks are not usually used.
* It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ ''ach'' 'but' and שָׂשׂ ''sas'' 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ''ach'' 'but' and ''sostă'' 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל ''aval'' and שָׂמֵחַ ''sameax''. כה ''ko'' is as common as כל כך ''kul káx'' for 'so (ADJ)'.
* Tenses are similar to our Modern Hebrew tenses but the ''haya okhel'' construction is more cpmmon.
** היה הוא אוכל = Past imperfective/progressive/conditional (corresponds to V'e ăg îth)
** הוא אוכל = Present
** הוא אכל = Past perfective
** הוא יאכל = Future
* Loazit ''-cya'' '-tion' is borrowed directly from Latin ''-tiō'', via Ăn Yidiș/Tsarfati Hebrew ''-țyo''
* Prepositions can be weird, esp ''3al'' and ''3im'' (mapped to Irish ''ar'' and ''le'')


== Yevani Hebrew ==
Chinese Hebrew is similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except  
Same as our timeline's Sephardi Hebrew
* Tiberian /e(:) ɔ(:) o(:) u(:)/ are pronounced as Judeo-Mandarin ''ey o u ü''
 
* Shva na3 is ''ă'' /ə/ in careful pronunciation
==Tsarfati Hebrew==
*undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Mandarin ''gh''
/2 b v g γ d δ h w z H T j k x l m n s 3 p f S q r š t θ/ = [(none)~2 p= v g x t= δ~z h w δ~z h t= j kh x l m n s (none)~2 ph f ts= k= r š th s]
*/r/ is a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R
 
TibH /i e E a O o u ŠN HP HS HQ/ = [i ej~aj e a o u y a a e o]
 
L dagesh > Welsh ll. Some pronounce sin as ll.
 
== Chinese Hebrew ==
Modern Tsarfati Hebrew (עברית צרפתית ''ivrís țarfosís''; "Tsarf-osis" is a common pun) has been influenced by [[Ăn Yidiș]] (Judeo-Gaelic), but it's a result of a restandardization to Tiberian niqqud; some Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș keep relics of an [[#Old Tsarfati Hebrew|older, non-Tiberian based reading]]. It is similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except  
* Tiberian /e(:) ɔ(:) o(:) u(:)/ are pronounced as Ăn Yidiș ''ey o u ü'' (/ej o u y/ in Standard Ăn Yidiș)
* Shva na3 is ''ă'' /ə/ in careful pronunciation (dropped whenever possible in Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș, however)
*undageshed gimel is pronounced like Ăn Yidiș ''gh''
*/r/ is an alveolar flap/trill or a retroflex approximant like Hiberno-English R
* dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/
* dageshed bet, dageshed gimel, and dalet (whether dageshed or not) are pronounced as unaspirated /p t k/
*kuf and tet are unaspirated /k/ and /t/
* dageshed tav, daleth, teth are dental [t̪ʰ t̪ t̪]
*/p t k/ are aspirated
* sin/undageshed tav is dental [s̪]
* The most conservative Tsarfati readings keep geminate nun, lamedh and resh distinct from their non-geminated counterparts, pronouncing these as reflexes of Old Irish broad /N/, slender /L/ and broad /R/.
* both zayin and tsade are /ts⁼/; samekh is /tsʰ/
 
* kuf and tet are unaspirated /k⁼/ and /t⁼/
Due to convergent evolution, Irtan Chinese/SEA Hebrew is identical to Tsarfati Hebrew pronounced in the Standard Ăn Yidiș accent, except
* Dageshed kaf, pe, tav are aspirated
* Resh is always Mandarin ''r''
* Final /h/ is silent as in our Israeli Hebrew
 
== Old Tsarfati Hebrew (Crackfic Irta) ==
Old Tsarfati Hebrew was used during [[Ăn Yidiș/Proto-Ăn Yidiș|Proto-Ăn Yidiș]] times and is the source of early Hebrew loans in Ăn Yidiș (before the pronunciation was re-standardized according to Tiberian niqqud, resulting in what is today called Tsarfati Hebrew).
 
It has the following sound changes from PSem:
*emphatics and alveolar /r/ are kept
*ś/s þ š > Basque z, Basque s, š (written as shin left dot, shin middle dot, shin right dot)
*z ð > voiced Basque z, voiced Basque s (the latter becomes Tamil zh or retroflex L in some readings)
*ś' þ' s' > /ts, c, c/ (but ejectives)
* Ayn and ghayn are still merged, as well as ħ and x.
* Qamatz is always /O/ as in Tiberian.
 
Old Tsarfati Hebrew also distinguished
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *u = ''o'' /o/
* cholam from Proto-Semitic *ā and *aw = ''ů'' /u/ (/uə/ in some other reading traditions)
* Proto-Semitic *ū = ''u'' /ü/ (/u/ in some other reading traditions)
 
A minimal pair between the two holams: חוֹל ''ħul'' 'sand' (*ħāl; ~ Aramaic ''ħālā'') and חוֹל ''ħoal'' '(something) secular' (*ħull; ~ חילל 'he desecrated')
 
== Hyper-Israeli ==
This reading tradition is used by a sect of Karaite Jews.
 
Like our Israeli Hebrew, but:
* Hyper-Israeli reflects Hyper-TibH ''o'' (and qamatz qatan) as /ʌ̹/, Hyper-TibH ''ů'' as /u̠/, and Hyper-TibH ''u'' as /u̟/. (These vowels resemble Seoul Korean ''eo'', ''o'', and ''u'' respectively.)
* PSem *H is reflected as a uvular fricative (merging with lenited kaf) and PSem *x is voiceless sje.
* Non-prevocalic V + ayin sequences are reflected as nasal vowels or nasal vowel offglides: ארבע /aʁbɑ̃/ '4'.
* Proto-Semitic ð became ''ž'', as in זימר ''žimer'' 'he overpowered', as opposed to זימר ''zimer'' 'he sang'.
 
==Camalanàbha Hebrew==
Lost Tribe Hebrew
*/k x g ɣ/ = [k kʰ g gʰ] ''k kh g gh''
*/ts z/ [tʃ dʒʰ] ''č ǰh'' (*S/*Z *ð)
*/tś ź/ [ts dzʰ] ''c jh'' (*D *z)
*/t θ d ð n/ = [t tʰ d dʰ n] ''t th d dh n''
*/p f b v m/ = [p pʰ b bʰ m] ''p ph b bh m''
*/j r l w/ = [j r l w~v] ''y r l v''
*/s *þ ś ʃ h ħ X ʔ ʕ G/ [s ʃ s ʃ h qʰ ʔ q] ''s š s š h h qh ' ' q''
 
tet -> voiceless unaspirated, tav -> aspirated with no lenition, dalet series -> voiced, aspiration corresponds to lenition
 
Voiced plosives without dagesh are aspirated. Dagesh forte is always realized as gemination.
 
Roughly: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə ə a o o u ə ə/e o] ''i e a a ā o o u a a/e o''
 
[bəreʃitʰ bara ʔelohim ʔətʰ həʃʃaməjim ʋəʔətʰ haʔarəts]
 
[ʋəhaʔarəts hajətʰa tʰohu ʋabʰohu ʋəqʰo(ʃ)ekʰ qəl pʰəne tʰəhom ʋəruqʰ ʔelohim mərəqʰəpʰətʰ qəl pʰəne həmmajim]
 
Final /h/ is pronounced with an echo vowel: e.g. למינה /ləmi'naha/ 'according to its kind', אלוה /ə'loho/ 'God'.
 
''ǰhimmer'' 'to overpower', ''jhimmer'' 'to play music'


==Comparison==
==Comparison==
Line 161: Line 71:
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
<poem>
Proto-Tsarfati
Proto-Chinese Hebrew


[dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
[dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
Line 191: Line 101:
[wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
[ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːaːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]
[ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːɔːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]
</poem>
</poem>
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
<poem>
<poem>
Tsarfati
Chinese Hebrew


[dăˈrur jigˈro ləˈveən ʔim bas]
[t⁼əˈrur jigˈro ləˈvejn ʔim bas]
[vəjintsorˈxem kəˈmu voˈvas]
[vəjintsˑʰorˈχem kʰəˈmu voˈvas]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈxem wəˈlu jʉʃˈbas]
[nəˈʔim ʃimˈχem wəˈlu jyʃˈp⁼as]
[ʃəˈvʉ nʉˈ[h]ʉ bəˈjum ʃaˈbos]
[ʃəˈvy nyˈχy p⁼əˈjum ʃaˈbos]


[dəˈroəʃ noˈvi vəʔʉloˈmi]
[t⁼əˈruʃ noˈvi vəʔyloˈmi]
[vəˈʔus ˈjeəʃa ʔaˈseə ʔiˈmi]
[vəˈʔus ˈjejʃa ʔaˈsej ʔiˈmi]
[nəˈda suˈreəg bəˈsux karˈmi]
[nəˈda suˈrejk⁼ p⁼əˈsuχ kʰarˈmi]
[ʃəˈʔeə ʃawˈʔas bəˈneə ʔaˈmi]
[ʃəˈʔej ʃawˈʔas p⁼əˈnej ʔaˈmi]


[dəˈroəx pʉˈro bəˈsux botsˈro]
[t⁼əˈruχ pʰʉˈro p⁼əˈsuχ p⁼otsˑʰˈro]
[vəˈɣam boˈveəl ʔaˈʃɛr govˈro]
[vəˈʁam p⁼oˈvejl ʔaˈʃɛr k⁼ovˈro]
[nəˈsoəts tsoˈraj bəˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
[nəˈsutsˑʰ tsˑʰoˈraj p⁼əˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
[ʃəˈma guˈli bəˈjum ʔegˈro]
[ʃəˈma k⁼uˈli p⁼əˈjum ʔegˈro]


[ʔeluˈhim teən bamidˈbor har]
[ʔeluˈhim tʰejn bamit⁼ˈp⁼or har]
[haˈdas ʃiˈdo bəˈrus tidˈhor]
[haˈdas ʃiˈdo p⁼əˈrus tʰitˈhor]
[vəlamazˈhir vəlanizˈhor]
[vəlamadzˈhir vəlanidzˈhor]
[ʃəluˈmim teən kəˈmeə noˈhor]
[ʃəluˈmim tʰejn kʰəˈmej noˈhor]


[haˈdoəx goˈmaj xaj ʔeəl gaˈno]
[haˈduχ k⁼oˈmaj χaj ʔejl k⁼aˈno]
[bəˈmoəɣ leəˈvov ʔʉvimɣiˈno]
[p⁼əˈmuʁ lejˈvov ʔyvimʁiˈno]
[vənarˈhiːv pe ʔʉnmaˈleno]
[vənarˈhiv pe ʔynəmaˈleno]
[ləʃuˈneənʉ ləˈxo riˈno]
[ləʃuˈnejny ləˈχo riˈno]


[dəˈʔeə xoxˈmo lənafˈʃexo]
[t⁼əˈʔej χoχˈmo lənafˈʃeχo]
[vəˈhi ˈxeser ləruˈʃexo]
[vəˈhi ˈχeser ləruˈʃeχo]
[nəˈtsoər mitsˈvas gadoəˈʃexo]
[nəˈtsʰur mitsʰˈvas k⁼əduˈʃeχo]
[ʃəˈmoər ʃaˈbas godˈʃexo]
[ʃəˈmur ʃaˈbos k⁼odˈʃeχo]
</poem>
</poem>
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
Line 251: Line 161:
Grant peace like a flowing river.
Grant peace like a flowing river.


Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], as surely as You live, O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
Make their hearts melt with terror and distress them,
Make their hearts dissolve [with terror] and distress them,
And with open mouths we shall fill
And with open mouths we shall fill
Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.
Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.
Line 263: Line 173:
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


=== Yedid Nefesh ===
== Irtan Hebrew poetry ==
Yedid Nefesh ("Friend of the Soul") is a 16th-century Shabbat piyyut originally from the Sephardi tradition. In our timeline Ashkenazi Jews sing a slightly different version; I use the Ashkenazi version here to illustrate the difference between various accents of Tsarfati Hebrew.
=== Hebrew dán díreach ===
Some Modern Hebrew experimental poets wrote their Hebrew poetry in meters inspired by the Irish ''dán díreach''.


{{col-begin}}
Assumes penult stress like Hebraeo-Ăn Yidiș
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Hebrew (Tiberian)
יְדִיד נֶפֶשׁ אַב הָרַחְמָן
מְשׁוֹךְ עַבְדְּךָ אֶל רְצוֹנֶךָ
יָרוּץ עַבְדְּךָ כְּמוֹ אַיָּל
יִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה אֶל מוּל הֲדָרֶךָ
יֶעֱרַב לוֹ יְדִידוּתֶךָ
מִנֹּפֶת צוּף וְכָל טָעַם<!--


הָדוּר נָאֶה זִיו הָעוֹלָם
Stanzas are quatrains with a fixed number of syllables per line (usually 7-10)
נַפְשִׁי חוֹלַת אַהֲבָתֶךָ
אָנָּא אֵל נָא רְפָא נָא לָהּ
בְּהַרְאוֹת לָהּ נֹעַם זִיוֶךָ
אָז תִּתְחַזֵּק וְתִתְרַפֵּא
וְהָיְתָה לָהּ שִׂמְחַת עוֹלָם


וָתִיק יֶהֱמוּ נָא רַחֲמֶיךָ
Alliteration works on a stressed-syllable basis; various meters with patterns of line-final rhyme, alliteration, internal rhyme and non-line-final rhymes between lines
וְחוּסָה נָּא עַל בֶּן אֲהוּבֶךָ
כִּי זֶה כַּמֶּה נִכְסוֹף נִכְסַפְתִּי
לִרְאוֹת בְּתִפְאֶרֶת עֻזֶּךָ
אֵלֶּה חָמְדָה לִבִּי
חוּסָה נָּא וְאַל תִּתְעַלָּם


הִגָּלֶה נָא וּפְרוֹשׂ חֲבִיבִי עָלַי
For rhyming, vowels must agree from the stressed syllable onwards, and consonant groups must match (however, in segolates, the vowel of the unstressed final syllable is ignored; so ''péle'' 'wonder' and ''qémaħ'' 'flour' rhyme)
אֶת סֻכַּת שְׁלוֹמֶךָ
תָּאִיר אֶרֶץ מִכְּבוֹדֶךָ
נָגִילָה וְנִשְׂמְחָה בָךְ
מַהֵר אֱהוֹב כִּי בָא מוֹעֵד
וְחָנֵּנוּ כִּימֵי עוֹלָם-->
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Standard Ăn Yidiș accent
[jəd̥ɪd̥ ne̞fe̞ʃ o̞v ho̞ɾäχmo̞n]
[məʃʊχ ävdəχo̞ e̞lɭ ɻətsˑʰʊne̞χo̞]
[jo̞ɻy̠tsˑʰ ävdəχo̞ kʰəmu (ʔ)äjo̞l]
[jɪʃtʰäχäve̞ ʔe̞l my̠l häd̥o̞ɻe̞χo̞]
[je̞ʔe̞ɻäv lʊ jəd̥ɪd̥y̠se̞χo̞]
[mɪnʊfe̞s tsʰy̠f vəχo̞l t⁼o̞(ʔ)äm]
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
Ballmer
[jɛ̈ðɪð neɪfeɪʃ uv huraχmun]
[mɛ̈ʃoʊχ ävdɛ̈χu eɪəɫ rɛ̈tsʰoʊneɪχu]
[juritsʰ ävdɛ̈χu kʰɛ̈moʊ äjuɫ]
[jɪʃtʰäχäveɪ eɪəɫ mɪɫ häðureɪχu]
[je̞jɛräv ɫoʊ jəðɪðɪseɪχu]
[mɪnoʊfe̞ɪs tsʰɪf vɛ̈χuɫ t⁼uʔäm]
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
 
</poem>
{{col-break}}
<poem>
English
O friend of the soul, merciful father!
Please draw me, Your servant, towards Your pleasure.
Your servant runs like a deer
And falls before Your splendor.
More pleasant to him is Your companionship
Than honey, nectar, or any taste.<!--


O glorious and beautiful one, light of the world!
Rhyming consonant groups:
My soul is sick for Your love.
# Qoph, teth and tsade
I pray You, God, please, heal my soul
# Dageshed beth, gimel and daleth
By showing her the pleasantness of Your light,
# Dageshed kaf, pe, and tav
Then she will strengthen and be restored,
# Undageshed kaf, pe, and tav
and she will have eternal joy.
# Undageshed beth, gimel, daleth; Undageshed lamedh, mem, nun, resh
# Dageshed l, m, n
# Shin, sin, samekh, zayin
# Aleph, he, heth, ayin, yud, vav (null final belongs to this group)


O faithful one, [we all] yearn greatly for Your mercy,
:''ʔáni u-Phángur hallǻbhån,''
Please show compassion to Your beloved one.
:''kol ʔíš bimălákhto ʕǻbhådh.'' (pausal form of ʕåbhadh 'he worked')
For so much have I been longing for You,
: "I and the white Pangur,
To look upon Your glorious power.
: Each [of us] has worked in his craft"
That is what my heart desires;
Please have mercy and do not neglect me.


Please reveal Yourself and spread out over me
:''Pángur ėno bi măkanė;''
Your canopy of peace.
:''Hu bă-ša3šu3åv yith3anėgh.''
Illumine the earth with Your glory,
: "Pangur does not envy me;
And let us rejoice and be glad because of You.
: He delights in his playing."
Make haste, and give us love, for the time has come,
And be gracious to us as in the days of old.-->
</poem>
{{col-end}}
IlL
139,698

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/251640...294304"