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| '''Classical Sjowaázh''' refers to an archaic form of Sjowaázh, partly based on Late Old Sjowaázh. | | '''Classical Sowaár''' refers to an archaic literary standard of Sowaár, partly based on Late Old Sowaár. |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
| | Identical to Modern Sjowaázh except it had syllabic resonants: '''m mm n nn nr nnr l ll r rr''' (ḿ ń ĺ ŕ m̀ ǹ l̀ r̀) |
| |+ '''Consonant phonemes in Classical Sjowaázh'''
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 136px; "|
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Labial
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolo-palatal
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
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| |-
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| !colspan="2"| Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| | '''n''' /n/
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| | '''ny''' /ɲ/
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| ! rowspan="3" style="" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>tenuis</small>
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| | '''b''' /p/
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| | '''d''' /t/
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| | '''gy''' /c/
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| | '''g''' /k/
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| | '''' ''' /ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''p''' /pʰ/
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| | '''t''' /tʰ/
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| | '''ky''' /cʰ/
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| | '''k''' /kʰ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>ejective</small>
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| | '''p'''' /pʼ/
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| | '''t'''' /tʼ/
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| | '''ky'''' /cʼ/
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| | '''k'''' /kʼ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| ! |<small>lenis</small>
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| | '''v''' /v̊/
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| | '''z''' /z̊/
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| | '''zh''' /ʐ̊/
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| | '''zy''' /ʑ̊/
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| | '''gh''' /ɣ̊/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>fortis</small>
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| | '''f''' /fˑ/
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| | '''s''' /sˑ/
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| | '''sh''' /ʂˑ/
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| | '''sy''' /ɕˑ/
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| | '''kh''' /xˑ/
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| | '''h''' /h/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" style="" |Affricate
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| ! |<small>tenuis</small>
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| | '''j''' /ts/
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| | '''jh''' /tʂ/
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| | '''jy''' /tɕ/
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| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''c''' /tsʰ/
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| | '''ch''' /tʂʰ/
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| | '''cy''' /tɕʰ/
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| ! |<small>ejective</small>
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| | '''c'''' /tsʼ/
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| | '''ch'''' /tʂʼ/
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| | '''cy'''' /tɕʼ/
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Approximant
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| | '''l''' /l/
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| | '''ly''' /ʎ/
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| | '''y''' /j/
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| | '''w''' /w/
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| |}
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" |
| |+ '''Oral vowels''' | | |+ '''Oral vowels''' |
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| |} | | |} |
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| {{col-break}}
| | ===Tone=== |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| | Classical Sjowaázh had three level tones: high (''á''), mid (''a''), low (''à''). Conservative Modern High Sjowaázh has vestiges of the 3-tone system in its intonation. |
| |+ '''Nasal vowels'''
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| ! rowspan="2" style=""|
| | 7 possible pitch accent patterns: |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
| | *short: ''á, a, à'' |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
| | *long: ''áa, aà, àa, aa'' |
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| | The mid tone and low tone later merged, hence why high tone is the marked tone in High Sjowaazh. |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| | ==Grammar== |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| | Classical Sowaár was optimized for poetic meters (like Marathi) – word order was relatively free and affixes used both long and short syllables. Vowel length was relatively free in affixes (obeying some constraints) and fixed in roots. As a corollary tones were also flexible and there were also fewer (phonemic) tonal distinctions in affixes than in roots. [TODO: rules] |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| | ===Nouns=== |
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| | Like Modern Sowaár, Classical Sowaár had singular, dual and plural numbers. |
| ! style="" |Close
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| | {{spell-nv|'''iñ'''}} /ĩ/
| | Number prefixes for nouns existed but were optional. |
| | {{spell-nv|'''iiñ'''}} /ĩː/
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| | {{spell-nv|'''oñ'''}} /õ/
| | ===Verbs=== |
| | {{spell-nv|'''ooñ'''}} /õː/
| | Verbs had more complex ablaut patterns than in modern Sowaár varieties. Affixes, on the other hand, were less fused with each other than in Modern High Sowaár. |
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | {{spell-nv|'''eñ'''}} /ɛ̃/
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| | {{spell-nv|'''eeñ'''}} /ɛ̃ː/
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| | {{spell-nv|'''añ'''}} /ɑ̃/
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| | {{spell-nv|'''aañ'''}} /ɑ̃ː/
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| |}
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| {{col-end}}
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