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:''{{SUBPAGENAME}} is highly diglossic; unless stated otherwise, this page describes the modern standard High Sowaázh register. For the other varieties, see the subpages devoted to individual varieties.
'''Suwáá''' (''Suwáá tahyeq'') is a language isolate of Hmøøh, spoken on the island country and archipelago of [[Verse:Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq|Suwáábyíq]]. It is mainly inspired aesthetically by Burmese, Japanese, Navajo, and Ancient Greek, and its grammar is meant to be "Navajo-lite" (agglutinative, strongly prefixing, strongly head-final, and head-marking, though not fully polysynthetic; noun incorporation is limited to certain formal styles).


:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Classical]]
The Suwáá dialect continuum is not known to be related to any other Hmøøhian language, but some have proposed a relation to the [[Quame languages]] based on lexical coincidences.
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/'Onápaañ]]
== Lexicon ==
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Jikhoó'ii]]
* Nyu-Mɛ Kɛ{{acute}}q: inventor of  Kite guitar-type guitars
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Cyamányeñh]]
* su- = ''frozen derivation''
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Hosne'éh]]
* wáá = person
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/New Urban]]
* khywen = house
:[[{{PAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]
* weé = name
:[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
* maa = tree
:[[{{PAGENAME}}/Names]]
* yań = water
* lwɛ = to do, to make
* mɔ́ = blood
* zoo = to look
* mé = to be (copula)
** ''Upwe namé.'' 'I am a boy.'
** ''Suwáá imé.'' 'He is a Suwáá.'
* ze = to eat
* zé = to stack


{{Infobox language
== Phonology ==
|image =  
=== Initials ===
|imagesize =  
Suwáá has a large number of initials; however, prefixes do not allow aspirated or voiced initials.
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
* Historical velar stops: k kh g ŋ ky khy gy ŋy kw khw gw ŋw kyw khyw gyw ŋyw /k kʰ g ŋ tɕ tɕʰ dʑ ɲ kw kʰw ŋw tɕɥ tɕʰɥ dʑɥ ɲɥ/
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
* Historical alveolar stops: t th d n s sh z ny tw thw dw nw sw shw zw nyw /t tʰ d n s sʰ z ɲ tw tʰw dw nw sw sʰw zw ɲɥ/
|nativename = Sowaázh dashég
* Historical labial stops: p ph b m py phy by my pw phw bw mw /p pʰ b m pj pʰj bj mj pw pʰw bw mw/
|pronunciation= /sʊwɑ̌ɻ tɑʂˑɛ́k/
* y r w h ry hy rw hw ryw yw hyw /j r w h rj ɕ rw hw lɥ ɥ ɕɥ/
|setting= Tricin
|region = Sowaázh daSóol, in Txapoalli
|familycolor=Isolate
|fam1= [[Proto-Sowaazhic|Sowaazhic]]
|script={{PAGENAME}} alphabet
|nation=Sowaázh daSóol (''de facto'')
|agency=none
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}


Forms of '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (English: ''soo-WAHZH''; High Sowaázh: ''Sowaázh da·shég'' /sʊwɑ̌ːɻ tɑʂɛ́k/, gloss: Sowaázh {{sc|3pl}}-language) are the dominant languages in [[Verse:Tricin/Sóol|Sowaázh daSóol]] in [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli]]. Sowaázh is a non-configurational polysynthetic language with a complex verbal morphology.  
Usually, /r/ is realized much like Standard Japanese ''r''; it is [l] before /i j/.


{{PAGENAME}} forms a single dialect continuum and is otherwise an isolate, though some speculate that {{PAGENAME}} is related to the [[Quame languages]].
=== Rimes ===
==External history==
* Monomoraic: i e ɛ a ɔ o u n /i e ɛ a ɔ o u ɯ̃/
Sowaázh is made for a [[Verse:Tricin/Sóol|Japan- and Britain-inspired country]] in Tricin but is intended to be very different from Japanese or English. It is aesthetically inspired by Navajo, Polish, and Hungarian. Sowaázh has a wide variety of accents and dialects in a small area and a posh register associated with the upper class, and it also ablauts verbs; that's where the similarities with English end.
* Bimoraic, but q cannot bear tone: iq eq ɛq aq ɔq oq uq /ɪʔ eɪ̯ʔ aɪ̯ʔ aʔ aʊ̯ʔ oʊ̯ʔ ʊʔ/
* Bimoraic, both morae tone-bearing: ii ee ɛɛ aa ɔɔ oo uu in en ɛn an ɔn on un /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː ɪɰ̃ eɪ̯ɰ̃ aɪ̯ɰ̃ aɰ̃ aʊ̯ɰ̃ oʊ̯ɰ̃ uɰ̃/


==Diglossia==
/ʔ/ is realized as gemination before obstruents; /ɯ̃ ɰ̃/ are realized as homorganic nasals before nasal and stop initials.
Sowaázh is strongly diglossic, with the diglossia influenced by social class. High Sowaázh, the prestige variety, is a mixture of 'Onáp'aañ Sowaázh and [[Sowaázh/Classical|Classical Sowaázh]] and is the standard language used in literature, formal writing, newsreading, public announcements. High Sowaázh plays a similar role to the RP accent in British English: most native speakers of High Sowaázh are people from highly educated and wealthy families. On the other end of the spectrum, the lower class speak local lects which are sometimes mutually unintelligible. High Sowaázh is not a static entity; it is defined as whatever the Sowaázh upper class speaks at the time.


The diglossia is also influenced by gender: urban women are more likely than other groups to use more neutral forms and accents (i.e. closer to an abstract pseudo-High Sowaázh "gynelect"). Since the 1340s (fT), a greater permissiveness towards regional and "nonstandard" varieties of Sowaázh has taken hold in education. However, due to greater travel and the mass media, marked features in Sowaázh varieties have also begun to disappear. Today, a quasi-"gynelect", New Urban Sowaázh, is slowly emerging as the canonical non-posh colloquial dialect.
=== Tone ===
High (acute) and low (unmarked)
== Morphology ==
=== Nouns ===
Suwáá nouns are often, though not always, monosyllabic, like ''mɔ́'' 'blood'. Here is an example of a noun inflected for possession:
* ''namɔ́'' = my blood
* ''himɔ́'' = thy blood
* ''tamɔ́'' = his/her/their blood (proximate, like Navajo bi-)
* ''wamɔ́'' = his/her/their blood (obviative‚ like Navajo yi-)
* ''amɔ́'' = one's blood
* ''kyamɔ́'' = our (exc.) blood
* ''yemɔ́'' = our (inc.) blood
* ''erimɔ́'' = your (pl.) blood


The hierarchy of lects is roughly as follows:
Possession is indicated by using the appropriate possessive form after the possessor: ''Eqsiq tamɔ́'' (E. 3-blood) 'Eqsiq's blood'.
*Upper class: High Sowaázh
=== Verbs ===
*Professional class: accented High Sowaázh
Suwáá verb roots are always monosyllabic.
*Middle class: local vernacular + High Sowaázh
*Working/lower class: broad local vernacular


High Sowaázh is the variety taught in Sowaázh schools and also the variety that is often first taught to non-natives. Though most natives are able to speak the proper language from learning it in school, they only choose to use it in certain situations, like greeting a customer, or talking to a stranger over the phone.
== Syntax ==
=== Obviation ===
Like Navajo, Suwáá shows various levels of animacy in its grammar, with certain nouns taking specific verb forms according to their rank in this animacy hierarchy. For instance, Suwáá nouns can be ranked by animacy on a continuum from most animate (a human or lightning) to least animate (an abstraction):


The language encountered in Sowaázh pop culture can be much less posh, depending on the region and social class of the characters, and the target audience. The most frequently used Sowaázh varieties in pop culture are the urban middle-class lects (most creators live in or near one of the major urban centers, e.g. 'Onápaañ, Jighoó'ii, Cyamányeñh). Using more unusual lects mark certain types of characters (e.g. rural lects for country hicks, broad urban lects for hypermasculine bros, a caricatured "gynelect" for ditzy teenage girls, High Sowaázh for posh villains, ...)
humans > infants/big animals > midsize animals > small animals > insects > natural forces > inanimate objects/plants > abstractions


==Todo==
Generally, the most animate noun in a sentence must occur first while the noun with lesser animacy occurs second. If both nouns are equal in animacy, then either noun can occur in the first position. So, both example sentences (1) and (2) are correct. The ''n-'' prefix on the verb indicates that the 1st noun is the subject and ''i-'' indicates that the 2nd noun is the subject.
*Badly irregular ablaut like Navajo
*Some really short roots
*Should be different from Navajo and [[Roshterian]] but still polysynthetic
*Some Quame-ish words


<poem>
: ''Upwe unɛń nzoo.'' (1)
i fall in love with you (active counterpart) = shelisjhaágy
: boy girl OBV-look
do you want reduplication?
: 'The boy is looking at the girl.'
sounds ok
how is -in for an attributive clause
or relative clause
verb+in
so it's a nominalizer
clofab intensifies
yeah
shiilyohookh+in = that piles up
😍1
and that could ablaut to -iin or -iín?
in some forms like intransitive attributive
most C(C)oC verbs should inflect like sjhogy
maybe
Sowaazh should be non-config
noun phrases are head-final and they use relational nouns
shiilyohookh would inflect like


khashiilyohookh
: ''Upwe unɛń izoo.'' (2)
akheshiiñlyohookh
: boy girl PROX-look
khóoshigyoñhookh?
: 'The girl is being looked at by the boy.'
inceptive should use t
yeah
or d
because of quame future
quihumists would relate that to thensarian -tē-
yeah
that "let us soar party" 😀
and for the fun of it...
the t should be an infix!
sjhodagy-
😍1
should mean to fall in love
</poem>


==Phonology==
But example sentence (3) sounds wrong to most Suwáá speakers because the less animate noun occurs before the more animate noun:
===Consonants===
: ''*Hipyii unɛń hyenkywáq.''
High {{PAGENAME}} has a large consonant inventory of 35 consonants:
: bird girl PST-OBV-peck
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
: 'The bird pecked the girl.'
|+ '''Consonant phonemes in High {{PAGENAME}}'''
|-
!  colspan="2" style="width: 136px; "|
!  style="width: 68px; " |Labial
!  style="width: 68px; " |Dental
!  style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex
!  style="width: 68px; " |Alveolo-palatal
!  style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
!  style="width: 68px; " |Velar
!  style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
| '''ny''' /ɲ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style=""  |Plosive
! |<small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' /p/
| '''d''' /t/
|
|
| '''gy''' /c/
| '''g''' /k/
| ''' ' ''' /ʔ/
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/
| '''t''' /tʰ/
|
|
| '''ky''' /cʰ/
| '''k''' /kʰ/
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
| '''p'''' /pʼ/
| '''t'''' /tʼ/
|
|
| '''ky'''' /cʼ/
| '''k'''' /kʼ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
|
| '''s''' /s/
| '''sh''' /ʂ/
| '''sy''' /ɕ/
|
| '''kh''' /x/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! rowspan="3" style="" |Affricate
! |<small>tenuis</small>
|
| '''j''' /ts/
| '''jh''' /tʂ/
| '''jy''' /tɕ/
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
|
| '''c''' /tsʰ/
| '''ch''' /tʂʰ/
| '''cy''' /tɕʰ/
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
|
| '''c'''' /tsʼ/
| '''ch'''' /tʂʼ/
| '''cy'''' /tɕʼ/
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Approximant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''l''' /l/
| '''zh''' /ɻ/
| '''ly''' /ʎ/
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|}


'''p'''' only appears in loans.
To express this idea requires that the more animate noun occur first, as in sentence (4):
====Other notes====
: ''Unɛń hipyii hyeekywáq.''
All consonants are long, compared to English and other Sowaázh dialects: with plain stops the hold is longer, with aspirated stops the aspiration is longer, and with affricates the frication is longer. The voice onset time of the aspirated and ejective stops is twice as long as that found in most other languages.
: girl bird PST-PROX-peck
: 'The girl was pecked by the bird.'


;Stops and affricates
== Vocabulary ==
All stops and affricates, except for the bilabial and glottal, have a three-way laryngeal contrast between unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective.
Purist
The aspirated stops /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/ (orthographic {{angbr|p, t, k}}) are typically aspirated with velar frication [px, tx, kx] (they are phonetically affricates — homorganic in the case of [kx], heterorganic in the case of [tx]). The acoustic difference between an affricate and a stop + fricative consonant cluster is the rate of increase in the amplitude of the frication noise (i.e. the ''rise time''); affricates have a short rise time, consonant clusters have a longer rise time between the stop and fricative. There is variation within {{PAGENAME}}, however, in this respect: some speakers lack strong velar frication having instead a period of aspiration.
 
Similarly the unaspirated velar /k/ (orthographic {{angbr|{{spell-nv|g}}}}) is realized as with optional voiced velar frication following the stop burst: [k] ~ [kɣ].
 
While the aspiration of stops is markedly long compared to most other languages, the aspiration of the affricates is quite short: the main feature distinguishing /ts/, /tʂ/ and /tɕ/ from /tsʰ/, /tʂʰ/ and /tɕʰ/ is that the frication is half again as long in the latter: [tsʰˑ], [tʂʰˑ], [tɕʰˑ]. The ejectives /ts'/, /tʂ'/, /tɕ'/, on the other hand, have short frication, presumably due to the lack of pulmonic airflow. There is a period of near silence before the glottalized onset of the vowel.
 
;Continuants
{{PAGENAME}} fricatives are noisier than the fricatives that occur in English.
 
;Glottal(ized) consonants
Consonants involving a glottal closure — the glottal stop, ejective stops, and the glottalized sonorants — may have optional creaky voice on voiced sounds adjacent to the glottal gesture. Glottal stops may also be realized entirely as creaky voice instead of single glottal closure.
 
===Vowels===
High {{PAGENAME}} has only 4 vowel qualities, although there is phonemic vowel length and nasalization.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''High {{PAGENAME}} oral vowels'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ii''' /iː/
| '''o''' /ʊ/
| '''oo''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''ee''' /ɛː/
| '''a''' /ɑ/
| '''aa''' /ɑː/
|}
 
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''High {{PAGENAME}} nasal vowels'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''iñ''' /ĩ/
| '''iiñ''' /ĩː/
| '''oñ''' /õ/
| '''ooñ''' /õː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''eñ''' /ɛ̃/
| '''eeñ''' /ɛ̃ː/
| '''añ''' /ɑ̃/
| '''aañ''' /ɑ̃ː/
|}
{{col-end}}
 
 
===Tone===
Modern High {{PAGENAME}} has a two-level tone system - every word will have at least one high pitched mora but may have more than one, especially in longer words. A mora with high pitch is marked with an acute accent.
 
Other Sowaázh lects have different tonal systems or none. For example, the Cyamányeh lect has no tone.
 
===Phonotactics===
Sowaázh allows the following initial clusters: ''sb sd sj sjh sjy sgy sg'' /sp st sts ʂtʂ ɕtɕ sc sk/.
 
===Conservative High Sowaázh===
In Conservative High Sowaázh, the '''g'''-series is realized as postvelar, and the '''gy'''-series is realized as prevelar. The vowels '''o oo''' are consistently [o o:], and '''a aa''' are less back [ä ä:] unless adjacent to '''g'''-series consonants.
 
Conservative High Sowaázh retains the Classical Sowaázh 3-tone system in a simplified form, which moderners may perceive as overdramatic.
 
*Classical Sowaázh: á, a, à, áa, aà, aá, aa
*Conservative HS: á, a, à, áa, aá, aa
*Modern HS: á, a, áa, aá, aa
 
==Orthography==
All varieties of Sowaázh are written in the Sowaázh alphabet, which was originally developed as a phonetic notation system like the IPA. High Sowaázh spelling is based on Conservative High Sowaázh.
 
*no dot: mid tone
*one dot below: high tone
*two dots below: low tone
===Writing vernaculars===
 
==Sandhi==
All Sowaázh lects have extensive sandhi systems. The following describes High Sowaázh sandhi.
===Consonants and vowels===
===Tone===
 
==Morphology==
:''Main article: [[Sowaázh/Morphology]]''
Sowaázh is strongly head-marking, like many indigenous languages of North and Central America.
 
==Syntax==
===Word order===
High Sowaázh is non-configurational. Noun phrases are head-final.
===Clitics===
Most conjunctions and clitics obey Wackernagel's law; they come after the first syntactic phrase or the first stressed word in a clause.
 
===Relative clauses===
Nominalized relative clauses are formed by attaching the nominalizing clitic ''=in'' after the clause (one of the few exceptions to Wackernagel's law). On the other hand, verbal nouns are not used.
 
Examples:
*''lisjhógy'' /lɪ̀ʂtʂʊ́c/ = 'I love you' > ''lisjhógyin'' /lɪ̀ʂtʂʊ́cɪ̀n/ =  'the fact that I love you'
*''shiilyohóokh'' = 'they pile up forming a line' > ''shiilyohóokhin'' = (a type of scale used in Sowaázh music)
 
==Vocabulary==
Sowaázh, in addition to native words, uses many loans from Naquic and Tsimulh languages. Borrowed words are almost all nouns.
 
To abbreviate words, Sowaázh uses clipping.
 
==Study by non-native speakers==
Due to the popularity of Sowaázh pop culture across the globe, Sowaázh is commonly learned by Sowaázhophile otakus. Sowaázh is considered one of the most daunting languages for speakers of most Northern languages, due to its morphological complexity and high degree of diglossia.
 
==Poetry==
Sowaázh poetry uses quantitative meters, like Sanskrit.
 
(LLLLSLLSSSSSSLLSLLSLL)
 
(LLLSSLSLSSSLLLSLLSL)
 
<poem>
Lyoóshaañt’ ólo·sjecyida'eech’ óna' da·sk’onyáad shéb (LLSSSSSLSSSSLS)
Gáadeéñcyok’ ooñ·táshojyekaad wehacóozh bijháalyin (LLSLSSSLSSLSLS)
</poem>
 
==Phrasebook==
*'''Áa'weh nyéh, mehonolyi'é?'' = Hello, how do you do? (gloss: good place, 2SG-CONT-peaceful-INTERR)
*''Lisjhógy'' /lìʂtʂʊ́c/ = I love you.
*''Nóch'ahgalyá be'saañbójy. Khoñh 'ésjol be'saañbocyáyee'.'' = "All animals are equal. But some animals are more equal than others."
 
==Sample Texts==
===UDHR===
:Literally: ''All people from being born are free; their dignity and rights are equal to each other. They-can-TELIC-think=NOMZ and they-can-know-good=NOM, they can use it, they must thus move themselves in the face of each other as if they were brothers.''
 
===Serenity===
:Literally: ''May I be at peace with what I cannot change, boldly change what I can change, and by thinking wisely, tell the two situations apart.''
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]]
IlL
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