Linguifex

Eadlan/Older draft: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Eadlan/Older draft (view source)

Revision as of 06:21, 9 May 2023

2,812 bytes added ,  9 May 2023
m
IlL moved page User:IlL/Netagin6 to Eadlan/Older draft without leaving a redirect
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
m (IlL moved page User:IlL/Netagin6 to Eadlan/Older draft without leaving a redirect)
 
(145 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 7: Line 7:
|pronunciation=
|pronunciation=
|familycolor=dodellic
|familycolor=dodellic
|fam1=[[Shalaic]]
|fam1=[[Idavic]]
|setting = [[Verse:AETHER]]
|fam2=[[Netagic]]
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|iso3=
|iso3=
|notice=
|notice=
}}
}}


'''Netagin''' (''Năhtuıyin'' /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and [[Windermere]]-inspired Shalaic language. It is related to [[Shalaian]] but phonologically is less conservative.
'''Netagin''' (''Năhtuıyin'' /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and [[Windermere]]-inspired Idavic language. It is related to [[Shalaian]] but phonologically is less conservative. Like Shalaian, Netagin is an inflected head-initial language, but has a more fusional morphology: both nouns and verbs are inflected using stem changes (Sami-style consonant gradation, umlaut and creaky voice ablaut) in addition to prefixes and suffixes. It also retains older Idavic morphology such as cases and the dual. The relationship between Shalaian and Netagin is analogous to that between Centum and Satem IE languages: labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become the ''c̦''-series in Netagin.


Netagin has notably developed Uralic-style consonant gradation. It also has non-rhoticity as a historical sound change, a sprachbund feature it shares with [[Shalaian]] but in a much more limited fashion (Only word-final /r/ is lost).
Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Idavic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:
*Preglottalization
*Large vowel system
*Historical non-rhoticity
*Verb-initial syntax
*Split-ergativity
==Todo==
Deutschify the grammar (V2, cases, STOV)?
 
yubmă = aroma
 
Very large vowel system? Khmer gibberish? Construct state with vowel changes (Revive Trây?)


==About==
==About==
Line 24: Line 36:


===Internal history===
===Internal history===
Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative [[Shalaian]], it is inspired by Hebrew and (in-universe) Philadelphia English but is more Old Irish, [[Judeo-Gaelic]] and [[Cubrite]]-inspired.
Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative [[Shalaian]], it is loosely inspired by Hebrew, Welvington English, and Celtic languages (Old Irish, Judeo-Gaelic and [[Verthanic]]).


Both Netagin and Shalaian are used   as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality.
Both Netagin and Shalaian are used as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality.


===Internal² history===
===Internal² history===
Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Shalaic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:
*Preglottalization
*Large vowel system
*Historical non-rhoticity
*Verb-initial syntax
*Split-ergativity
Unlike Shalaian, Netagin is a "satem" language, i.e. labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become palatalized.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 42: Line 46:


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
/ɪ u ɛ ɔ ə a iə uə eə oə ɨə/ ''i u e o ă a ia ua ea oa ĭa''


Umlauted counterparts of the above are marked with ı:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
 
|-
/i ʉ e ɵ ɨ æ ie ue ie oe ɨɪ/ ''iı uı eı ăı aı ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı''
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''iı, ĭı''' /i/
| '''ĭ, ăı''' /ɨ/
| '''uı''' /ʉ/
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''i, eı''' /e/
| '''ă''' /ə/
| '''oı''' /ɵ/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''aı, äı''' /æ/
|
| '''ä''' /a/
| '''a''' /ɒ/
|}
The diphthongs are '''ia ua ea oa ĭa ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı''' /iə uə eə oə ɨə ie ue ie oe ɨi/.
====Umlaut====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!normal
|| i || u || e || o || ă || ĭ || ä || á || ia || ua || ea || oa || ĭa
|-
!umlauted
|| iı || uı || eı || oı || ăı || ĭı || äı || áı || ieı || ueı || eaı || oeı || ĭeı  
|}
Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> ä a/oa e/ea i/ie u/ua ă ĭ/ĭa


Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> a ua e/ea i/ie o/oa u/ua ă/ĭa
TODO: closing diphthongs and Philly-style reinforcement


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
*Nasals: m bm bmm hm hmm n dn dnn hn hnn /m pm p:m m̥ː m̥:: n tn t:n n̥ː n̥ː:/
*Nasals:  
**m bm bmm hm hmm /m pm bːm m̥ː m̥ːː/
**n dn dnn hn hnn /n tn dːn n̥ː n̥ːː/
*Stops:  
*Stops:  
**p hp hpp b hb hbb f /pʰ ʔpʰ ʔ:pʰ p~b hp v/
**p pp hp hpp b bb hb hbb f /pʰ pːʰ ʔpʰ ʔːpʰ p~b pː hp hːp v~f/
**t ht htt d hd hdd th /tʰ ʔtʰ t~d ht ð/
**t tt ht htt d dd hd hdd th /tʰ tːʰ ʔtʰ ʔːtʰ t~d tː ht hːt ð~θ/
**ț hț hțț ḑ hḑ hḑḑ z /tsʰ ʔtsʰ ts~dz hts z/
**ț țț hț hțț ḑ ḑḑ hḑ hḑḑ z /tsʰ tsːʰ ʔtsʰ ʔːtsʰ ts~dz tsː hts hːts z/
**c̦ hc̦ hc̦c̦ ģ hģ hģģ j /tʃʰ ʔtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ htʃ ʒ/
**c̦ c̦c̦ hc̦ hc̦c̦ ģ ģģ hģ hģģ j /tʃʰ tʃːʰ ʔtʃʰ ʔːtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ tʃː htʃ hːtʃ ʒ/
**ξ hξ hξξ λ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ ʔtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ htɬ l/
**ξ ξξ hξ hξξ λ λλ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ tɬːʰ ʔtɬʰ ʔːtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ tɬː htɬ hːtɬ l/
**c hc hcc g hg hgg /kʰ ʔkʰ k~g hk/
**c cc hc hcc g gg hg hgg /kʰ kːʰ ʔkʰ ʔːkʰ k~g kː hk hːk/  
**q hq hqq /qʰ ʔqʰ/
*Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː sːː ʃ ʃː ʃːː ɬ ɬː ɬːː h xː xːː/
*Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː h xː/
*Other resonants:
*Other resonants:
**l ll gll hl hll /ʟ qː χː/
**l ll gll hl hll /ʟ qː ɢː χː χːː/
**r rr drr hr hrr /r tr r̥ː/
**r rr drr hr hrr /ɾ tɾ dːɾ r̥ː r̥ːː/
**y yy gyy hy hyy /j cː çː/
**y yy gyy hy hyy /j cː ɟː çː çːː/
**w ww gww hw hww /w kʷː xʷː/
**w ww gww hw hww /w kʷː gʷː xʷː xʷːː/
 
The back liquid /ʟ/ is realized as a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant [ʁ̃ˁ]. /ʟ/ and its gradated counterparts come from a merger of Proto-Idavic *l, *ʕ, and often *q.


===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is always final.
Stress is always initial, ignoring derivational prefixes.


===Gradation===
===Gradation===
There are 3 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, termed weak, strong, overlong or I, II, III. These are purely morphological: different forms a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone.
There are 2 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, respectively termed ''weak'' and ''strong''. Gradation is purely morphological and is no longer phonologically conditioned: different forms of a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone.
====Simple consonants====
====Simple consonants====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak  
||''ƀ'' || ''b'' || ''đ'' || ''d'' || ''ƶ'' || ''z'' || ''ƶ̌'' || ''ž'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' || ''q'' /q⁼/ || ''s'' || ''š'' || ''σ'' || ''h'' || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''l'' || ''r'' || ''y'' || ''w''
||''f'' || ''b'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''z'' || ''ḑ'' || ''y'' || ''ģ'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' || ''s'' || ''ș'' || ''σ'' || ''h'' || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''l'' || ''r'' || ''y'' || ''w''
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong  
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hz'' || ''hc'' || ''hž'' || ''hč'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hk'' || ''hq'' || ''ss'' || ''šš'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww''
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww''<!--
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong  
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hzz'' || ''hcc'' || ''hžž'' || ''hčč'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hkk'' || ''hqq'' ||''ss'' || ''šš'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''hm'' || ''hn'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''  
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' ||''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''hm'' || ''hn'' || ''gll'' || ''drr'' || ''gyy'' || ''gww''-->
|}
|}


====Geminate stems====
====Historical geminates====
Geminate stems in Netagin largely arise from historical nC, /ʔ h/ + C, C + /ʔ h/ → C: sound changes.
Geminates historically arose from historical nC, /ʔ h/ + C, C + /ʔ h/ → C: sound changes, before gradation became morphologically significant. In Modern Netagin geminates almost always turned to preaspirated or preglottalized stops, except after resonants.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak  
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hz'' || ''hc'' || ''hž'' || ''hč'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hk'' || ''hq'' || ''ss'' || ''šš'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II) = Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong<!-- = Overlong-->
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hzz'' || ''hcc'' || ''hžž'' || ''hčč'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hkk'' || ''hqq'' || ''s's'' || ''š'š'' || ''σ'σ'' || ''h'h'' || ''bmm'' /p:m/ || ''dnn'' /t:n/ || ''gll'' /q:ʟ/ || ''drr'' /d:ɾ/ || ''gyy'' /ɟː/ || ''gww'' /gːʷ/ || ''hll'' || ''hrr'' || ''hyy'' || ''hww''
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''s's'' || ''ș'ș'' || ''σ'σ'' || ''h'h'' || ''bmm'' /b:m/ || ''dnn'' /d:n/ || ''gll'' /ɢ:/ || ''drr'' /d:ɾ/ || ''gyy'' /ɟː/ || ''gww'' /gːʷ/ || ''hll'' || ''hrr'' || ''hyy'' || ''hww''
|}
|}


Line 100: Line 148:
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Cluster type
!style="width: 100px;"|Cluster type
|| PR || RR || FR || RX  
|| PR || RR || FR || RX, R ≠ ''l'' || lX (l = /ʟ/)
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak
|| P<sub>I</sub>R || RR<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>R || RX<sub>I</sub>  
|| P<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X<sub>I</sub> || lX<sub>I</sub>
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong
|| P<sub>II</sub>R || RR<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>tR|| RX<sub>II</sub>  
|| P<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>tR<sub>I</sub>|| R<sub>I</sub>X: || qX<sub>I</sub><!--
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong
|| P<sub>III</sub>R || RR<sub>III</sub> || F<sub>II</sub>R || RX<sub>III</sub>  
|| P<sub>III</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>III</sub> || F<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X: || llX<sub>I</sub>-->
|}
|}
*R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/
*R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/
Line 116: Line 164:
*F = fricative /s ʃ ɬ/
*F = fricative /s ʃ ɬ/
*C<sub>I</sub>, C<sub>II</sub>, C<sub>III</sub> = simple consonant in the corresponding gradation grade
*C<sub>I</sub>, C<sub>II</sub>, C<sub>III</sub> = simple consonant in the corresponding gradation grade
*C: = geminate counterpart of an obstruent
====Stop-obstruent clusters====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak
|| ''fd, fḑ, fģ, fλ, fg'' /vd~ft, .../ || ''ft, fț, fc̦, fξ, fc, fs, fș, fσ'' /ftʰ, .../ || ''thb, thg'' /ðb~θp, ðg~θk/ || ''thp, thc, thq'' /θpʰ, θkʰ, θqʰ/ || ''wb, wd, wḑ, wģ, wλ'' /wb~wp, .../ || ''wp, wt, wț, wc̦, wξ, ws, wș, wσ'' /xʷpʰ, .../
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong
|| ''bd, bḑ, bģ, bλ, bg'' /pt, .../  || ''pt, pț, pc̦, pξ, pc, ps, pș, pσ'' /ptʰ, .../ || ''db, dg'' /tp, tk/ || ''tp, tc, tq'' /tpʰ, tkʰ, tqʰ/ || ''gb, gd, gḑ, gģ, gλ'' /kp, .../ || ''cp, ct, cț, cc̦, cξ, cs, cș, cσ'' /kpʰ, .../<!--
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong
|| ''bdd, bḑḑ, bģģ, bλλ, bgg''  /hpt, .../ || ''ptt, pțț, pc̦c̦, pξξ, pcc, pqq, pss, pșș, pσσ'' /ʔptʰ, .../ || ''dbb, dgg'' /htp, htk/ || ''tpp, tcc, tqq'' /ʔtpʰ, ʔtkʰ, ʔtqʰ/ || ''gbb, gdd, gḑḑ, gģģ, gλλ'' /hkp, .../ || ''cpp, ctt, cțț, cc̦c̦, cξξ, css, cșș, cσσ'' /ʔkpʰ, .../-->
|}


====Clusters with only obstruents====
====Sibilant-stop clusters====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak
|| ''sp, st, sț, sξ, sc'' /sp, st, sts, stʃ, stɬ, sk/ || ''șp, șt, șc̦, șξ, șc'' /ʃp, ʃt, ʃtʃ, ʃtɬ, ʃk/ || ''łp, łt, łc'' /ɬp, ɬt, ɬk/
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong <!--= Overlong-->
|| ''spp, stt, sțț, sξξ, scc'' /sːp, sːt, sːts, sːtɬ, sːk/ || ''șpp, ștt, șc̦c̦, șξξ, șcc'' /ʃːp, ʃːt, ʃːtʃ, ʃːtɬ, ʃːk/ || ''łpp, łtt, łcc'' /ɬːp, ɬːt, ɬːk/
|}


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Clusters are similar to Shalaian clusters, but some assimilate into geminates
Initial sC clusters are valid in names and loans from Shalaian.
 
Shalian clusters are similar to Arabic but slightly more restrictive in the direction of Proto-Germanic and Latin.
 
Clusters in Shalian must obey a sonority hierarchy depending on their position; voicing assimilation is used to resolve clusters that violate it. <!--Obstruent-obstruent clusters are subject to regressive voicing assimilation except that /sb sd ʃb ʃd/ > [zb zd ʒb ʒd].--> Few initial clusters (only /Cj/, /Cw/ and /sC/) are allowed, and many non-English clusters are found within words such as /tm/ in ''għádmer'' [ˈʕædmə] 'happiness'. However, the most common clusters are ones found in English such as Cr and Cl clusters. Geminates and /rC/ clusters are not allowed within stems, which will be assumed below.
 
Within stems, the following 2-consonant clusters are allowed, ignoring glottal reinforcement and assuming no syncope. Clusters requiring glottal reinforcement are marked with an asterisk.  
*mC: mn ml mr my mgħ md mdł mj mg mth ms msh mł mkh mħ mh
*nC: nm nr ny ngħ nw nd ndł nj ng ngw nf nth ns nł nsh nkh nwh nħ nh
*lC: lm ln ly lgħ lv lw ld lj l'k* l'kw* lf lth ls lsh lkh lwh lħ lh
*għC: għm għn għl għr għy (never initial) għw għv għd għdł għj għk għkw għf għth għs għł għsh għkh għwh
*Cm: nm lm għm dm dłm jm 'km* 'kwm* thm sm łm shm khm ħm hm
*Cn: mn ln għn vn bn dn dłn jn 'kn* 'kwn* fn thn sn łn shn khn whn ħn hn
*Cl: ml għl vl bl dl 'kl* 'kwl* fl thl sl shl khl whl ħl hl
*Cr: mr nr għr vr br dr dłr jr 'kr* 'kwr* thr sr łr shr khr whr ħr hr
*Cy: my ny għy (never initial) vy by dy dły 'ky* fy thy sy ły khy ħy hy
*Cw: nw għw dw jw thw sw łw shw ħw
*Cgħ: mgħ ngħ lgħ vgħ bgħ dgħ jgħ 'kgħ* 'kwgħ* fgħ thgħ sgħ shgħ khgħ whgħ
*XX: dv jv tf tk tkw tħ cht chk chf chs kt kch kf ks ksh kħ kwt kwch kws kwsh ft fch fk fs fsh fħ thk thf thħ sv st sk skw sf sħ łv łt łk łkw łf łħ sht shk shkw shf shħ khf kht khs khsh wht whch whth whs whsh ħt ħch ħf ħs


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in ''-ă'', which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix ''-er''.
Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in ''-ă'', which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix ''-er''. They have three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive.
 
Netagin nouns take the definite article ''pă'' and the specific article ''nă''.
Netagin nouns take the definite article ''pă'' and the specific article ''nă''.


Todo: Even and odd nouns
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ Soft-stem noun: ''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ 'nightingale'
|-
! case
! singular !! plural
|-
!nominative
|''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ || ''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/
|-
!accusative
|''reawt'' /reəxʷtʰ/ || ''reawtă'' /reəxʷtʰə/
|-
!genitive
|''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/ || ''reaıwtĭg'' /riexʷtʰɨk/
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ Hard-stem noun: ''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ 'stone'
|-
! case
! singular !! plural
|-
!nominative
|''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ || ''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/
|-
!accusative
|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmă'' /ʃuəɾəmə/
|-
!genitive
|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmăg'' /ʃuəɾəmək/
|}
{{col-end}}


===Declension===
====Possessive markers====
====Possessive markers====
Possessive markers haƀe different forms depending on number and case.
Possessive markers have different forms depending on number and case.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
*''c̦uoll'' = a house (nominative singular)
*''c̦uall'' = a house (nominative singular)
*1s ''c̦uolăl''
*1s ''c̦ualăl''
*2s ''c̦uolădh''
*2s ''c̦ualăth''
*3s ''c̦uolla'' (a); ''c̦uolli'' (i)
*3s ''c̦ualla'' (a); ''c̦ualli'' (i)
*1d ''c̦uolăjăƀ''
*1d ''c̦ualăjăf''
*2d ''c̦uolniƀ''
*2d ''c̦uallănif''
*3d ''c̦uolăƀ''
*3d ''c̦uallăf''
*1p ''c̦uolăģ''  
*1p ''c̦ualăģ''  
*2p ''c̦uolni''  
*2p ''c̦ualni''  
*3p ''c̦uolăs''  
*3p ''c̦uallăs''  
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
*''c̦uol'' = a house (genitive singular)
*''c̦ual'' = a house (genitive singular)
*1s ''c̦uolăggăl''  
*1s ''c̦ualăhcăl''  
*2s ''c̦uolăggădh''  
*2s ''c̦ualăhcăth''  
*3s ''c̦uolăgg'' (a); ''c̦uoluy'' (i)
*3s ''c̦ualăg'' (a); ''c̦ualuy'' (i)
*1d ''c̦uolăggăjăƀ''
*1d ''c̦ualăhcăjăf''
*2d ''c̦uolăggăniƀ''
*2d ''c̦ualăgănif''
*3d ''c̦uolăggăƀ''
*3d ''c̦ualăgăf''
*1p ''c̦uolăggăģ''  
*1p ''c̦ualăhcăģ''  
*2p ''c̦uolăggni''  
*2p ''c̦ualăgăni''  
*3p ''c̦uolăggăs''  
*3p ''c̦ualăgăs''  
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
*''c̦uolădd'' = two houses (nominative dual) [dual possessed forms don't depend on case]
*''c̦ualăhd'' = two houses (nominative dual); to form the dual genitive, attach the suffix -id to all these forms
*1s ''c̦uolăddăl''  
*1s ''c̦ualăhdăl''  
*2s ''c̦uolăddădh''  
*2s ''c̦ualăhdăth''  
*3s ''c̦uolăddud'' (a); ''c̦uolădduģ'' (i)
*3s ''c̦ualăhdud'' (a); ''c̦ualăhduģ'' (i)
*1d ''c̦uolăddăjăƀ''
*1d ''c̦ualăhdăjăf''
*2d ''c̦uolăddăniƀ''
*2d ''c̦ualăthănif''
*3d ''c̦uolăddăƀ''
*3d ''c̦ualăthăf''
*1p ''c̦uolăddăģ''  
*1p ''c̦ualăhdăģ''  
*2p ''c̦uolăddni''  
*2p ''c̦ualăthăni''  
*3p ''c̦uolăddăs''  
*3p ''c̦ualăthăs''  
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
*''c̦uollu'' = houses (nom pl)
*''c̦uallu'' = houses (nom pl)
*1s ''c̦uolul''  
*1s ''c̦ualul''  
*2s ''c̦uoludh''  
*2s ''c̦ualuth''  
*3s ''c̦uollud'' (a); ''c̦uolluģ'' (i)
*3s ''c̦uallud'' (a); ''c̦ualluģ'' (i)
*1d ''c̦uolujăƀ''
*1d ''c̦ualujăf''
*2d ''c̦uoluniƀ''
*2d ''c̦uallunif''
*3d ''c̦uoluƀ''
*3d ''c̦ualluf''
*1p ''c̦uoluģ''  
*1p ''c̦ualuģ''  
*2p ''c̦uoluni''  
*2p ''c̦ualluni''  
*3p ''c̦uolus''  
*3p ''c̦uallus''  
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
*''c̦uoluk'' = houses (gen pl)
*''c̦ualu'' = houses (gen pl)
*1s ''c̦uolugăl''  
*1s ''c̦ualugăl''  
*2s ''c̦uolugădh''  
*2s ''c̦ualugăth''  
*3s ''c̦uolugg'' (a); ''c̦uolluy'' (i)
*3s ''c̦ualuhc'' (a); ''c̦ualluy'' (i)
*1d ''c̦uolugăjăƀ''
*1d ''c̦ualugăjăf''
*2d ''c̦uolugăniƀ''
*2d ''c̦ualuhcănif''
*3d ''c̦uolugăƀ''
*3d ''c̦ualuhcăf''
*1p ''c̦uolugăģ''  
*1p ''c̦ualugăģ''  
*2p ''c̦uolugni''  
*2p ''c̦ualuhcăni''  
*3p ''c̦uolugăs''
*3p ''c̦ualuhcăs''
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
animate:
animate:
*nominative: qoahđbi /qʰoəθːpi/, qoađbidd /qʰoəðbidːt/,  qoađbun /qʰoəðbun/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan
*nominative: qoeıdb /ˈqʰoetp/, qoeıthbehd /ˈqʰoəðbɪht/,  qoathbun /ˈqʰoəðbun/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan
*genitive: qoađbă /qʰoəðbə/, qoahđbin /qʰoəθ:pin/,  qoahđbă /qʰoəθ:pə/ <- *qũdbat, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii
*genitive: qoathbă /ˈqʰoəðbə/, qoeıthbehdid /ˈqʰoəðbɪhtɪt/,  qoadbă /ˈqʰoətpə/ <- *qũdbak, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii
inanimate  
inanimate  
*nominative: qoahđb, qoađbădd, qoahđbu <- *qũdbu, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa
*nominative: qoadb, qoathbăhd, qoadbu <- *qũdbi, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa
*genitive: qoađb, qoahđbin, qoađbuk <- *qũdbuk, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak
*genitive: qoathb, qoathbăhdid, qoathbu <- *qũdbik, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Independent pronouns====
====Independent pronouns====
*1s ''hweal''
====Pronominal suffixes====
*2s ''hwead''
===Prepositions===
*1d ''hweażab''
As in German, prepositions govern specific cases and change their meanings depend on what case the noun is in
*2d ''hweanib''
 
*1p ''hweaż''
Inflected prepositions sometimes have different froms depending on whether the object is accusative or dative.
*2p ''hweani''
 
===Verbs===
====Suffixes and stem changes====
====Class 1====
====Class 2====
====Class 3====


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 232: Line 324:
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Shalaian as major loan source?
Shalaian as major loan source?
[[Category:Idavic languages]]
IlL
138,785

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/190952...304385"