Linguifex

Eadlan/Older draft: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Eadlan/Older draft (view source)

Revision as of 06:21, 9 May 2023

1,531 bytes added ,  9 May 2023
m
IlL moved page User:IlL/Netagin6 to Eadlan/Older draft without leaving a redirect
m (IlL moved page User:IlL/Netagin6 to Eadlan/Older draft without leaving a redirect)
 
(43 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 8: Line 8:
|familycolor=dodellic
|familycolor=dodellic
|fam1=[[Idavic]]
|fam1=[[Idavic]]
|setting = [[Verse:AETHER]]
|fam2=[[Netagic]]
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|iso3=
|iso3=
|notice=
|notice=
}}
}}


'''Netagin''' (''Năhtuıyin'' /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and [[Windermere]]-inspired Idavic language. It is related to [[Shalaian]] but phonologically is less conservative. Netagin has notably developed Uralic-style consonant gradation. It also has non-rhoticity as a historical sound change, a sprachbund feature it shares with [[Shalaian]] but in a much more limited fashion (Only word-final /r/ is lost).
'''Netagin''' (''Năhtuıyin'' /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and [[Windermere]]-inspired Idavic language. It is related to [[Shalaian]] but phonologically is less conservative. Like Shalaian, Netagin is an inflected head-initial language, but has a more fusional morphology: both nouns and verbs are inflected using stem changes (Sami-style consonant gradation, umlaut and creaky voice ablaut) in addition to prefixes and suffixes. It also retains older Idavic morphology such as cases and the dual. The relationship between Shalaian and Netagin is analogous to that between Centum and Satem IE languages: labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become the ''c̦''-series in Netagin.


Like Shalaian, Netagin is an inflected head-initial language, but has a more fusional morphology: both nouns and verbs are inflected using stem changes (gradation, umlaut and creaky voice ablaut) in addition to prefixes and suffixes. It also retains older Idavic morphology such as cases and the dual.
Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Idavic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:
*Preglottalization
*Large vowel system
*Historical non-rhoticity
*Verb-initial syntax
*Split-ergativity
==Todo==
Deutschify the grammar (V2, cases, STOV)?
 
yubmă = aroma
 
Very large vowel system? Khmer gibberish? Construct state with vowel changes (Revive Trây?)


==About==
==About==
Line 24: Line 36:


===Internal history===
===Internal history===
Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative [[Shalaian]], it is loosely inspired by Hebrew, (in-universe) Philadelphia English, and Celtic languages (Old Irish, Judeo-Gaelic and [[Verthanic]]).
Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative [[Shalaian]], it is loosely inspired by Hebrew, Welvington English, and Celtic languages (Old Irish, Judeo-Gaelic and [[Verthanic]]).


Both Netagin and Shalaian are used  as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality.
Both Netagin and Shalaian are used  as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality.


===Internal² history===
===Internal² history===
Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Idavic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:
*Preglottalization
*Large vowel system
*Historical non-rhoticity
*Verb-initial syntax
*Split-ergativity
The relationship between Shalaian and Netagin is analogous to that between Centum and Satem IE languages: labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become the ''c̦''-series in Netagin.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 42: Line 46:


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
/ɪ u ɛ ɔ ə ɨ a iə uə eə oə ɨə/ ''i u e o ă ĭ a ia ua ea oa ĭa''


Umlauted counterparts of the above:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
 
|-
/i ʉ e ɵ ɨ i æ ie ue ie oe ɨɪ/ ''iı uı eı ăı ĭı aı ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı''
! rowspan="2" |
 
! rowspan="2" |Front
Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> a o/oa e/ea i/ie u/ua ă ĭ/ĭa
! colspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''iı, ĭı''' /i/
| '''ĭ, ăı''' /ɨ/
| '''uı''' /ʉ/
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''i, eı''' /e/
| '''ă''' /ə/
| '''oı''' /ɵ/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''aı, äı''' /æ/
|
| '''ä''' /a/
| '''a''' /ɒ/
|}
The diphthongs are '''ia ua ea oa ĭa ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı''' /iə uə eə oə ɨə ie ue ie oe ɨi/.
====Umlaut====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!normal
|| i || u || e || o || ă || ĭ || ä || á || ia || ua || ea || oa || ĭa
|-
!umlauted
|| iı || uı || eı || oı || ăı || ĭı || äı || áı || ieı || ueı || eaı || oeı || ĭeı  
|}
Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> ä a/oa e/ea i/ie u/ua ă ĭ/ĭa


TODO: closing diphthongs and Philly-style reinforcement
TODO: closing diphthongs and Philly-style reinforcement
Line 63: Line 106:
**ξ ξξ hξ hξξ λ λλ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ tɬːʰ ʔtɬʰ ʔːtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ tɬː htɬ hːtɬ l/
**ξ ξξ hξ hξξ λ λλ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ tɬːʰ ʔtɬʰ ʔːtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ tɬː htɬ hːtɬ l/
**c cc hc hcc g gg hg hgg /kʰ kːʰ ʔkʰ ʔːkʰ k~g kː hk hːk/  
**c cc hc hcc g gg hg hgg /kʰ kːʰ ʔkʰ ʔːkʰ k~g kː hk hːk/  
**q qq hq hqq q /qʰ qː ʔqʰ ʔːqʰ q~ɢ/
***final /q~ɢ/ is transcribed ''-q''
*Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː sːː ʃ ʃː ʃːː ɬ ɬː ɬːː h xː xːː/
*Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː sːː ʃ ʃː ʃːː ɬ ɬː ɬːː h xː xːː/
*Other resonants:
*Other resonants:
Line 78: Line 119:


===Gradation===
===Gradation===
There are 3 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, respectively termed ''weak'', ''strong'', and ''overlong'' or I, II, and III. Gradation is purely morphological and is no longer phonologically conditioned: different forms of a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone.
There are 2 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, respectively termed ''weak'' and ''strong''. Gradation is purely morphological and is no longer phonologically conditioned: different forms of a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone.
====Simple consonants====
====Simple consonants====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak  
||''f'' || ''b'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''z'' || ''ḑ'' || ''y'' || ''ģ'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' || ''q'' /q⁼/ || ''s'' || ''ș'' || ''σ'' || ''h'' || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''l'' || ''r'' || ''y'' || ''w''
||''f'' || ''b'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''z'' || ''ḑ'' || ''y'' || ''ģ'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' || ''s'' || ''ș'' || ''σ'' || ''h'' || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''l'' || ''r'' || ''y'' || ''w''
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong  
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''hq'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww''
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww''<!--
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong  
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''hqq'' ||''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''hm'' || ''hn'' || ''gll'' || ''drr''  || ''gyy'' || ''gww''
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' ||''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''hm'' || ''hn'' || ''gll'' || ''drr''  || ''gyy'' || ''gww''-->
|}
|}


Line 96: Line 137:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak  
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''hq'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II) = Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong<!-- = Overlong-->
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''hqq'' || ''s's'' || ''ș'ș'' || ''σ'σ'' || ''h'h'' || ''bmm'' /b:m/ || ''dnn'' /d:n/ || ''gll'' /ɢ:/ || ''drr'' /d:ɾ/ || ''gyy'' /ɟː/ || ''gww'' /gːʷ/ || ''hll'' || ''hrr'' || ''hyy'' || ''hww''
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''s's'' || ''ș'ș'' || ''σ'σ'' || ''h'h'' || ''bmm'' /b:m/ || ''dnn'' /d:n/ || ''gll'' /ɢ:/ || ''drr'' /d:ɾ/ || ''gyy'' /ɟː/ || ''gww'' /gːʷ/ || ''hll'' || ''hrr'' || ''hyy'' || ''hww''
|}
|}


Line 109: Line 150:
|| PR || RR || FR || RX, R ≠ ''l'' || lX (l = /ʟ/)
|| PR || RR || FR || RX, R ≠ ''l'' || lX (l = /ʟ/)
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak
|| P<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X<sub>I</sub> || lX<sub>I</sub>
|| P<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X<sub>I</sub> || lX<sub>I</sub>
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong
|| P<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>tR<sub>I</sub>|| R<sub>I</sub>X: || qX<sub>I</sub>
|| P<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>tR<sub>I</sub>|| R<sub>I</sub>X: || qX<sub>I</sub><!--
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong
|| P<sub>III</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>III</sub> || F<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X: || llX<sub>I</sub>
|| P<sub>III</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>III</sub> || F<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X: || llX<sub>I</sub>-->
|}
|}
*R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/
*R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/
Line 128: Line 169:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak  
|| ''fd, fḑ, fģ, fλ, fg'' /vd~ft, .../ || ''ft, fț, fc̦, fξ, fc, fq, fs, fș, fσ'' /ftʰ, .../ || ''thb, thg'' /ðb~θp, ðg~θk/ || ''thp, thc, thq'' /θpʰ, θkʰ, θqʰ/ || ''wb, wd, wḑ, wģ, wλ'' /wb~wp, .../ || ''wp, wt, wț, wc̦, wξ, ws, wș, wσ'' /xʷpʰ, .../
|| ''fd, fḑ, fģ, fλ, fg'' /vd~ft, .../ || ''ft, fț, fc̦, fξ, fc, fs, fș, fσ'' /ftʰ, .../ || ''thb, thg'' /ðb~θp, ðg~θk/ || ''thp, thc, thq'' /θpʰ, θkʰ, θqʰ/ || ''wb, wd, wḑ, wģ, wλ'' /wb~wp, .../ || ''wp, wt, wț, wc̦, wξ, ws, wș, wσ'' /xʷpʰ, .../
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong  
|| ''bd, bḑ, bģ, bλ, bg'' /pt, .../  || ''pt, pț, pc̦, pξ, pc, pq, ps, pș, pσ'' /ptʰ, .../ || ''db, dg'' /tp, tk/ || ''tp, tc, tq'' /tpʰ, tkʰ, tqʰ/ || ''gb, gd, gḑ, gģ, gλ'' /kp, .../ || ''cp, ct, cț, cc̦, cξ, cs, cș, cσ'' /kpʰ, .../
|| ''bd, bḑ, bģ, bλ, bg'' /pt, .../  || ''pt, pț, pc̦, pξ, pc, ps, pș, pσ'' /ptʰ, .../ || ''db, dg'' /tp, tk/ || ''tp, tc, tq'' /tpʰ, tkʰ, tqʰ/ || ''gb, gd, gḑ, gģ, gλ'' /kp, .../ || ''cp, ct, cț, cc̦, cξ, cs, cș, cσ'' /kpʰ, .../<!--
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong  
|| ''bdd, bḑḑ, bģģ, bλλ, bgg''  /hpt, .../ || ''ptt, pțț, pc̦c̦, pξξ, pcc, pqq, pss, pșș, pσσ'' /ʔptʰ, .../ || ''dbb, dgg'' /htp, htk/ || ''tpp, tcc, tqq'' /ʔtpʰ, ʔtkʰ, ʔtqʰ/ || ''gbb, gdd, gḑḑ, gģģ, gλλ'' /hkp, .../ || ''cpp, ctt, cțț, cc̦c̦, cξξ, css, cșș, cσσ'' /ʔkpʰ, .../
|| ''bdd, bḑḑ, bģģ, bλλ, bgg''  /hpt, .../ || ''ptt, pțț, pc̦c̦, pξξ, pcc, pqq, pss, pșș, pσσ'' /ʔptʰ, .../ || ''dbb, dgg'' /htp, htk/ || ''tpp, tcc, tqq'' /ʔtpʰ, ʔtkʰ, ʔtqʰ/ || ''gbb, gdd, gḑḑ, gģģ, gλλ'' /hkp, .../ || ''cpp, ctt, cțț, cc̦c̦, cξξ, css, cșș, cσσ'' /ʔkpʰ, .../-->
|}
|}
The hypothetical ''qC~lC'' gradation has merged with ''llC~lC'' gradation into ''llC~qC~lC'' gradation.


====Sibilant-stop clusters====
====Sibilant-stop clusters====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak  
|| ''sp, st, sț, sξ, sc, sq'' /sp, st, sts, stʃ, stɬ, sk, sq/ || ''șp, șt, șc̦, șξ, șc, șq'' /ʃp, ʃt, ʃtʃ, ʃtɬ, ʃk, ʃq/ || ''łp, łt, łc, łq'' /ɬp, ɬt, ɬk, ɬq/
|| ''sp, st, sț, sξ, sc'' /sp, st, sts, stʃ, stɬ, sk/ || ''șp, șt, șc̦, șξ, șc'' /ʃp, ʃt, ʃtʃ, ʃtɬ, ʃk/ || ''łp, łt, łc'' /ɬp, ɬt, ɬk/
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II) = Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong <!--= Overlong-->
|| ''spp, stt, sțț, sξξ, scc, sqq'' /sːp, sːt, sːts, sːtɬ, sːk, sːq/ || ''șpp, ștt, șc̦c̦, șξξ, șcc, șqq'' /ʃːp, ʃːt, ʃːtʃ, ʃːtɬ, ʃːk, ʃːq/ || ''łpp, łtt, łcc, łqq'' /ɬːp, ɬːt, ɬːk, ɬːq/
|| ''spp, stt, sțț, sξξ, scc'' /sːp, sːt, sːts, sːtɬ, sːk/ || ''șpp, ștt, șc̦c̦, șξξ, șcc'' /ʃːp, ʃːt, ʃːtʃ, ʃːtɬ, ʃːk/ || ''łpp, łtt, łcc'' /ɬːp, ɬːt, ɬːk/
|}
|}
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Initial sC clusters are valid in names and loans from Shalaian.
Initial sC clusters are valid in names and loans from Shalaian.
Line 153: Line 194:
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in ''-ă'', which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix ''-er''.
Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in ''-ă'', which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix ''-er''. They have three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive.
Netagin nouns take the definite article ''pă'' and the specific article ''nă''.


Netagin nouns take the definite article ''pă'' and the specific article ''nă''.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ Soft-stem noun: ''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ 'nightingale'
|-
! case
! singular !! plural
|-
!nominative
|''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ || ''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/
|-
!accusative
|''reawt'' /reəxʷtʰ/ || ''reawtă'' /reəxʷtʰə/
|-
!genitive
|''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/ || ''reaıwtĭg'' /riexʷtʰɨk/
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ Hard-stem noun: ''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ 'stone'
|-
! case
! singular !! plural
|-
!nominative
|''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ || ''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/
|-
!accusative
|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmă'' /ʃuəɾəmə/
|-
!genitive
|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmăg'' /ʃuəɾəmək/
|}
{{col-end}}
 
===Declension===
====Possessive markers====
====Possessive markers====
Possessive markers have different forms depending on number and case.
Possessive markers have different forms depending on number and case.
Line 226: Line 305:
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Independent pronouns====
====Independent pronouns====
====Pronominal suffixes====
===Prepositions===
As in German, prepositions govern specific cases and change their meanings depend on what case the noun is in
Inflected prepositions sometimes have different froms depending on whether the object is accusative or dative.
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Suffixes and stem changes====
====Suffixes and stem changes====
Line 239: Line 324:
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Shalaian as major loan source?
Shalaian as major loan source?
[[Category:Idavic languages]]
IlL
138,759

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/191511...304385"