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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''An dobhâdhaigh Cuatham'' /an33 dʷaj21 kuəm22/) is a Wiebic language. It is inspired by Irish, Mandarin and Khoisan languages. Cuatham has a large number of click consonants, and is a monosyllabic tonal language with fusional morphology using mutations and tone changes.
: {{distinguish|text= the Earth language [[w:Fungor language|Fungor]], also known as Ko}}
==Lexicon==
 
AW ''Droch'' > ''drobhòdh'' (f.) /gǃ˞ʷó/ 'bud'
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]
 
{{Infobox language
|creator = User:IlL
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = lees ndoigh Komh
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|state = Bjeheond
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|scripts=* Latin (Uncial)
|notice=IPA
}}
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (English: /koʊ/, natively ''lees ndoigh Komh'' /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in [[Bjeheond]]; as a [[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum language]], it's related to [[Hlou]]. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations.
 
==Todo==
Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"
*Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko
**Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
*''dor'' = to be born ~ Hlou ''Ndol'' 'person'
*TODO: kl gl sk > q
*bach = small, meer = big
*hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
*kein = archaic negative word
*ein = emphasis/'rather'
*koobh = good
*cu = copper


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has fewer initials than [[Hlou]], due to initial mutations.
===Phonotactics===
C + V + tone
===Initials===
===Initials===
An unusual feature of {{PAGENAME}} phonology is that historically palatalized stops are reflected as clicks. (Retroflex stops are an exception.)
''m n ņ l nl r y w'' = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/
{|class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center"
 
|-
''hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw'' = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} initials'''
 
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
''p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g'' = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/
!colspan="2" | Labial
 
!colspan="2" | Coronal
''pl bl tl dl'' = /hl bl tl dl/
!colspan="2" | Lateral
 
!colspan="2" | Retroflex
''ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh'' = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/
!colspan="2" | Coarticulated
 
!colspan="2" | Velar
''phl bhl thl dhl'' /fl vl ɬ ɮ/
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
 
|-
''np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng'' = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/
! <small>"broad"</small>
! <small>"slender"</small>
! <small>"broad"</small>
! <small>"slender"</small>
! <small>"broad"</small>
! <small>"slender"</small>
! <small>"broad"</small>
! <small>"slender"</small>
! <small>"broad"</small>
! <small>"slender"</small>
! <small>"broad"</small>
! <small>"slender"</small>
|-
!rowspan="2"| Nasal
! <small>voiceless</small>
| /m̊/ || /ŋ̊ʘ/
| /n̊/ || /ŋ̊ǀ/
| /n̊ˡ/ || /ŋ̊ǁ/
| /ŋ̊ǃ˞/ || /ɳ̊/
| /ŋ̊!/ || /ŋ̊ǂ/
| /ŋ̊/ || /ɲ̊/
|
|-
! <small>voiceless</small>
| /m/ || /ŋʘ/
| /n/ || /ŋǀ/
| /nˡ/ || /ŋǁ/
| /ŋǃ˞/ || /ɳ/
| /ŋ!/ || /ŋǂ/
| /ŋ/ || /ɲ/
|
|-
!rowspan="4" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| /p/ || /ʘ/
| /t/ || /ǀ/
| /tɬ/ || /ǁ/
| /ǃ˞/ || /ʈ/
| /!/ || /ǂ/
| /k/ || /c/
| /ʔ/
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| /pʰ/ || /ʘʰ/
| /tʰ/ || /ǀʰ/
| /tɬʰ/ || /ǁʰ/
| /ǃ˞ʰ/ || /ʈʰ/
| /!ʰ/ || /ǂʰ/
| /kʰ/ || /cʰ/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| /b/ || /gʘ/
| /d/ || /gǀ/
| /dɮ/ || /gǁ/
| /gǃ˞/ || /ɖ/
| /g!/ || /gǂ/  
| /g/ || /ɟ/
|
|-
!<small>breathy voiced</small>
| /bʱ/ || /gʘʱ/
| /dʱ/ || /gǀʱ/
| /dɮʱ/ || /gǁʱ/
| /gǃ˞ʱ/ || /ɖʱ/
| /g!ʱ/ || /gǂʱ/
| /gʱ/ || /ɟʱ/
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| /f/ || /fʲ/
| /s/ || /ɕ/
| /ɬ/ || /ɬʲ/
| /ʂˁ/ || /ʂ/
| /ɧ/ || /çˁ/
| /x/ || /ç/
| /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| /z/ || /ʑ/
| /ɮ/ || /ɮʲ/
| /ʐˁ/ || /ʐ/
| /ɧ̬/ || /ʝˁ/
| /ɣ/ || /ʝ/
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| ||
| /r/ || /r̝/
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
| /w/ || /ɥ/
| ||
| /l/ || /ʎ/
| /ɭˁ/ || /ɭ/
| ||
| || /j/
|
|}


===Medials===
''npl nbl ntl ndl'' /bl ml dl nl/
The medial is optional. There is one possible medial, /w~ɥ/.
 
===Nucleus===
''f ç s x'' = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/
There are three possible nuclei: /a/, /ə/ and zero. The nuclei display a range of different realizations depending on the phonetic environment:
 
*/a/ is realized as:
''nf nç ns nx'', also ''fh çh sh xh'' = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/
**/ɑ/ after a broad labialized consonant
 
**/æ/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/
===Rimes===
**/a/ otherwise
''a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua'' = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/
*/ə/ is realized as:
**/ɔ/ after a broad labialized consonant
**/e/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/, or with /-j/ coda
**/ə/ otherwise
*Zero nucleus is realized as:
**/u/ if the medial is /w/
**/y/ if the medial is /ɥ/
**/ɨ/ if the medial is zero and initial is a dental click, a retroflex or a broad velar
**/i/ if the medial is zero, for other initials


===Coda===
The coda is optional. There are seven possible finals in {{PAGENAME}}: /m n ŋ l r w j/.
===Tones===
===Tones===
9 tones:


===Mutations===
*-Ø: mid level
<poem>
*-ch: glottal stop final
seimhiu
*-s: low falling
/p, ʘ/ > /f(ʲ)/
*-r: low rising
/pʰ, ʘʰ/ > /f(ʲ)/
*-gh: low breathy
/b, gʘ, m, ŋʘ/ > /w, ɥ/
*-mh: creaky
/t, |/ > /h/
*-bh: mid rising
/d, g|/ > /ɣ, j/
*-dh: high falling
/tʰ, |ʰ/ > /h/
*-n: high level
/!, ǂ, !ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ɧ, ɧʲ/
/g|, gǂ/ > voiced sj
/k, c, kʰ, cʰ/ > /x, ç/
/g, gʲ/ > /ɣ, j/
/s, sʲ/ > /x, ç/
 
uru:
/p, ʘ/ > /b gʘ/ > /m, ŋʘ/
/pʰ ʘʰ/ > /m̊ ŋ̊ʘ/
/t, |/ > /d, g|/ > /n, ŋ|/
/tʰ, |ʰ/ > /nʰ, ŋʰ|/
/!, ǂ/ >  /g!, gǂ/ > /ŋ!, ŋǂ/
/!ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ŋʰ!, ŋʰǂ/
/k, c/ >/g, gʲ/ > /ŋ, ŋʲ/
/s, sʲ/ > /z, zʲ/ (spelled ns)
</poem>


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns inflect for two cases, nominative and genitive. The genitive derives from the Ancient Wiebian dative.
plural word: ''yoo-L'' (placed after classifier but before noun)
====Definite article ''an''====
===Pronouns===
*xan = I
*çeedh = you
 
===Classifiers===
Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun.
 
''lu'', ''tzagh'', ''hņoobh'', ''lees'', ''çua'', ''yaus'', ...
 
*lu = humans, gods
**''faon'' = a man; ''lu nfaon'' = the man (classifier ''lu'')
*tçagh = animals, demons
**''plaidh'' = a dog; ''tçagh nplaidh'' = the dog (classifier ''tçagh'')
**''tçagh Nja Ber Woch'' = a demon in Ko mythology
*hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
**''qo'' = a tree; ''hņoobh nqo'' the tree
*çua: infinitive
**''dor'' = is born; ''çua ndor'' = to be born (inf.)
*''lobh'': food, edible plants
*''zail'': inedible plants
*lees = nominalization, way of X-ing
**''doigh'' = 'to speak'; ''lees ndoigh'' 'language'
*In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English ''murder of crows'' except "murder" is a classifier)
 
===Verbs===
ba = subjunctive marker


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
''Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh'' = If you like it
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Number
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Singular
! rowspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Gender
! | Masculine
! | Feminine
|-
! Nominative
| ''an t...'' || ''an''-L || ''na''-H
|-
! Genitive
| ''an''-L || ''na''-H || ''na''-N
|-
! Vocative
| ''a''-L || ''a''-L || ''le t...''
|}


==Sample text==
===Tower of Babel===
:''Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.''
:CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
:And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
:''Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.''
|-
:when CLF PL person travel eastward then
! style="width: 90px;" | Number
:As the people moved eastward...
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Singular
! rowspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Gender
! | Masculine
! | Feminine
|-
! Nominative
| ''an càigh''<br/>''an t-áigh'' || ''an fheól''<br/>''an ìdh'' || ''na hcàigh''<br/>''na háigh''
|-
! Genitive
| ''an cháigh''<br/>''an àigh'' || ''na feól''<br/>''na hìdh'' || ''na ccàigh''<br/>''na n-áigh''
|-
! Vocative
| ''a cháigh''<br/>''a àigh'' || ''a fheól''<br/>''a ìdh'' || ''le càigh''<br/>''le t-áigh''
|}


==Lexicon==
[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]
*bhò-N - from
*na-N - ''bhò + an''
*''Ŧú Teatham Ŧathaigh''
[[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages]][[Category:Pfeunic languages]][[Category:Wiebic languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]]
IlL
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