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| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''An dobhâdhaigh Cuatham'' /an33 dʷaj21 kuəm22/) is a Wiebic language inspired by Irish, Mandarin and Khoisan languages. Cuatham has a large number of click consonants, and is a monosyllabic tonal language with fusional morphology using mutations and tone changes. In-universe, it is written in its own orthography.
| | : {{distinguish|text= the Earth language [[w:Fungor language|Fungor]], also known as Ko}} |
| ==Lexicon== | | |
| AW ''Droch'' > ''drobhòdh'' (f.) /gǃ˞ʷó/ 'bud'
| | :[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]] |
| | |
| | {{Infobox language |
| | |creator = User:IlL |
| | |name = {{PAGENAME}} |
| | |nativename = lees ndoigh Komh |
| | |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] |
| | |state = Bjeheond |
| | |familycolor=hmong-mien |
| | |fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]] |
| | |scripts=* Latin (Uncial) |
| | |notice=IPA |
| | }} |
| | '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (English: /koʊ/, natively ''lees ndoigh Komh'' /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in [[Bjeheond]]; as a [[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum language]], it's related to [[Hlou]]. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations. |
| | |
| | ==Todo== |
| | Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker" |
| | *Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko |
| | **Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away |
| | *''dor'' = to be born ~ Hlou ''Ndol'' 'person' |
| | *TODO: kl gl sk > q |
| | *bach = small, meer = big |
| | *hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong) |
| | *kein = archaic negative word |
| | *ein = emphasis/'rather' |
| | *koobh = good |
| | *cu = copper |
|
| |
|
| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| | {{SUBPAGENAME}} has fewer initials than [[Hlou]], due to initial mutations. |
| | ===Phonotactics=== |
| | C + V + tone |
| | |
| ===Initials=== | | ===Initials=== |
| An unusual feature of {{PAGENAME}} phonology is that historically palatalized stops are reflected as clicks. (Retroflex stops are an exception.)
| | ''m n ņ l nl r y w'' = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/ |
| {|class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center"
| |
| |-
| |
| |+'''{{PAGENAME}} initials'''
| |
| !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
| |
| !colspan="2" | Labial
| |
| !colspan="2" | Coronal
| |
| !colspan="2" | Lateral
| |
| !colspan="2" | Retroflex
| |
| !colspan="2" | Coarticulated
| |
| !colspan="2" | Velar
| |
| !rowspan="2" | Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>"broad"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"slender"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"broad"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"slender"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"broad"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"slender"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"broad"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"slender"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"broad"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"slender"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"broad"</small>
| |
| ! <small>"slender"</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"| Nasal
| |
| ! <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | /m̊/ || /ŋ̊ʘ/
| |
| | /n̊/ || /ŋ̊ǀ/
| |
| | /n̊ˡ/ || /ŋ̊ǁ/
| |
| | /ŋ̊ǃ˞/ || /ɳ̊/
| |
| | /ŋ̊!/ || /ŋ̊ǂ/
| |
| | /ŋ̊/ || /ɲ̊/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>voiced</small>
| |
| | /m/ || /ŋʘ/
| |
| | /n/ || /ŋǀ/
| |
| | /nˡ/ || /ŋǁ/
| |
| | /ŋǃ˞/ || /ɳ/
| |
| | /ŋ!/ || /ŋǂ/
| |
| | /ŋ/ || /ɲ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="4" | Stop
| |
| !<small>tenuis</small>
| |
| | /p/ || /ʘ/
| |
| | /t/ || /ǀ/
| |
| | /tɬ/ || /ǁ/
| |
| | /ǃ˞/ || /ʈ/
| |
| | /!/ || /ǂ/
| |
| | /k/ || /c/
| |
| | /ʔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>aspirated</small>
| |
| | /pʰ/ || /ʘʰ/
| |
| | /tʰ/ || /ǀʰ/
| |
| | /tɬʰ/ || /ǁʰ/
| |
| | /ǃ˞ʰ/ || /ʈʰ/
| |
| | /!ʰ/ || /ǂʰ/
| |
| | /kʰ/ || /cʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | /b/ || /gʘ/
| |
| | /d/ || /gǀ/
| |
| | /dɮ/ || /gǁ/
| |
| | /gǃ˞/ || /ɖ/
| |
| | /g!/ || /gǂ/
| |
| | /g/ || /ɟ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>breathy voiced</small>
| |
| | /bʱ/ || /gʘʱ/
| |
| | /dʱ/ || /gǀʱ/
| |
| | /dɮʱ/ || /gǁʱ/
| |
| | /gǃ˞ʱ/ || /ɖʱ/
| |
| | /g!ʱ/ || /gǂʱ/
| |
| | /gʱ/ || /ɟʱ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
| |
| !<small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | /f/ || /fʲ/
| |
| | /s/ || /ɕ/
| |
| | /ɬ/ || /ɬʲ/
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| | /ʂˁ/ || /ʂ/
| |
| | /ɧ/ || /çˁ/
| |
| | /x/ || /ç/
| |
| | /h/
| |
| |-
| |
| !<small>voiced</small>
| |
| | ||
| |
| | /z/ || /ʑ/
| |
| | /ɮ/ || /ɮʲ/
| |
| | /ʐˁ/ || /ʐ/
| |
| | /ɧ̬/ || /ʝˁ/
| |
| | /ɣ/ || /ʝ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| Approximant
| |
| | /w/ || /ɥ/
| |
| | ||
| |
| | /l/ || /lʲ/
| |
| | /ɭˁ/ || /ɭ/
| |
| |colspan="2"| /ɹˁ/
| |
| | || /j/
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Medials=== | | ''hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw'' = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/ |
| The medial is optional. There is one possible medial, /w~ɥ/.
| |
| ===Nucleus===
| |
| There are three possible nuclei: /a/, /ə/ and zero. The nuclei display a range of different realizations depending on the phonetic environment:
| |
| */a/ is realized as:
| |
| **/ɑ/ after a broad labialized consonant
| |
| **/æ/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/
| |
| **/a/ otherwise
| |
| */ə/ is realized as:
| |
| **/ɔ/ after a broad labialized consonant
| |
| **/e/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/, or with /-j/ coda
| |
| **/ə/ otherwise
| |
| *Zero nucleus is realized as:
| |
| **/u/ if the medial is /w/
| |
| **/y/ if the medial is /ɥ/
| |
| **/ɨ/ if the medial is zero and initial is a dental click, a retroflex or a broad velar
| |
| **/i/ if the medial is zero, for other initials
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Coda=== | | ''p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g'' = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/ |
| The coda is optional. There are six possible finals in {{PAGENAME}}: /m n l r w j/.
| | |
| | ''pl bl tl dl'' = /hl bl tl dl/ |
| | |
| | ''ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh'' = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/ |
| | |
| | ''phl bhl thl dhl'' /fl vl ɬ ɮ/ |
| | |
| | ''np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng'' = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/ |
| | |
| | ''npl nbl ntl ndl'' /bl ml dl nl/ |
| | |
| | ''f ç s x'' = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/ |
| | |
| | ''nf nç ns nx'', also ''fh çh sh xh'' = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/ |
| | |
| | ===Rimes=== |
| | ''a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua'' = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/ |
|
| |
|
| ===Tones=== | | ===Tones=== |
| | 9 tones: |
|
| |
|
| ===Mutations===
| | *-Ø: mid level |
| <poem>
| | *-ch: glottal stop final |
| seimhiu
| | *-s: low falling |
| /p, ʘ/ > /f(ʲ)/
| | *-r: low rising |
| /pʰ, ʘʰ/ > /f(ʲ)/
| | *-gh: low breathy |
| /b, gʘ, m, ŋʘ/ > /w, ɥ/
| | *-mh: creaky |
| /t, |/ > /h/
| | *-bh: mid rising |
| /d, g|/ > /ɣ, j/
| | *-dh: high falling |
| /tʰ, |ʰ/ > /h/
| | *-n: high level |
| /!, ǂ, !ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ɧ, ɧʲ/
| |
| /g|, gǂ/ > voiced sj
| |
| /k, c, kʰ, cʰ/ > /x, ç/
| |
| /g, gʲ/ > /ɣ, j/
| |
| /s, sʲ/ > /x, ç/
| |
| | |
| uru:
| |
| /p, ʘ/ > /b gʘ/ > /m, ŋʘ/
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| /pʰ ʘʰ/ > /m̊ ŋ̊ʘ/
| |
| /t, |/ > /d, g|/ > /n, ŋ|/
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| /tʰ, |ʰ/ > /nʰ, ŋʰ|/
| |
| /!, ǂ/ > /g!, gǂ/ > /ŋ!, ŋǂ/
| |
| /!ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ŋʰ!, ŋʰǂ/
| |
| /k, c/ >/g, gʲ/ > /ŋ, ŋʲ/
| |
| /s, sʲ/ > /z, zʲ/ (spelled ns)
| |
| </poem>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Grammar== | | ==Grammar== |
| | Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis. |
| ===Nouns=== | | ===Nouns=== |
| Nouns inflect for three cases, namely nominative, genitive and vocative.
| | plural word: ''yoo-L'' (placed after classifier but before noun) |
| ====Definite article ''an''==== | | ===Pronouns=== |
| | *xan = I |
| | *çeedh = you |
| | |
| | ===Classifiers=== |
| | Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun. |
| | |
| | ''lu'', ''tzagh'', ''hņoobh'', ''lees'', ''çua'', ''yaus'', ... |
| | |
| | *lu = humans, gods |
| | **''faon'' = a man; ''lu nfaon'' = the man (classifier ''lu'') |
| | *tçagh = animals, demons |
| | **''plaidh'' = a dog; ''tçagh nplaidh'' = the dog (classifier ''tçagh'') |
| | **''tçagh Nja Ber Woch'' = a demon in Ko mythology |
| | *hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings |
| | **''qo'' = a tree; ''hņoobh nqo'' the tree |
| | *çua: infinitive |
| | **''dor'' = is born; ''çua ndor'' = to be born (inf.) |
| | *''lobh'': food, edible plants |
| | *''zail'': inedible plants |
| | *lees = nominalization, way of X-ing |
| | **''doigh'' = 'to speak'; ''lees ndoigh'' 'language' |
| | *In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English ''murder of crows'' except "murder" is a classifier) |
| | |
| | ===Verbs=== |
| | ba = subjunctive marker |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
| | ''Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh'' = If you like it |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | Number
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Singular
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | Gender
| |
| ! | Masculine
| |
| ! | Feminine
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative
| |
| | ''an t...'' || ''an''-L || ''na''-H
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''an''-L || ''na''-H || ''na''-N
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Vocative
| |
| | ''a''-L || ''a''-L || ''le t...''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | ==Sample text== |
| | ===Tower of Babel=== |
| | :''Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.'' |
| | :CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak |
| | :And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking. |
|
| |
|
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
| | :''Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.'' |
| |-
| | :when CLF PL person travel eastward then |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | Number
| | :As the people moved eastward... |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Singular
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 90px;" | Gender
| |
| ! | Masculine
| |
| ! | Feminine
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative
| |
| | ''an càigh''<br/>''an t-áigh'' || ''an fheóng''<br/>''an ìdh'' || ''na hcàigh''<br/>''na háigh''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''an cháigh''<br/>''an àigh'' || ''na feóng''<br/>''na hìdh'' || ''na gcàigh''<br/>''na n-áigh''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Vocative
| |
| | ''a cháigh''<br/>''a àigh'' || ''a fheóng''<br/>''a ìdh'' || ''le càigh''<br/>''le t-áigh''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Lexicon==
| | [[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]] |
| *bhò-N - from
| |
| *na-N - ''bhò + an''
| |
| *''Ŧú Teatham Ŧathaigh''
| |
| [[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages]][[Category:Pfeunic languages]][[Category:Wiebic languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]] | |