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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = {{SUBPAGENAME}}verse
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''a {{PAGENAME}}''
|nativename = ''an {{SUBPAGENAME}}''
|pronunciation=  [ə ˈʃtʃoːʟʊ]
|pronunciation=  [ə ˈʃtʃoːʟʊ]
|region = Talma
|region = Talma
Line 22: Line 22:
}}
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] somewhat inspired by Irish. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] (Sċôlu: ''a Smoach'' /a smɔːx/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{PAGENAME}} is an official language of Sċôla and Sċôlan colonies and is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Eħa'' /ˈɛħa/ in {{PAGENAME}}) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{PAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{PAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.


Originally I called this language ''Tíogall'', or variants, and it was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Phormatolidin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English and West Slavic (particularly Czech and Sorbian) aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system, and an imperfective-perfective aspectual distinction.
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|setting = Tíogallverse
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''an Tíogall''
|pronunciation=  [ə ˈtiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]
|region = Talma
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
|date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676)
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam4= Old Eevo
|iso3=qtg
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''an Tíogall'' /ə ˈtiːɡəʟ/ or ''an gháth Thíogall'' /ə ɣa:θ ˈθiːɡəʟ/ 'the {{SUBPAGENAME}} language'; English: /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle") is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by Irish, German and English. {{SUBPAGENAME}} began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?".
 
Tíogall is a pluricentric language - it is an official language in three countries, the peninsular Sceola with more dialect diversity, the larger Anbhair with less dialect diversity, and in Phormatin in addition to [[Phormatolidin]]. It is the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Éatha'' in Tíogall) on the planet of Clotricin.
 
Modern Standard Tíogall arose as a literary koiné from disparate earlier Tíogallic dialects descended from [[Old Eevo]] from around fT 1160dd (1968). Thanks in large part to the printing press, Tíogall rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, Tíogall still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
 
The name ''Tíogall'' is thought to be a [[Clofabic languages|Clofabic]] formation (before Modern Tíogall): ''Tiga'' (Tíogall ''Tíoga'') was a river in the northwestern Talma area where Tíogall originated, and to that was added the Clofabic attributive ''-l''.


==Todo==
==Todo==
*Should have had more dh's
*Should have had more dh's
*Single vs. double negatives: use both, do something weird
*Single vs. double negatives: use both, do something weird
*Vdh > lowered vowels - a source of /ɛ: ɔ:/ in addition to Old Eevo ''ae ao''
*Old Eevo prefixes:
**''ar-'': on, at
**''(deut.) as-'': telic
**''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at
**''é-'': with, co-
**''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly
**''for-'': causative, through
**''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back
**''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out
**''ro-'': down
**''sol-'': a causative
**''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back
**''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards
**''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from
*a few transitive verbs should randomly have that m (and it should be a different set in tiogall and bhadhagha)
*if ng is common, slender ng = ñ
*"inb4"
*graduate high school = ?
*Definitions in law codes look like "Given ''X'', we say that ''P(X)'' if ..."
*Translation exercises:
**Haggadah
**[[Literature:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]
**[[Literature:Through the Looking-Glass]]
*irregular constructs


==Notes==
==Notes==
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*<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration
*<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration
*<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis
*<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis
===Special readings===
*When unstressed, ''-adh'' is devoiced to /əθ/ or /ət/.
*The ending ''-aigh/-igh'' is pronounced /ɨ/.
===Note on the Anglicization of {{SUBPAGENAME}}===
The {{SUBPAGENAME}} liquids ''r'' and ''l'' are consistently mapped to /r/ and /l/. (This is in fact a legitimate pronunciation in {{SUBPAGENAME}} provided you always velarize the /l/ as in American English.)
The following mapping for vowels is recommended:
/a aː ɛ eː ɪ iː ɔ ɵː ʊ ʉː œ øː ʏ yː iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw yəj uəj/ → /æ ɑː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː ɑ oʊ ʊ uː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː iːə iːə uːə aʊ aɪ aʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ iːə iːə iːə uːə/
For {{SUBPAGENAME}} post-tonic /ð/, the pronunciation /ð/ is recommended, but /d/ is also allowed for ease of pronunciation.
For onset clusters that are disallowed in English, such as /tn/, we allow the addition of an epenthetic /ə/.
For syllable-initial /ŋ/ or /sŋ/, we recommend adding an epenthetic unstressed /ə/ or /ɪ/ before the /ŋ/. /ŋ/ after a tense vowel can be replaced with /n/.
The reduced vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ should map to /ə/ and /ɪ/. If you have the weak-vowel merger, you can merge these two vowels.
==Orthography==
[[File:{{SUBPAGENAME}} script.png|thumbnail|{{SUBPAGENAME}} script]]
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic script, which is written from left to right. The letters ''ħ'' /h/, ''j'' /j/ and ''v'' /v/ are used in [[Netagin]] and other loanwords. The letter ''h'' is used for lenition as in Irish. So the {{SUBPAGENAME}} alphabet is usually considered to have 23 letters (''r d z i a ħ f l m g c h b s v o j ŋ t n p e u'') (disregarding digraphs and length diacritics).
The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old Eevo pronunciation. The romanization used in this article reflects the native spelling.
===Numerals===
Written {{SUBPAGENAME}} uses a base-12 positional numeral system.
*digits: ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E
*duodecimal point: :
*1728's separator (optional): ·
*minus sign: ʳ
*plus, minus, multiply, divide, mod = ?
Examples:
2017 = 1,201dd = ı·ʎɔı
π = 3.184809493b918...dd = ɺ:ıɴħ·ɴɔк·ħкɺ·кʋı·ɴ...
==Sound changes==
===Thensarian to Old Eevo===
Thn. ''sb, sd, sg'' > OBh ''dhbh, d, dhgh''
Medial ''sm, sn, sȝ, sl, sr'' > ''m, nn, ŋŋ, ll, rr''
Thn. ''a e i o u y ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ae ao ui ia iā iō iū'' > OBh ''a e i o u a á é í ó ú uí ae ao oí ea eá eó iú''
In stressed syllables: ''a e i o u á é í ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oí uí'' >
*before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: ''a e io o u á é ío ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oío uío''
*before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ''ai ei i oi ui ái éi í ói úi aei aoi eái eói iúi oí uí''
Unstressed vowels reduce to ''a''
Harmonization: ''a'' > ''e'' (when final) or ''i'' after ''i'' in the previous syllable
Sometimes:
*''éa, ó, ói'' > ''ia, ua, uai''
===Old Eevo to Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}===
*aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/
*prenasalized stops coalesce
*/k g x ɣ/ > [c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ] allophonically before front vowels
*Vowel simplifications:
**''i(o)'' > /ɪ/; ''í(o) oí(o) uí(o)'' > /iː/
**''eá(i) eó(i) iú(i)'' merge into ''á(i) ó(i) ú(i)'', preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
*Further monophthongization
**''ae ao'' > /eː oː/
**''ai ái ei éi oi ói ui úi aei aoi uai'' > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
*Fricativization of aspirates complete; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ have become /tʃ dʒ ʃ j/
*a lot of z's from Netagin loans by this time; s eclipses to z and z lenites to /Ø/, by analogy
*unstressed vowels reduce to /ə/
*voiceless stops gain aspiration except after /s/
*/ʍ/ > /w/; /ɣ/ > /ː/ when not word-initial
*/oː uː/ front to /ɵː ʉː/ except before /l/ and possibly /r/
*/l/ > /ʀ~ʟ/; /r/ > /ɾ~l/
*Some dialects: /s/ > /ʃ/ before /p t k m n ŋ ʟ ɾ/


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The following describes Sċôlu as spoken in Râthanar.
''Étaoin'' (Standard) Tíogall is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of Tíogall speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard Tíogall which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.
 
The following describes Tíogall as spoken in ''Smeola'', the capital of Duínidhe which is often called the "Duínidhe accent".
===Stress===
===Stress===
In native words, primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. In loans, stress may not be initial; in that case, vowels before the stressed syllable are ''not'' reduced.
In native words, primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. In loans, stress may not be initial; in that case, vowels before the stressed syllable are ''not'' reduced.
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|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Pharyngeal !! Glottal
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal  
!colspan="2"|Nasal  
| '''m''' /m/  
| /m/  
| '''n''' /n/
| /n/
|  
|  
| '''ñ''' /ɲ/
|colspan="2"| /ŋ/ ||  
|colspan="2"| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ || ||
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Stop
!rowspan="2"|Stop
!<small>fortis</small>
!<small>fortis</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| /t/
|  
|  
|
|colspan="2"| /k/ || (ʔ)
|colspan="2"| '''c''' /k/ || || /ʔ/
|-
|-
!<small>lenis</small>
!<small>lenis</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| /d/
|  ||
|  
|colspan="2"| '''g''' /g/ || ||
|colspan="2"| /g/ ||
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Affricate
!rowspan="2"|Affricate
!<small>fortis</small>
!<small>fortis</small>
|  
|  
| '''ts''' /ts/
| /ts/
| '''ċ''' /tʂ/
| /tʃ/
| '''tx''' /tɕ/
| || ||  
| || || ||
|-
|-
!<small>lenis</small>
!<small>lenis</small>
|  
|  
| /dz/
| /dz/
| '''ġ''' /dʐ/
| /dʒ/
| || || || ||
| || ||
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Spirant
!rowspan="2"|Spirant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| '''f''' /f/  
| /f/  
| /θ/
|  
|  
| ||
| /x/ || ||
| /x/ || || '''ħ''' /ħ/ ||
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| /v/
| /ð/
|
| /ɣ/ || ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Sibilant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|   
|   
| ||
| /s/
| /ɣ/ || || ||
| /ʃ/ || ||  
| /h/
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Sibilant
!<small>voiced</small>
| 
|  
| '''s''' /s/
| /z/ || || || ||
| '''ṡ, ṡċ''' /ʂ/ || '''x''' /ɕ/ || ||
| || '''h''' /h/
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
!colspan="2"| Liquid
|  
|  
| || ||  
| /ɾ~ɺ~l/ || ||  
| || || ||
| /ʟ/ ||
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
!colspan="2"| Approximant
| '''l''' /w/ || ||  
| ||  
| '''j, lj''' /j/ ||
| /j/ ||  
|
| ||
|  
|
|}
|}


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*An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
*An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
*Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
*Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
* {{PAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
*Smeola {{PAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
*/n, t, d/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪].
*/n, t, d, θ, ð/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, θ, ð].
*/s/ is laminal alveolar [s].  
*/s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].  
*The coronal liquid /ɺ/ has 3 allophones broadly:
*The coronal liquid /ɺ/ has 3 allophones broadly:
**After a consonant, it is a postalveolar [ɾ̞].
**After a consonant, it is a postalveolar [ɾ̞].
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|-
|-
!|Grapheme
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''<sup>*</sup>!!''x''!!''c''!!''g''!!''l''!!''ħ''!!''0''
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''<sup>*</sup>!!''z''!!''r''!!''ŋ''!!''c''!!''g''!!''l''!!''ħ''!!''0''
|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
|/m/||/p/||/b/||/f/||/t/||/d/||/s/||/ʃ/||/k/, /tʃ/||/g/, /dʒ/||/ʟ/||/h/||/ ∅/
|/m/||/p/||/b/||/f/||/n/||/t/||/d/||/s/||/z/||/ɺ~l/||/ŋ/||/k/, /tʃ/||/g/, /dʒ/||/ʟ/||/h/||/ʔ/
|-
|-
!|Lenited
!|Lenited
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''-''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''h-''
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''-''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''zh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''h-''
|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/h/
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/h/
|/ħ/||/∅/||/h/||/∅/
|''-''
||/x/, /ʃ/||/ɣ/, /j/
|/θ/||/ð/||/h/||''silent''
|''-''
|''-''||/x/, /ʃ/||/ɣ/, /j/
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
Line 168: Line 298:
|-
|-
!|Eclipsed
!|Eclipsed
!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!''-''!!''-''!!''gc''!!''ŋg''!!''-''!!''-''!!''n-''
!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''-''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!''zs''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''!!''gc''!!''ŋg''!!''-''!!''-''!!''n-''
|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
|''-''||/b/||/m/||/v/
|''-''||/b/||/m/||/v/
||/d/||/n/||/z/
|''-''||/d/||/n/||/z/
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
||/g/, /dʒ/||/ŋ/||''-''||''-''||/n/
||/g/, /dʒ/||/ŋ/||''-''||''-''||/n/
Line 180: Line 312:


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{{PAGENAME}} has a somewhat complex vowel system, with a tense-lax distinction and the effects of L-vocalization.
{{PAGENAME}} has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities with a tense-lax distinction, and the effects of L-vocalization.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
Line 186: Line 318:
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="4" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="3" |Back
! colspan="3" |Back
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>rounded</small>
! style=" " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style=" " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style=" " |<small>rounded</small>
! style=" " |<small>rounded</small>
Line 196: Line 329:
! colspan="2" style=" " |<small>rounded</small>
! colspan="2" style=" " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
|-
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>short</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
!style=" "|<small>long</small>
Line 205: Line 340:
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''i, y''' /ɪ/
| /ɪ/
| '''î''' /iː/
| /iː/
| '''-y''' /ɨ/
| /ʏ/
| '''û''' /ʉː/
| /yː/
| /ɨ/
| /ʉː/
|  
|  
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| /ʊ/
| [uː]
| [uː]<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
|  
| /ɛ/
| '''ê''' /eː/
| /eː/
| '''-a''' /ə/
| /œ/
| '''ô''' /ɵː/
| /øː/
| /ə/
| /ɵː/
| [ɤˁ]
| [ɤˁ]
|  
| /ɔ/
| [oː]
| [oː]<sup>1</sup>
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''è''' /ɛː/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| '''ò''' /ɔː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|  
|  
|  
| /a/
| '''a''' /a/
| /aː/
| '''â''' /aː/
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 241: Line 373:
|}
|}


Diphthongs: /iə uə aw ɛj ɛw ɛ:j ɛ:w iəw uəj/
<sup>1</sup> /ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Sceola Tíogall.
 
 
 
Diphthongs: /iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw uəj/


The vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ occur only in unstressed syllables; they merge before ''l''.
The vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ occur only in unstressed syllables; they merge before ''l''.


====''L''-colored vowels====
====''L''-colored vowels====
L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in {{PAGENAME}}):
L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola Tíogall):


* /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
* /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
* /ɪ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɪʟ/ [ɪɤˁ]
* /ɪ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɪʟ/ [ɪɤˁ]
* /yː/, /yə/ + /ʟ/ > /yʟ/ /yɤˁ/
* /ʏ/ + /ʟ/ > /ʏʟ/ [ʏɤˁ]
* /ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + /ʟ/ > /ʊʟ/ [ʊˁː~ʊɤˁ]
* /ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + /ʟ/ > /ʊʟ/ [ʊˁː~ʊɤˁ]
* /eː/ + /ʟ/ > /eʟ/ [eɤˁ]
* /eː/ + /ʟ/ > /eʟ/ [eɤˁ]
* /ɛ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɛʟ/ [ɛɤˁ]
* /ɛ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɛʟ/ [ɛɤˁ]
* /øː/ + /ʟ/ > /øʟ/ [øɤˁ]
* /œ/ + /ʟ/ > /œʟ/ [œɤˁ]
* /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɔʟ/ [ɔˁː~ɔɤˁ]
* /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɔʟ/ [ɔˁː~ɔɤˁ]
* /ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ [ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ]
* /ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ /ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ/


Accents that are ''lambdic'' may realize the /ʟ/ in one of several ways (pharyngealization, nasalization, [ɴ], [ʀ]). ''Non-lambdic'' accents are those in which vocalization of ''l'' after vowels is complete; the L-coloring is purely a difference in vowel quality and displays no secondary articulation.
Accents that are ''lambdic'' may realize the /ʟ/ in one of several ways (pharyngealization, nasalization, [ɴ], [ʀ]). ''Non-lambdic'' accents are those in which vocalization of ''l'' after vowels is complete; the L-coloring is purely a difference in vowel quality and displays no secondary articulation.
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*/iə/ is phonetically [iə] ([[Media:Tigall_é.ogg|listen]]).
*/iə/ is phonetically [iə] ([[Media:Tigall_é.ogg|listen]]).
*/iʟ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_íl.ogg|listen]]).
*/iʟ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_íl.ogg|listen]]).
*/yː/ is usually close near-front rounded [y̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_úi.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/yə/ is phonetically [yə], [y̠ə] or [ʏə] ([[Media:Tigall_ói.ogg|listen]]).
*/yʟ/ is phonetically [y̠ːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_úil.ogg|listen]]).
*/ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_ú.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_ú.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] ([[Media:Tigall_ó.ogg|listen]]). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers.
*/uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] ([[Media:Tigall_ó.ogg|listen]]). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers.
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**In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
**In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
*/ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] ([[Media:Tigall_i.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] ([[Media:Tigall_i.ogg|listen]]).
*/ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ] ([[Media:Tigall_ui.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/ʏʟ/ is phonetically [ʏɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_uil.ogg|listen]]).
*/ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠] ([[Media:Tigall_u.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠] ([[Media:Tigall_u.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.


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*/eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] ([[Media:Tigall_aé.ogg|listen]]).
*/eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] ([[Media:Tigall_aé.ogg|listen]]).
*/eʟ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_aél.ogg|listen]]).
*/eʟ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_aél.ogg|listen]]).
*/øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [ø̠ː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː] ([[Media:Tigall_aói.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/øʟ/ is phonetically [ø̠ːɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_aóil.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_aó.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] ([[Media:Tigall_aó.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/ɔʟ/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]  ([[Media:Tigall_aol.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/ɔʟ/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]  ([[Media:Tigall_aol.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
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*/ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] ([[Media:Tigall_e.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] ([[Media:Tigall_e.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɛʟ/ is phonetically [ɛ̞ɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_el.ogg|listen]]).
*/ɛʟ/ is phonetically [ɛ̞ɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_el.ogg|listen]]).
*/œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ] ([[Media:Tigall_oi.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed.
*/œʟ/ is phonetically [œɤˁ] or [ɞɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_oil.ogg|listen]]).
*[ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] in pausa.
*[ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] in pausa.
*[ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
*[ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Allowed initial clusters in roots (in native words), not counting clusters from initial mutations:
Allowed initial clusters in roots (in native words):
*''bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) sc scl scr (sp) sl sm sn sñ sŋ sr st tn tl tr''
*''bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) sc scl scr (sp) sl sm sn sŋ sr st tn tl tr''
 
===Some phonological rules===
*unstressed /əwə/ > ''-ú-'' /ʉː/
*/ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
{{PAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. Within said paradigm, some accents (e.g. Smeola) can sound like a stereotypical Cork accent, while some accents (e.g. Óc Eo) sound more like Valspeak.
*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...") This originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of {{PAGENAME}}, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.
*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...") This originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of {{SUBPAGENAME}}, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.
*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
*In exclamations, the pattern is "... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !", possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.
*In exclamations, the pattern is "... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !", possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.


==Dialectology==
==Dialectology==
{{PAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.


/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones before /ɾ~l/ in some accents.
/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Duínidhean accents.
<!--
===Scádar accent===
===Scádar accent===
This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊk.oʊ/ "oak-oh") metropolitan area in Anbhair.
This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊk.oʊ/ "oak-oh") metropolitan area in Anbhair.
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===Phormatin accent===
===Phormatin accent===
The majority accent of {{PAGENAME}} native speakers in Phormatin is a lot like Éise, except most notably the short vowels /ɛ œ ɔ/ raise to /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ before nasals and /ʟ/. Lax vowels are also slightly laxer than in Éise; Éise speakers often hear Phormatian lax vowels as schwas.
The majority accent of {{SUBPAGENAME}} native speakers in Phormatin is a lot like Éise, except most notably the short vowels /ɛ œ ɔ/ raise to /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ before nasals and /ʟ/. Lax vowels are also slightly laxer than in Éise; Éise speakers often hear Phormatian lax vowels as schwas. <!--inspiration: Canada, New Zealand 'fush and chups' -->
==="Stage {{PAGENAME}}"===
 
So-called "Stage {{PAGENAME}}" is a semi-artificial standard developed for use in classical singing and other elevated stage performances.
==="Stage {{SUBPAGENAME}}"===
So-called "Stage {{SUBPAGENAME}}" is a semi-artificial standard developed for use in classical singing and other elevated stage performances.


*/ʟ/ is always pronounced [ɫ]
*/ʟ/ is always pronounced [ɫ]
*/ɾ/ may be trilled [r]
*/ɾ/ may be trilled [r]
*Short vowels before single C + V - the C is allophonically geminated
*Short vowels before single C + V - the C is allophonically geminated
*Non-lambdic vowels are close to their standard counterparts, except /aː/ is pronounced [ɑː~ɒː] (close to its Classical Netagin counterpart)
*Non-lambdic vowels are close to their Smeola counterparts, except /aː/ is pronounced [ɑː~ɒː] (close to its Classical Netagin counterpart)
*/ɨ/ is pronounced [ɪ]
*/ɨ/ is pronounced [ɪ]


===Early Modern {{PAGENAME}}===
===Early Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}===
*''ae/ái, aoi, ao'' were pronounced /ɛː, œː, ɔː/ as opposed to ''é, ói, ó'' /eː, øː, oː/; these two sets have merged to /eː, øː, ɵː/ in most modern dialects.
*''ae/ái, aoi, ao'' were pronounced /ɛː, œː, ɔː/ as opposed to ''é, ói, ó'' /eː, øː, oː/; these two sets have merged to /eː, øː, ɵː/ in most modern dialects.
*/ɨ/ was pronounced [ɪ].
*/ɨ/ was pronounced [ɪ].
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===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
{{PAGENAME}} adjectives have three principal parts: the predicative (the unmarked form), the masculine absolute plural form and the feminine absolute plural form.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} adjectives have three principal parts: the predicative (the unmarked form), the masculine absolute plural form and the feminine absolute plural form.


The predicative determines:
The predicative determines:
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{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} personal pronouns'''
|+ '''{{SUBPAGENAME}} personal pronouns'''
|-
|-
!|
!|
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====Politeness====
====Politeness====
In archaic usage, ''séid'' is used as an honorific pronoun when speaking to a person of high social standing. In modern {{PAGENAME}}, this usage is restricted to e.g.:
In archaic usage, ''séid'' is used as an honorific pronoun when speaking to a person of high social standing. In modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}, this usage is restricted to e.g.:
* books, movies, games, ... when depicting the past or past-like settings (such as historical fiction or fantasy)
* books, movies, games, ... when depicting the past or past-like settings (such as historical fiction or fantasy)
* when addressing a deity or a king
* when addressing a deity or a king
* in BDSM contexts when a "slave" refers to their "master".
* in BDSM contexts when a "slave" refers to their "master".


In modern {{PAGENAME}}, ''fiar'' and ''séid'' are used for family members, friends, children or teens, animals, people on the Internet, or to address people of lower social position, and ''dTlá'' is used to an addressee of higher position and for strangers; for example, it is considered acceptable for a professor to address his students, or for a boss his employees, using familiar pronouns.
In modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''fiar'' and ''séid'' are used for family members, friends, children or teens, animals, people on the Internet, or to address people of lower social position, and ''dTlá'' is used to an addressee of higher position and for strangers; for example, it is considered acceptable for a professor to address his students, or for a boss his employees, using familiar pronouns.


====Correlatives====
====Correlatives====
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
[[Old Eevo]] had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern {{PAGENAME}} simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. However, many basic verbs are irregular, with many "principal parts"; some common verbs even retain the Old Eevo allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.
[[Old Eevo]] had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. However, many basic verbs are irregular, with many "principal parts"; some common verbs even retain the Old Eevo allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.


Ex:
Ex:
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The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. For verb stems ending in ''-gh'' or ''-igh'', the ''-gh'' or ''-igh'' is deleted: ''tnáigh hú'' < {{recon|''tnáighigh hú''}} 'he believes'.  
The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. For verb stems ending in ''-gh'' or ''-igh'', the ''-gh'' or ''-igh'' is deleted: ''tnáigh hú'' < {{recon|''tnáighigh hú''}} 'he believes'.  
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
{{col-n}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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<sup>1</sup> The buffer ''-e-'' is added when the previous consonant is a cluster, r or l.
<sup>1</sup> The buffer ''-e-'' is added when the previous consonant is a cluster, r or l.


The ''-igh'' ending in analytic forms must be deleted when a preverbal particle such as ''ní'' 'not', ''ri'' 'REL', ''bhfá'' 'COMP': ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks', but ''ní mhol hú'' 'he does not thank'. For verbs that have a separate stem for imperatives, the imperative stem is used with a preverbal particle. The ''-igh'' may also be deleted or added in poetry. This is a remnant of Middle {{PAGENAME}} where there was a distinction between ''molamh hú'' 'he thanks (once)' (dependent ''mola hú'' or ''mol hú'') and ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks (regularly)'.
The ''-igh'' ending in analytic forms must be deleted when a preverbal particle such as ''ní'' 'not', ''ri'' 'REL', ''bhfá'' 'COMP': ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks', but ''ní mhol hú'' 'he does not thank'. For verbs that have a separate stem for imperatives, the imperative stem is used with a preverbal particle. The ''-igh'' may also be deleted or added in poetry. This is a remnant of Middle {{SUBPAGENAME}} where there was a distinction between ''molamh hú'' 'he thanks (once)' (dependent ''mola hú'' or ''mol hú'') and ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks (regularly)'.


====Present progressive====
====Present progressive====
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====Preterite tense====
====Preterite tense====


The suffix ''-ín'' is added to the preterite stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''lu''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ''Étaoin'' {{PAGENAME}}.
The suffix ''-ín'' is added to the preterite stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''lu''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ''Étaoin'' {{SUBPAGENAME}}.


:'''''Déicín luc rúin.'''''
:'''''Déicín luc rúin.'''''
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The jussive is mainly used for third-person imperatives and sometimes to specify a wish or a requirement.
The jussive is mainly used for third-person imperatives and sometimes to specify a wish or a requirement.


Modern {{PAGENAME}} just uses ''molúr'' in every person: ''molúr ná'', ''mólúr fiar'', etc. The passive form is ''molrúr''.
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} just uses ''molúr'' in every person: ''molúr ná'', ''mólúr fiar'', etc. The passive form is ''molrúr''.


This form uses ''dá''-L for the negative, not ''tir''-L.
This form uses ''dá''-L for the negative, not ''tir''-L.
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====Imperative====
====Imperative====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
{{col-n}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
Below are some common {{PAGENAME}} derivational affixes. In addition to derivational affixes, {{PAGENAME}} uses compound nouns like German; also, some productive prefixes has been re-analyzed into existence from Old Eevo prefix combinations. This allowed {{PAGENAME}} to coin new native words instead of using loanwords.
Below are some common {{SUBPAGENAME}} derivational affixes. In addition to derivational affixes, {{SUBPAGENAME}} uses compound nouns like German; also, some productive prefixes has been re-analyzed into existence from Old Eevo prefix combinations. This allowed {{SUBPAGENAME}} to coin new native words instead of using loanwords.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
:''Main article: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Syntax]]''
:''Main article: [[{{SUBPAGENAME}}/Syntax]]''
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
{{PAGENAME}} is relatively purist; most {{PAGENAME}} vocabulary is of Talmic origin. However, a non-trivial fraction of the vocabulary is loaned from Netagin (either [[Classical Netagin]] or [[Koine Netagin]]) and, to a lesser extent, Clofabic. Most recently, [[Clofabosin]] words are entering the language, mostly in the domains of information technology and culture.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is relatively purist; most {{SUBPAGENAME}} vocabulary is of Talmic origin. However, a non-trivial fraction of the vocabulary is loaned from Netagin (either [[Classical Netagin]] or [[Koine Netagin]]) and, to a lesser extent, Clofabic. Most recently, [[Clofabosin]] words are entering the language, mostly in the domains of information technology and culture.


===Colors===
===Colors===
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===E pur si muove!===
===E pur si muove!===
''Sóibh argann argannaigh hú!''
''Sóibh argann argannaigh hú!''
<!--
===The North Wind and the Sun===
===The North Wind and the Sun===
====Phonetic version====
====Phonetic version====
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| index =  
| index =  
}}
}}
-->


===UDHR, Article 1===
===UDHR, Article 1===
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==Other resources==
==Other resources==
-->
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
IlL
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