User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51: Difference between revisions

[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/>

[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>

[[{{PAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>

|setting = {{PAGENAME}}verse

|name = {{PAGENAME}}

|nativename = ''an {{PAGENAME}}''

Originally I called this language ''Tíogall'', or variants, and it was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Phormatolidin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system, and an imperfective-perfective aspectual distinction.

===Note on the Anglicization of {{PAGENAME}}===

The {{PAGENAME}} liquids ''r'' and ''l'' are consistently mapped to /r/ and /l/. (This is in fact a legitimate pronunciation in {{PAGENAME}} provided you always velarize the /l/ as in American English.)

For {{PAGENAME}} post-tonic /ð/, the pronunciation /ð/ is recommended, but /d/ is also allowed for ease of pronunciation.

[[File:{{PAGENAME}} script.png|thumbnail|{{PAGENAME}} script]]

{{PAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic script, which is written from left to right. The letters ''ħ'' /h/, ''j'' /j/ and ''v'' /v/ are used in [[Netagin]] and other loanwords. The letter ''h'' is used for lenition as in Irish. So the {{PAGENAME}} alphabet is usually considered to have 23 letters (''r d z i a ħ f l m g c h b s v o j ŋ t n p e u'') (disregarding digraphs and length diacritics).

Written {{PAGENAME}} uses a base-12 positional numeral system.

===Old Eevo to Modern {{PAGENAME}}===

''Étaoin'' (Standard) {{PAGENAME}} is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of {{PAGENAME}} speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard {{PAGENAME}} which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.

The following describes {{PAGENAME}} as spoken in ''Smeola'', the capital of Duínidhe which is often called the "Duínidhe accent".

| '''m''' /m/  

| '''n''' /n/

| '''ñ''' /ɲ/

|colspan="2"| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ ||  

| '''p''' /p/

| '''t''' /t/

|colspan="2"| '''c''' /k/ || (ʔ)

| '''b''' /b/

| '''d''' /d/

|colspan="2"| '''g''' /g/ ||

| '''ts''' /ts/

| '''tx, ċ''' /tʃ/

| '''f''' /f/  

| /x/ || /ħ/ ||

| '''v''' /v/

|

| /ɣ/ || /ʕ/ ||

!colspan="2"|Sibilant

| '''s''' /s/  

| '''x''' /ʃ/ || ||  

| '''h''' /h/

| '''r''' /ɾ~ɺ~l/ || ||  

| '''l''' /ʟ/ ||

| '''j''' /j/ ||  

!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''^*!!''z''!!''x''!!''r''!!''ŋ''!!''c''!!''g''!!''l''!!''ħ''!!''0''

|/m/||/p/||/b/||/f/||/n/||/t/||/d/||/s/||/z/||/ʃ/||/ɺ~l/||/ŋ/||/k/, /tʃ/||/g/, /dʒ/||/ʟ/||/h/||/ʔ/

!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''-''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''zh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''h-''

|/ħ/||/ʕ/||/h/||''silent''

|''-''

!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''-''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!''zs''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''!!''gc''!!''ŋg''!!''-''!!''-''!!''n-''

¹ /ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Sceola {{PAGENAME}}.

L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola {{PAGENAME}}):

* /ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ [ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ]

{{PAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. Within said paradigm, some accents (e.g. Smeola) can sound like a stereotypical Cork accent, while some accents (e.g. Óc Eo) sound more like Valspeak.

*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...") This originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of {{PAGENAME}}, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.

{{PAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.

The majority accent of {{PAGENAME}} native speakers in Phormatin is a lot like Éise, except most notably the short vowels /ɛ œ ɔ/ raise to /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ before nasals and /ʟ/. Lax vowels are also slightly laxer than in Éise; Éise speakers often hear Phormatian lax vowels as schwas. <!--inspiration: Canada, New Zealand 'fush and chups' -->

==="Stage {{PAGENAME}}"===

So-called "Stage {{PAGENAME}}" is a semi-artificial standard developed for use in classical singing and other elevated stage performances.

===Early Modern {{PAGENAME}}===

{{PAGENAME}} adjectives have three principal parts: the predicative (the unmarked form), the masculine absolute plural form and the feminine absolute plural form.

|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} personal pronouns'''

In archaic usage, ''séid'' is used as an honorific pronoun when speaking to a person of high social standing. In modern {{PAGENAME}}, this usage is restricted to e.g.:

In modern {{PAGENAME}}, ''fiar'' and ''séid'' are used for family members, friends, children or teens, animals, people on the Internet, or to address people of lower social position, and ''dTlá'' is used to an addressee of higher position and for strangers; for example, it is considered acceptable for a professor to address his students, or for a boss his employees, using familiar pronouns.

[[Old Eevo]] had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern {{PAGENAME}} simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. However, many basic verbs are irregular, with many "principal parts"; some common verbs even retain the Old Eevo allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.

{{col-3}}

The ''-igh'' ending in analytic forms must be deleted when a preverbal particle such as ''ní'' 'not', ''ri'' 'REL', ''bhfá'' 'COMP': ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks', but ''ní mhol hú'' 'he does not thank'. For verbs that have a separate stem for imperatives, the imperative stem is used with a preverbal particle. The ''-igh'' may also be deleted or added in poetry. This is a remnant of Middle {{PAGENAME}} where there was a distinction between ''molamh hú'' 'he thanks (once)' (dependent ''mola hú'' or ''mol hú'') and ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks (regularly)'.

The suffix ''-ín'' is added to the preterite stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''lu''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ''Étaoin'' {{PAGENAME}}.

Modern {{PAGENAME}} just uses ''molúr'' in every person: ''molúr ná'', ''mólúr fiar'', etc. The passive form is ''molrúr''.

{{col-3}}

Below are some common {{PAGENAME}} derivational affixes. In addition to derivational affixes, {{PAGENAME}} uses compound nouns like German; also, some productive prefixes has been re-analyzed into existence from Old Eevo prefix combinations. This allowed {{PAGENAME}} to coin new native words instead of using loanwords.

:''Main article: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Syntax]]''

{{PAGENAME}} is relatively purist; most {{PAGENAME}} vocabulary is of Talmic origin. However, a non-trivial fraction of the vocabulary is loaned from Netagin (either [[Classical Netagin]] or [[Koine Netagin]]) and, to a lesser extent, Clofabic. Most recently, [[Clofabosin]] words are entering the language, mostly in the domains of information technology and culture.