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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Pokédex]]


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|setting = {{SUBPAGENAME}}verse
|setting = [[Verse:Clotricin|Clotricin]]
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''an {{SUBPAGENAME}}''
|pronunciation=  [ə ˈʃtʃoːʟʊ]
|region = Talma
|speakers = 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers)
|date = fT 1670<sub>dd</sub> (2676)
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quihum|Quihum]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam4= Old Eevo
|iso3=qtg
|notice=IPA
}}
 
 
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|setting = Tíogallverse
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''an Tíogall''
|nativename = ''an Tíogall''
|pronunciation=  [ə ˈtiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]
|pronunciation=  [ə ˈtiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]
Line 19: Line 37:
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam4= Old Tíogall
|fam4= Old Eevo
|iso3=qtg
|iso3=qtg
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''an Tíogall'' /ə ˈtiːɡəʟ/ or ''an ŋgáth dTíogall'' /ə ŋa:θ ˈdiːɡəʟ/ 'the {{PAGENAME}} language'; English: /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle") is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by Irish, German and English. {{PAGENAME}} began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?".
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''an Tíogall'' /ə ˈtiːɡəʟ/ or ''an gháth Thíogall'' /ə ɣa:θ ˈθiːɡəʟ/ 'the {{SUBPAGENAME}} language'; English: /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle") is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by Irish, German and English. {{SUBPAGENAME}} began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?".
 
Tíogall is a pluricentric language - it is an official language in three countries, the peninsular Sceola with more dialect diversity, the larger Anbhair with less dialect diversity, and in Phormatin in addition to [[Phormatolidin]]. It is the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Éatha'' in Tíogall) on the planet of Clotricin.  


Tíogall is a pluricentric language - it is an official language in three countries, the peninsular [[Verse:Duínidhe|Duínidhe]] with more dialect diversity, the larger [[Verse:Neoibhir|Neoibhir]] with less dialect diversity, and [[Verse:Phormatin]] in addition to [[Phormatolidin]]. It is the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Éatha'' in Tíogall) on the planet of Clotricin.  
Modern Standard Tíogall arose as a literary koiné from disparate earlier Tíogallic dialects descended from [[Old Eevo]] from around fT 1160dd (1968). Thanks in large part to the printing press, Tíogall rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, Tíogall still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.


Modern Standard Tíogall arose as a literary koiné from disparate earlier Tíogallic dialects descended from [[Old Tíogall]] from around fT 1160dd (1968). Tíogall rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for the Talma region until [[Clofabosin]] gained global standing. Tíogall is still widely taught as a foreign language today.
The name ''Tíogall'' is thought to be a [[Clofabic languages|Clofabic]] formation (before Modern Tíogall): ''Tiga'' (Tíogall ''Tíoga'') was a river in the northwestern Talma area where Tíogall originated, and to that was added the Clofabic attributive ''-l''.


==Todo==
==Todo==
*''Féalasta ag féalasta!'' = "Curiouser and curiouser!" (Alice uses the comparative of a verb, ''féalasaigh'', "confuse")
*Should have had more dh's
*Single vs. double negatives: use both, do something weird
*Old Eevo prefixes:
**''ar-'': on, at
**''(deut.) as-'': telic
**''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at
**''é-'': with, co-
**''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly
**''for-'': causative, through
**''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back
**''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out
**''ro-'': down
**''sol-'': a causative
**''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back
**''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards
**''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from
*a few transitive verbs should randomly have that m (and it should be a different set in tiogall and bhadhagha)
*if ng is common, slender ng = ñ
*"inb4"
*graduate high school = ?
*graduate high school = ?
*graduate college = ?
*word for "lesbian" comes from the name of a supposedly lesbian poet
*Definitions in law codes look like "Given ''X'', we say that ''P(X)'' if ..."
*Definitions in law codes look like "Given ''X'', we say that ''P(X)'' if ..."
*''obhart'' (f) = trap (?)
*Translation exercises:  
*Translation exercises:  
**Haggadah
**Haggadah
**[[Literature:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]
**[[Literature:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]
**[[Literature:Through the Looking-Glass]]
**[[Literature:Through the Looking-Glass]]
*irregular constructs


==Notes==
==Notes==
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*<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration
*<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration
*<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis
*<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis
===Note on the Anglicization of Tíogall===
The Tíogall liquids ''r'' and ''l'' are consistently mapped to /r/ and /l/. (This is in fact a legitimate pronunciation in Tíogall provided you always velarize the /l/ as in American English.)


The front unrounded vowels and the back vowels are mapped to their closest English equivalents; front rounded vowels are treated as if they were their front unrounded counterparts.
===Special readings===
*When unstressed, ''-adh'' is devoiced to /əθ/ or /ət/.
*The ending ''-aigh/-igh'' is pronounced /ɨ/.
 
===Note on the Anglicization of {{SUBPAGENAME}}===
The {{SUBPAGENAME}} liquids ''r'' and ''l'' are consistently mapped to /r/ and /l/. (This is in fact a legitimate pronunciation in {{SUBPAGENAME}} provided you always velarize the /l/ as in American English.)


For Tíogall post-tonic /ð/, the pronunciation /ð/ is recommended, but /d/ is also allowed.
The following mapping for vowels is recommended:
 
/a aː ɛ eː ɪ iː ɔ ɵː ʊ ʉː œ øː ʏ yː iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw yəj uəj/ → /æ ɑː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː ɑ oʊ ʊ uː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː iːə iːə uːə aʊ aɪ aʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ iːə iːə iːə uːə/
 
For {{SUBPAGENAME}} post-tonic /ð/, the pronunciation /ð/ is recommended, but /d/ is also allowed for ease of pronunciation.


For onset clusters that are disallowed in English, such as /tn/, we allow the addition of an epenthetic /ə/.
For onset clusters that are disallowed in English, such as /tn/, we allow the addition of an epenthetic /ə/.


For syllable-initial /ŋ/ or /sŋ/, we recommend adding an epenthetic unstressed /ə/ or /ɪ/ before the /ŋ/. /ŋ/ after a tense vowel can be replaced with /n/.
For syllable-initial /ŋ/ or /sŋ/, we recommend adding an epenthetic unstressed /ə/ or /ɪ/ before the /ŋ/. /ŋ/ after a tense vowel can be replaced with /n/.
The reduced vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ should map to /ə/ and /ɪ/. If you have the weak-vowel merger, you can merge these two vowels.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
[[File:Talmic cursive script.png|thumbnail|Talmic cursive script, used for writing {{PAGENAME}} and other Talmic languages|750px]]
[[File:{{SUBPAGENAME}} script.png|thumbnail|{{SUBPAGENAME}} script]]


{{PAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic cursive script, which is written from left to right. The letters ''ħ'' /h/, ''j'' /j/ and ''v'' /v/ are not used except in [[Netagin]] and other loanwords. The letter ''h'' is used for lenition as in Irish. So the {{PAGENAME}} alphabet is usually considered to have 20 letters (''r d z i a f m g t h b s o ŋ p l n e u c'') (digraphs and length diacritics are not counted).
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic script, which is written from left to right. The letters ''ħ'' /h/, ''j'' /j/ and ''v'' /v/ are used in [[Netagin]] and other loanwords. The letter ''h'' is used for lenition as in Irish. So the {{SUBPAGENAME}} alphabet is usually considered to have 23 letters (''r d z i a ħ f l m g c h b s v o j ŋ t n p e u'') (disregarding digraphs and length diacritics).


The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old {{PAGENAME}} pronunciation. The native spelling also uses {{angbr|''ll, nn, ŋŋ, rr''}}.
The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old Eevo pronunciation. The romanization used in this article reflects the native spelling.
 
===Numerals===
Written {{SUBPAGENAME}} uses a base-12 positional numeral system.
 
*digits: ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E
*duodecimal point: :
*1728's separator (optional): ·
*minus sign: ʳ
*plus, minus, multiply, divide, mod = ?
 
Examples:
 
2017 = 1,201dd = ı·ʎɔı
 
π = 3.184809493b918...dd = ɺ:ıɴħ·ɴɔк·ħкɺ·кʋı·ɴ...


==Sound changes==
==Sound changes==
===Thensarian to Old Tíogall===
===Thensarian to Old Eevo===
Thn. ''sb, sd, sg'' > OBh ''dhbh, d, dhgh''
Thn. ''sb, sd, sg'' > OBh ''dhbh, d, dhgh''


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Thn. ''a e i o u y ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ae ao ui ia iā iō iū'' > OBh ''a e i o u a á é í ó ú uí ae ao oí ea eá eó iú''
Thn. ''a e i o u y ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ae ao ui ia iā iō iū'' > OBh ''a e i o u a á é í ó ú uí ae ao oí ea eá eó iú''


In stressed syllables: ''a e i o u á é í ó ú ae ao eá eo iú oí uí'' >
In stressed syllables: ''a e i o u á é í ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oí uí'' >
*before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: ''a ea io o u á éa ío ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oío uío''
*before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: ''a e io o u á é ío ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oío uío''
*before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ''ai ei i oi ui ái éi í ói úi aei aoi eái eói iúi oí uí''
*before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ''ai ei i oi ui ái éi í ói úi aei aoi eái eói iúi oí uí''


Line 84: Line 144:
*''éa, ó, ói'' > ''ia, ua, uai''
*''éa, ó, ói'' > ''ia, ua, uai''


===Old Tíogall to Modern Tíogall===
===Old Eevo to Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}===
*aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/  
*aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/  
*prenasalized stops coalesce
*prenasalized stops coalesce
Line 92: Line 152:
**''eá(i) eó(i) iú(i)'' merge into ''á(i) ó(i) ú(i)'', preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
**''eá(i) eó(i) iú(i)'' merge into ''á(i) ó(i) ú(i)'', preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
*Further monophthongization
*Further monophthongization
**''ea'' > /ɛ/
**''ae ao'' > /eː oː/
**''ae ao'' > /eː oː/
**''ai ái ei éi oi ói ui úi aei aoi uai'' > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
**''ai ái ei éi oi ói ui úi aei aoi uai'' > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
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|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
!colspan="2"| Approximant
| /w/ ||  
| ||  
| /j/ ||  
| /j/ ||  
| ||
| ||
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;Notes
;Notes
*An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
*An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
*Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
*Smeola {{PAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
*Smeola {{PAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
*/w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
*/n, t, d, θ, ð/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, θ, ð].
*/n, t, d, θ, ð/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, θ, ð].
*/s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].  
*/s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].  
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**The allophone occuring before consonants is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L.
**The allophone occuring before consonants is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L.
**In classical singing and drama, [ɫ] is used in all positions.
**In classical singing and drama, [ɫ] is used in all positions.
*After a vowel, /ɣ/ disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short (unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)
*After a vowel, /ɣ/ colloquially disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short (unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)


====Fortis and lenis resonants====
====Fortis and lenis resonants====
Certain conservative accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old {{PAGENAME}} distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/. In fact, the Tumacaimh dialect has:
Certain conservative accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old Eevo distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/. In fact, the Tumacaimh dialect has:
*/l/ > /ʁᵝˤ/
*/l/ > /ʁᵝˤ/
*/L/ > /l̪ˠ/
*/L/ > /l̪ˠ/
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|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
|/w/||/f/||/v/||/h/
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/h/
|''-''
|''-''
|/θ/||/ð/||/h/||''silent''
|/θ/||/ð/||/h/||''silent''
Line 285: Line 344:
| /ʏ/
| /ʏ/
| /yː/
| /yː/
|
| /ɨ/
| /ʉː/
| /ʉː/
|  
|  
Line 296: Line 355:
| /œ/
| /œ/
| /øː/
| /øː/
| [ə]
| /ə/
| /ɵː/
| /ɵː/
| [ɤˁ]
| [ɤˁ]
Line 314: Line 373:
|}
|}


<sup>1</sup> /ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Duínidhean accents including Smeola Tíogall.
<sup>1</sup> /ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Sceola Tíogall.




Line 320: Line 379:
Diphthongs: /iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw uəj/
Diphthongs: /iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw uəj/


The vowel [ə] occurs only in unstressed syllables.
The vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ occur only in unstressed syllables; they merge before ''l''.
 
A hiatus between a root vowel and a schwa is written '''h''' in this article's orthography (Note /h/ is not allowed word-medially).


====''L''-colored vowels====
====''L''-colored vowels====
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*/œʟ/ is phonetically [œɤˁ] or [ɞɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_oil.ogg|listen]]).
*/œʟ/ is phonetically [œɤˁ] or [ɞɤˁ] ([[Media:Tigall_oil.ogg|listen]]).
*[ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] in pausa.
*[ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] in pausa.
**If a sonorant /m, n, ŋ, l/  follows in the syllable coda, the schwa often disappears so that the sonorant becomes syllabic.
*[ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
*[ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
*/ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞] ([[Media:Tigall_o.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
*/ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞] ([[Media:Tigall_o.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded.
Line 385: Line 441:
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Allowed initial clusters in roots (in native words):
Allowed initial clusters in roots (in native words):
*''bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) sc scl scr (sp) st sl sm sn sŋ sr tn tl tr''
*''bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) sc scl scr (sp) sl sm sn sŋ sr st tn tl tr''


===Some phonological rules===
===Some phonological rules===
*unstressed /əwə/ > ''-ú-'' /ʉː/
*unstressed /əwə/ > ''-ú-'' /ʉː/
*/ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/
*/ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/
*/yə/ + /j/ > /yː/
 
===Prosody===
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. Within said paradigm, some accents (e.g. Smeola) can sound like a stereotypical Cork accent, while some accents (e.g. Óc Eo) sound more like Valspeak.
*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...") This originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of {{SUBPAGENAME}}, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.
*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
*In exclamations, the pattern is "... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !", possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.


==Dialectology==
==Dialectology==
Tíogall is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.


/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Duínidhean accents.
/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Duínidhean accents.
===Smeola accent===
Described in the "Phonology" section.
===Scádar accent===
===Scádar accent===
This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊk.oʊ/ "oak-oh") metropolitan area in Neoibhir.
This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊk.oʊ/ "oak-oh") metropolitan area in Anbhair.
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
*/Vʟ/ = [Vɴ] before a consonant
*/Vʟ/ = [Vɴ] before a consonant
Line 409: Line 467:
*/ɛ, œ, ɔ/ > [ɪ, ʏ, ʊ] before nasals
*/ɛ, œ, ɔ/ > [ɪ, ʏ, ʊ] before nasals
*/ɛj/ > [aj]
*/ɛj/ > [aj]
*/a/ = [æ] before coronals
*/aː/ is backed to [ɑː~ɒː]
*/aː/ is backed to [ɑː~ɒː]


Line 430: Line 489:
**/iʟ, ɪʟ/ = [joː]
**/iʟ, ɪʟ/ = [joː]
**/yʟ, ʏʟ/ = [ɥoː~woː]
**/yʟ, ʏʟ/ = [ɥoː~woː]
**/ʊʟ/ = [uː]
**/ʊʟ/ = [ʊː]
**/eʟ/ = [eːɔ]
**/eʟ/ = [eːɔ]
**/ɛʟ/ = [ɛɔ]
**/ɛʟ/ = [ɛɔ]
**/øʟ/ = [øːɔ]
**/øʟ/ = [øːɔ]
**/œʟ/ = [œɔ]
**/œʟ/ = [œɔ]
**/ɔʟ/ = [oː]
**/ɔʟ/ = [uː]
**/aʟ/ = [ɒː]
**/aʟ/ = [ɒː]
*''r'' = [ɾ] before a vowel, [l] before a consonant or word-finally
*''r'' = [ɾ] before a vowel, [l] before a consonant or word-finally
Line 445: Line 504:
*/b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to (unaspirated) [p t c k] in all positions.
*/b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to (unaspirated) [p t c k] in all positions.
*/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ = [c, ɟ, ç]
*/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ = [c, ɟ, ç]
*/n, ʟ, ɾ/ distinguish between "fortis" or unlenited [n̪, ɫ, r] and "lenis" or lenited [ð̞̃, ʀ, ɻ].
*/n, ʟ, ɾ/ distinguish between "fortis" or unlenited [n̪, ɫ, r] and "lenis" or lenited [ð̞̃, ʀ, z].
*''th, dh'' are [ħ, z] word-initially and become [h, z] word-finally.
*''th, dh'' are [ħ, z] word-initially and become [h, z] word-finally.
*/ʉ, ɵ/ are always fully back [uː, oː].
*/ʉ, ɵ/ are always fully back [uː, oː].


===Teacadh an bhFuŋŋ accent===
===Tecadh an bhFuŋŋ accent===
non-lambdic, L-colored vowels similar to Códha
non-lambdic, L-colored vowels similar to Códha
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, just realized as a difference in vowel quality otherwise:
*''l'' = [ʁ] after a consonant, just realized as a difference in vowel quality otherwise:
Line 462: Line 521:
**/ɔʟ/ = [oː]
**/ɔʟ/ = [oː]
**/aʟ/ = [ɑə~ɔ]
**/aʟ/ = [ɑə~ɔ]
*/a/ = [æ]
*/aː/ = [ɑː]
*/aː/ = [ɑː]


===Éise accent===
===Éise accent===
This accent is primarily used in the Éise (/ˈiːsə/) province in Neoibhir.
This accent is primarily used in the Éise (/ˈiːsə/) province (including the famous city Flian).


Vowel length is mainly realized as tenseness:
Vowel length is mainly realized as tenseness:
Line 474: Line 534:
*/Vʟ/ = [Ṽ~Vɰ̃] (nasalization)
*/Vʟ/ = [Ṽ~Vɰ̃] (nasalization)
*''r'' = [l] in all positions
*''r'' = [l] in all positions
*ú ó backed before r
*In ''sp st sc'', the s is weakened so that these are voiceless unaspirated [p t k/tS] initially and preaspirated [hp ht hk/htS] medially. These are distinguished from ''b d g'' by having a higher pitch.
*Reduced ''ai'' = [ʊ], reduced ''i'' = [ʏ]


===Phormatin accent===
===Phormatin accent===
The majority accent of Tíogall native speakers in Phormatin is a lot like Éise, except most notably the short vowels /ɛ œ ɔ/ raise to /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ before nasals and /ʟ/. Lax vowels are also slightly laxer than in Éise; Éise speakers often hear Phormatian lax vowels as schwas. <!--inspiration: Canada, New Zealand 'fush and chups' -->
The majority accent of {{SUBPAGENAME}} native speakers in Phormatin is a lot like Éise, except most notably the short vowels /ɛ œ ɔ/ raise to /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ before nasals and /ʟ/. Lax vowels are also slightly laxer than in Éise; Éise speakers often hear Phormatian lax vowels as schwas. <!--inspiration: Canada, New Zealand 'fush and chups' -->


==="Stage Tíogall"===
==="Stage {{SUBPAGENAME}}"===
So-called "Stage Tíogall" is a semi-artificial standard developed for use in classical singing and other elevated stage performances.
So-called "Stage {{SUBPAGENAME}}" is a semi-artificial standard developed for use in classical singing and other elevated stage performances.


*/ʟ/ is always pronounced [ɫ]
*/ʟ/ is always pronounced [ɫ]
*/ɾ/ may be trilled [r]
*Short vowels before single C + V - the C is allophonically geminated
*Short vowels before single C + V - the C is allophonically geminated
*Non-lambdic vowels are close to their Smeola counterparts, except /aː/ is pronounced [ɑː~ɒː] (close to its Classical Netagin counterpart)
*Non-lambdic vowels are close to their Smeola counterparts, except /aː/ is pronounced [ɑː~ɒː] (close to its Classical Netagin counterpart)
*/ɨ/ is pronounced [ɪ]


===Early Modern Tíogall===
===Early Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}===
*''ae/ái, aoi, ao'' were pronounced /ɛː, œː, ɔː/ as opposed to ''é, ói, ó'' /eː, øː, oː/; these two sets have merged to /eː, øː, ɵː/ in most modern dialects.
*''ae/ái, aoi, ao'' were pronounced /ɛː, œː, ɔː/ as opposed to ''é, ói, ó'' /eː, øː, oː/; these two sets have merged to /eː, øː, ɵː/ in most modern dialects.
*/ɨ/ was pronounced [ɪ].


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns are classed into two genders, masculine (''reist ŋullán'' /ˈɾɪst ˈŋʊʟaːn/) and feminine (''reist dhéán'' /ˈɾɪst ˈðeːaːn/); they are also inflected in two numbers (singular and plural) and three states (indefinite, definite, construct). The construct suffix is usually ''-(e)adh'' for singular nouns and ''-(e)ann'' for plural nouns; however, for Netagin loans no suffix is used for the singular construct.
Nouns are classed into two genders, masculine (''reist ŋullán'' /ˈɾɪst ˈŋʊʟaːn/) and feminine (''reist dhéán'' /ˈɾɪst ˈðeːaːn/); they are also inflected in two numbers (singular and plural) and three states (indefinite, definite, construct). There are some trends in gender assignment of nouns: for example, substances tend to be masculine, and abstract concepts and processes tend to be feminine. The construct suffix is usually ''-adh/-edh'' for singular nouns and ''-ann/-enn'' for plural nouns; however, for Netagin loans no suffix is used for the singular construct.


There are no possessive suffixes, unlike in [[Thensarian]] or other Talmic languages. If the possessor is a pronoun, the disjunctive form of the pronoun is used with the construct state: e.g. ''suaradh scaineadh ná'' 'my friend's house'.
There are no possessive suffixes, unlike in [[Thensarian]] or other Talmic languages. If the possessor is a pronoun, the disjunctive form of the pronoun is used with the construct state: e.g. ''suaradh scainedh ná'' 'my friend's house'.


{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
Line 510: Line 576:
|-
|-
!|Construct
!|Construct
|''máradh''||''máireann''
|''máradh''||''máirenn''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
Line 544: Line 610:
|-
|-
!|Construct
!|Construct
|''scaineadh''||''scaineann''
|''scainedh''||''scainenn''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|+ ''seart'' 'pole' (feminine, declension 3)
|+ ''sert'' 'pole' (feminine, declension 3)
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
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|-
|-
!|Indefinite
!|Indefinite
|''seart''||''seartar''
|''sert''||''sertar''
|-
|-
!|Definite
!|Definite
|''an zseart''||''na seartar''
|''an zsert''||''na sertar''
|-
|-
!|Construct
!|Construct
|''seartadh''||''seartann''
|''sertadh''||''sertann''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Tíogall adjectives have three principal parts: the predicative (the unmarked form), the masculine absolute plural form and the feminine absolute plural form.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} adjectives have three principal parts: the predicative (the unmarked form), the masculine absolute plural form and the feminine absolute plural form.


The predicative determines:
The predicative determines:
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{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} personal pronouns'''
|+ '''{{SUBPAGENAME}} personal pronouns'''
|-
|-
!|
!|
!1sg!!2sg!!3sg.m!!3sg.f!!1pl.ex!!1pl.in!!2pl!!3pl
!1sg!!2sg!!2pol!!3sg.m!!3sg.f!!1pl.ex!!1pl.in!!2pl!!3pl
|-
|-
!|Conjunctive
!|Conjunctive
|''ná''||''fiar''||''hú''||''hí''||''gámh''||''géid''||''séid''||''hár''
|''ná''||''fiar''||''dTlá''||''hú''||''hí''||''cámh''||''céid''||''séid''||''hár''
|-
|-
!|Disjunctive
!|Disjunctive
|''ná''||''iar''||''ú''||''í''||''ámh''||''céir''||''héir''||''ár''
|''ná''||''iar'' ||''dTlá''||''ú''||''í''||''ámh''||''chéid''||''héid''||''ár''
|}
|}
The disjunctive ''iar'' is often shortened to '' 'r'' in informal speech.


To emphasize a pronoun or an inflected preposition, ''-na''/''-ne'' is added to the pronoun.
To emphasize a pronoun or an inflected preposition, ''-na''/''-ne'' is added to the pronoun.


In archaic usage, ''séid'' is used as an honorific pronoun when speaking to a person of high social standing or when two people of high social standing converse with each other. In modern Tíogall, this usage is restricted to books, movies, games, ... when depicting the past or past-like settings (such as historical fiction or fantasy).
====Politeness====
In archaic usage, ''séid'' is used as an honorific pronoun when speaking to a person of high social standing. In modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}, this usage is restricted to e.g.:
* books, movies, games, ... when depicting the past or past-like settings (such as historical fiction or fantasy)
* when addressing a deity or a king
* in BDSM contexts when a "slave" refers to their "master".
 
In modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''fiar'' and ''séid'' are used for family members, friends, children or teens, animals, people on the Internet, or to address people of lower social position, and ''dTlá'' is used to an addressee of higher position and for strangers; for example, it is considered acceptable for a professor to address his students, or for a boss his employees, using familiar pronouns.


====Demonstratives====
====Correlatives====
*''mé'' = this
*''mé'' = this
*''cé'' = that
*''cé'' = that
Line 655: Line 729:
*''tach'' = where?
*''tach'' = where?
*''tuín, tiann'' = why?
*''tuín, tiann'' = why?
*''tér'' = how?
*''tís'' = when?


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestral Thensarian.
Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestral Thensarian. The pronoun ''dTlá'' is not fused with the preposition, however.
 
''ebh'' = 'after', ''ebhta'' = near/next to
 
''ful'' = 'around' (fulan, fulas, fula, fuli, fulam, fulad, fulac, fular)
 
The sequences ''le'' + ''an'' and ''de'' + ''an'' contract to ''len'' /ʟɛn/ and ''den'' /dɛn/.


The sequence ''le'' + ''an'' contracts to ''lean'' /ʟɛn/.
The 1sg and 2sg forms of prepositions are stressed on the last syllable; all other forms have initial stress.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!|''ar'' 'on'
!|''ar'' 'on'
|''aran''||''aras''||''aru''||''ari''||''aram''||''arad''||''arac''||''arar''
|''aran''||''aras''||''or''||''ari''||''aram''||''arad''||''arac''||''arar''
|-
|-
!|''geil'' 'from'
!|''geil'' 'from'
|''geilin''||''geilis''||''gealu''||''geili''||''geilim''||''geilid''||''geilic''||''geilir''
|''geilan''||''geilas''||''gela''||''geili''||''geilem''||''geiled''||''geilec''||''geiler''
|-
|-
!|''go'' 'with'
!|''go'' 'with'
Line 692: Line 774:
|}
|}


''Ar'' can be used to indicate obligation, as in Irish and Hebrew:
''Ar'' 'on' can be used to indicate obligation, similarly to Irish and Hebrew:
:'''''Aran an cáin le cáil.'''''
:'''''Aran an cáin le descach.'''''
:on-1SG DEF.SG.M food to eat-VN
:on-1SG DEF.SG.M food to eat-VN
:''I have to eat the food.''
:''I have to eat the food.''


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
[[Old {{PAGENAME}}]] had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern {{PAGENAME}} simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system.
[[Old Eevo]] had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. However, many basic verbs are irregular, with many "principal parts"; some common verbs even retain the Old Eevo allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.


Ex:
*''cáigh ná'' 'I eat'; ''cáir'' 'you eat'
*''ní dhesc ná'' 'I don't eat'; ''ní dhescar'' 'you don't eat'
====Present tense====
====Present tense====
The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. For verb stems ending in ''-gh'' or ''-igh'', the ''-gh'' or ''-igh'' is deleted: ''tnáigh hú'' < {{recon|''tnáighigh hú''}} 'he believes'.  
The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. For verb stems ending in ''-gh'' or ''-igh'', the ''-gh'' or ''-igh'' is deleted: ''tnáigh hú'' < {{recon|''tnáighigh hú''}} 'he believes'.  
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
{{col-n}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''STEM-(e)an''
|''STEM-((a)igh) ná''<br/>''STEM-an/en''
|''STEM-ú''
|''STEM-ú''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''STEM-(a)igh géid''<br/>''<sup>B</sup>STEM-(e)ad'' (''poetic'')
|''STEM-((a)igh) céid''<br/>''STEM-ad/ed'' (''poetic'')
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''STEM-(e)ar''
|''STEM-(e)ar''
|''STEM-(a)igh séid''<br/>''<sup>B</sup>STEM-(e)as'' (''poetic'')
|''STEM-((a)igh) séid''<br/>''STEM-as/es'' (''poetic'')
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
|''STEM-(a)igh hú''<br/>''STEM-(a)igh hí''
|''STEM-((a)igh) hú/hí''
|''STEM-(a)igh hár''
|''STEM-((a)igh) hár''
|-
|-
!|Impersonal
!|Impersonal
|colspan="2"|''STEM-(e)a<sup>1</sup>ra''
|colspan="2"|''STEM-a<sup>1</sup>ra/-e<sup>1</sup>ra''
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
Line 741: Line 826:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
| ''molan''
| ''mol(aigh) ná''<br/> ''molan''
| ''molú''
| ''molú''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''molaigh géid''<br/>''molad'' (''poetic'')
| ''mol(aigh) géid''<br/>''molad'' (''poetic'')
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
| ''molar''
| ''molar''
| ''molaigh séid''<br/>''molas'' (''poetic'')
| ''mol(aigh) séid''<br/>''molas'' (''poetic'')
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
|''molaigh hú''<br/>''molaigh hí''
|''mol(aigh) hú''<br/>''mol(aigh) hí''
|''molaigh hár''
|''mol(aigh) hár''
|-
|-
!|Impersonal
!|Impersonal
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
| ''idean''
| ''id(igh) ná''<br/>''iden''
| ''idú''
| ''idú''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
| ''idigh éid''<br/>''idead'' (''poetic'')
| ''id(igh) céid''<br/>''ided'' (''poetic'')
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
| ''idear''
| ''idear''
| ''idigh zéid''<br/>''ideas'' (''poetic'')
| ''id(igh) zéid''<br/>''ides'' (''poetic'')
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
|''idigh hú''<br/>''idigh hí''
|''id(igh) hú/hí''
|''idigh hár''
|''id(igh) hár''
|-
|-
!|Impersonal
!|Impersonal
|colspan="2"|''ideara''
|colspan="2"|''idre''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


<sup>1</sup> The buffer ''-e-'' is added when the previous consonant is a coronal.
<sup>1</sup> The buffer ''-e-'' is added when the previous consonant is a cluster, r or l.


The -igh ending may be deleted in poetry or in casual speech. This is a remnant of Middle Tíogall where there was a distinction between ''molamh hú'' 'he thanks (once)' (dependent ''mola hú'') and ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks (regularly)'.
The ''-igh'' ending in analytic forms must be deleted when a preverbal particle such as ''ní'' 'not', ''ri'' 'REL', ''bhfá'' 'COMP': ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks', but ''ní mhol hú'' 'he does not thank'. For verbs that have a separate stem for imperatives, the imperative stem is used with a preverbal particle. The ''-igh'' may also be deleted or added in poetry. This is a remnant of Middle {{SUBPAGENAME}} where there was a distinction between ''molamh hú'' 'he thanks (once)' (dependent ''mola hú'' or ''mol hú'') and ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks (regularly)'.


====Present progressive====
====Present progressive====
''Laidh ná de cháil'' = I'm eating
''Laidh ná de dhescach'' = I'm eating


''Níl ná de cháil'' = I'm not eating
''Níl ná de dhescach'' = I'm not eating


====Imperfect tense====
====Imperfect tense====
To form the imperfect tense, the particle {{abbtip|[qʷˁeː]|''g'laí''}} is used before the verb, and the verb undergoes eclipsis.
To form the imperfect tense, the particle ''go'' is used before the verb, and the verb undergoes lenition.
*''g'laí mola ná'' 'I used to thank'
*''go mhola ná'' 'I used to thank'
*''g'laí n-ide hí'' 'she used to lie'
*''go h-airde hí'' 'she used to lie'


====Preterite tense====
====Preterite tense====


The suffix ''<sup>i</sup>-ín'' is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''lu''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ''Étaoin'' {{PAGENAME}}.
The suffix ''-ín'' is added to the preterite stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''lu''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ''Étaoin'' {{SUBPAGENAME}}.


:'''''Késín ruk lýn.'''''
:'''''Déicín luc rúin.'''''
:''I ate/have eaten a fruit.''
:''I ate/have eaten a fruit.''


====Pluperfect tense====
====Pluperfect tense====
''gró'' + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.
''g'lao'' + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.
*''gró mørín ná'' 'I had thanked'
*''g'lao moilín ná'' 'I had thanked'
*''gró idín hí'' 'she had lain'
*''g'lao fairdín hí'' 'she had lain'


====Future tense====
====Future tense====
The future tense is formed by suffixing the future marker ''t'' and conjugating the result like a present tense verb.
The future tense is formed by suffixing the future marker ''t'' and conjugating the result like a present tense verb, except that the analytic form is invariably ''-ta/-te''.


The future marker ''t'' is lenited to ''th'' after ''c'' and ''p''. The ''-t-'' becomes ''-at-/-eat-'' after ''t, d, th, dh'' and ''-th-'' /θə/ after ''b, p, g, c''.
The future marker ''-t-'' becomes ''-at-/-et-'' after ''t, d, th, dh'' or any time when a resulting cluster does not consist of two obstruents and would violate the sonority hierarchy (voiced C between two voiceless C's) and ''-th-'' after ''b, p, g, c''.


====Future perfect tense====
====Future perfect tense====
''fácht'' + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.
''fácht'' + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.


====Subjunctive====
====Jussive====
Modern Tíogall just uses ''molúr'' in every person: ''molúr ná'', ''mólúr fiar'', etc.
The jussive is mainly used for third-person imperatives and sometimes to specify a wish or a requirement.
 
Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} just uses ''molúr'' in every person: ''molúr ná'', ''mólúr fiar'', etc. The passive form is ''molrúr''.


The passive form is ''molrúr''.
This form uses ''dá''-L for the negative, not ''tir''-L.


This form uses ''dá''-L for the negative, not ''ní''-L.
:'''''Geilan bhfá ŋgríciúr hí guan.'''''
:''I want her to stay with me.''


====Conditional====
====Conditional====
Line 834: Line 922:
====Imperative====
====Imperative====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
{{col-n}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|L-''STEM-ad!''
|''STEM-ad!''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|L-''STEM!''
|''STEM!''
|L-''STEM-as!''
|''STEM-as!''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
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{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="3" | Imperative of the verb ''moredh'' 'thank'
!colspan="3" | Imperative of the verb ''mol'' 'thank'
|-
|-
!|
!|
Line 877: Line 965:
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''mholad!''
|''molad!''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''mhol!''
|''mol!''
|''mholas!''
|''molas!''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
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{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="3" | Imperative of the verb {{abbtip|idadh|''idedh''}} 'lie in a place'
!colspan="3" | Imperative of the verb ''id'' 'lie in a place'
|-
|-
!|
!|
Line 905: Line 993:
!|1.in
!|1.in
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''idead!''
| ''airded!''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
| ''id!''
| ''aird!''
| ''ideas!''
| ''airdes!''
|-
|-
!|3.m
!|3.m
Line 919: Line 1,007:
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
The polite 2nd person equivalents are ''molúr dTlá'' and ''airdúr dTlá''.
The imperative stem is used in a Hebrew-style "infinitive absolute" construction: ''deasc déctha hú ú'' = 'he will indeed eat it'


====Verbal noun====
====Verbal noun====
Line 924: Line 1,016:


Some markers for verbal nouns:
Some markers for verbal nouns:
*''-ill''
 
*''-as/-is''?
*''-ach/-ech''
*''-ach/-each''
*''-as/-es''
*''-ta/-te''
*''-t/-ta/-te''
*ablaut
*ablaut
*bare stem
*bare stem
*''-a/-e''
*''-ú''
*umlaut/''-e''
*umlaut/''-e''


Line 938: Line 1,032:


===Numbers===
===Numbers===
*0: ''ħaŋíts'' /ha'ŋi:ts/
*1: ''ciamh'' /tʃiəw/
*1: ''ciamh'' /tʃiəw/
*2: ''tioth'' /tɪθ/
*2: ''tioth'' /tɪθ/
Line 948: Line 1,043:
*9: ''bairbh'' /bɛlv/
*9: ''bairbh'' /bɛlv/
*10: ''uar'' /uəl/
*10: ''uar'' /uəl/
*11: ''eáichimh'' /eːʃəw/
*11: ''eáichemh'' /eːʃəw/
*12: ''cnae'' /kneː/
*12: ''cnae'' /kneː/


Numbers must be used with singular nouns. The numbers ''ciamh'' comes after the noun, while other numbers come before it.
Numbers must be used with singular nouns. The numbers ''ciamh'' comes after the noun, while other numbers come before it.
The suffix ''-ar/-er'' is used for 'nth', and ''-tar/-ter'' is used for 'n times'.
1/n = n-bhedh = "n-part" (half = ''drá'')


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
Below are some common {{PAGENAME}} derivational affixes. Tíogall uses compound nouns like German; also, some productive prefixes has been re-analyzed into existence from Old Tíogall prefix combinations. This allowed Tíogall to coin new native words instead of using loanwords.
Below are some common {{SUBPAGENAME}} derivational affixes. In addition to derivational affixes, {{SUBPAGENAME}} uses compound nouns like German; also, some productive prefixes has been re-analyzed into existence from Old Eevo prefix combinations. This allowed {{SUBPAGENAME}} to coin new native words instead of using loanwords.
*''-e'' (f): nominalizer
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
*''-abh/-eabh'' (m): nominalizer
|-
*''-ach/-each, -achar/-eachar'' (f): verbal noun (the most common suffix)
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! colspan="4"|From...
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! Noun
! Verb
! Adjective<br>or Determiner
! Adverb
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! rowspan="4"|To...
! Noun
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|-
! Verb
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! Adjective<br>or Determiner
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! Adverb
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*''-a/e'' (f): nominalizer of verbs and adjectives
*''-ach/-ech, -achar/-echar'' (f): verbal noun (the most common suffix)
*''-acht/-echt'' = forms adjectives from verbs
*''-ám, -áma'' (m/f): augmentative (from Netagin)
*''-ám, -áma'' (m/f): augmentative (from Netagin)
*''-án/-eán, -áin/-eáin'': adjectivizer
*''-án/-eán, -áin/-eáin'': adjectivizer
*''-ar, -ara'': augmentative (Talmic)
*''-ar, -ara'': augmentative (Talmic)
*''-all/-eall'': adjectivizer
*''-(a)im, -(a)imer'' = female suffix
*''-aim, -aimear'' = female suffix
**''-óiŋ'' > ''-óiŋim''
**''-óiŋ'' > ''-óiŋim''
*''-ill'' (m.): nominalizer
*''-ú'' (f.): abstract nouns; -hood
*''-ú'' (f.): abstract nouns; -hood
*''-ín'' = used to form adjectives in Netagin loans; also used with native words sometimes
*''-ín, -íne'' = used to form adjectives in Netagin loans; also used with native words sometimes
*''-aí/-í''/''-aíthe/-íthe'' = another diminutive (from Netagin)
*''-ín, -íní'' = patient, passive participle
*''-chán'' = -able
*''-aí/-í''/''-aíche/-íche'' = diminutive
*''-gán, -gáin'' = -able
*''é-'' = co-, con-, together
*''for-'' = causative
*''má-L'': un-
*''mí-L'': mis-
*''mí-L'': mis-
*''ní-L'' (hyphenated): non-
*''ní-L'' (hyphenated): non-
*''ir-'': un-, non-
*''-óiŋ, -óiŋe'' (m) = agent suffix
*''-óiŋ'' = agent suffix
*''sin-L'': "well"
*''sin-L'': "well"
*Nouns can often be verbed
*Nouns can often be verbed


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
:''Main article: [[Tíogall/Syntax]]''
:''Main article: [[{{SUBPAGENAME}}/Syntax]]''
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Tíogall is relatively purist; most Tíogall vocabulary is of Talmic origin. However, a non-trivial fraction of the vocabulary is loaned from Netagin (either [[Classical Netagin]] or [[Koine Netagin]]) and, to a lesser extent, Clofabic. Most recently, [[Clofabosin]] words are entering the language, mostly in the domains of information technology and culture.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is relatively purist; most {{SUBPAGENAME}} vocabulary is of Talmic origin. However, a non-trivial fraction of the vocabulary is loaned from Netagin (either [[Classical Netagin]] or [[Koine Netagin]]) and, to a lesser extent, Clofabic. Most recently, [[Clofabosin]] words are entering the language, mostly in the domains of information technology and culture.
 
===Colors===
===Calendar and time===
===Kinship terms===
*''annar, annta'' = father
*''iamh, iamhar'' = mother
*''có, cótha'' = son


==Phrasebook==
==Phrasebook==
*{{abbtip|/ə ˈsɛxtə ʟɪs/|''An Saichte leis!''}} (to one person)/{{abbtip|/ə ˈsɛxtə ʟɛk/|''An Saichte leac!''}} (to ≥2 people) = Hello! (lit. "the gods [give blessing] to you")
*{{abbtip|/ə ˈsɛxtə ʟɪs/|''An Saichte leis!''}} (to one person)/{{abbtip|/ə ˈsɛxtə ʟɛk/|''An Saichte lec!''}} (to ≥2 people) = Hello! (lit. "the spirit-complex [give blessing] to you")
*{{abbtip|/ˈmœʟə/|''Moile!''}} = Thank you!
*{{abbtip|/ˈmœʟə/|''Moile!''}} = Thank you!
*{{abbtip|/ʟə ˈheːˌgantə/|''Le h-éganta!''}} = Goodbye! (lit. "to meeting")
*{{abbtip|/ʟə ˈheːˌgantə/|''Le h-éganta!''}} = Goodbye! (lit. "to meeting")
*''Badra ná [NAME].'' = My name is [NAME].
*''Arbára ná [NAME].'' = My name is [NAME].
*{{abbtip|/ˈstaːnsə ˈbœɾə ʟɪs/| ''Stánsa boire leis!''}} = Happy Stannsa!
*{{abbtip|/ˈstaːnsə ˈbœɾə ʟɪs/| ''Stánsa boire leis!''}} = Happy Stannsa!
*{{abbtip|/ˈsŋøːˌxɾeː ˈvœɾə ʟɪs/| ''Sŋaoichré bhoire leis!''}} = Happy birthday!
*{{abbtip|/ˈsŋøːˌxɾeː ˈvœɾə ʟɪs/| ''Sŋaoichré bhoire leis!''}} = Happy birthday!
*{{abbtip|/ˈɪθəl ˈhyŋaːn ʟɪn/|''Ithear huiŋeán lion.''}} = Nice to meet you.
*{{abbtip|/ˈɪθəl ˈhyŋaːn ʟɪn/|''Ither huiŋeán lion.''}} = Nice to meet you.
*{{abbtip|/ˈeːʟən iəl/|''Aeillean iar.''}} = I love you.
*''Aeilligh ná iar.'' / ''Aeilligh ná 'r.'' = I love you.
*''Ní thnáighin leis!'' = I don't believe you!
*''Ní thnáighin leis!'' = I don't believe you!
*''Brós na deallar iar guireanta.'' = Lower your standards. ("Put your eyes lower.")
*''Brós na dellar iar guirenta.'' = Lower your standards. ("Put your eyes lower.")
*''Suinmigh hú'' = it makes sense ("it tunes")
*''Suinmigh hú'' = it makes sense ("it tunes")
*[repeat verb] = Yes, X does [verb]. (reply to ''Is '' [verb] ''... ?'')
*[repeat verb] = Yes, X does [verb]. (reply to ''Is '' [verb] ''... ?'')
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*[inflected form of ''de''] = Yes, X is Y.
*[inflected form of ''de''] = Yes, X is Y.
*''Ní'' + lenition + [verb/adjective/inflected form of ''de''] = No.
*''Ní'' + lenition + [verb/adjective/inflected form of ''de''] = No.
*''Níl'' = No. (reply to ''Is laidh ... ?'')
*''Níl.'' = No. (reply to ''Is laidh ... ?'')


==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===E pur si muove!===
''Sóibh argann argannaigh hú!''
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===UDHR, Article 1===
===UDHR, Article 1===
===Featured language banner===
===Featured language banner===


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Clotricin]]
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