Linguifex

User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
IlL (talk | contribs)
Bots
143,246 edits
mNo edit summary
IlL (talk | contribs)
Bots
143,246 edits
m IlL moved page User:IlL/Spare pages 1-99/51 to User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51 without leaving a redirect
 
(6 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 164: Line 164:


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
''Étaoin'' (Standard) {{SUBPAGENAME}} is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of {{SUBPAGENAME}} speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.
''Étaoin'' (Standard) Tíogall is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of Tíogall speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard Tíogall which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.


The following describes {{SUBPAGENAME}} as spoken in ''Smeola'', the capital of Duínidhe which is often called the "Duínidhe accent".
The following describes Tíogall as spoken in ''Smeola'', the capital of Duínidhe which is often called the "Duínidhe accent".
===Stress===
===Stress===
In native words, primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. In loans, stress may not be initial; in that case, vowels before the stressed syllable are ''not'' reduced.
In native words, primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. In loans, stress may not be initial; in that case, vowels before the stressed syllable are ''not'' reduced.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 25 consonants. The phonology is unusual for having two liquids that do not distinguish "rhoticity".
{{PAGENAME}} has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 25 consonants. The phonology is unusual for having two liquids that do not distinguish "rhoticity".


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''{{SUBPAGENAME}} consonants'''
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal  
!colspan="2"|Nasal  
| '''m''' /m/  
| /m/  
| '''n''' /n/
| /n/
| '''ñ''' /ɲ/
|  
|colspan="2"| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ ||  
|colspan="2"| /ŋ/ ||  
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Stop
!rowspan="2"|Stop
!<small>fortis</small>
!<small>fortis</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| /t/
|  
|  
|colspan="2"| '''c''' /k/ || (ʔ)
|colspan="2"| /k/ || (ʔ)
|-
|-
!<small>lenis</small>
!<small>lenis</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| /d/
|  
|  
|colspan="2"| '''g''' /g/ ||
|colspan="2"| /g/ ||
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|Affricate
!rowspan="2"|Affricate
!<small>fortis</small>
!<small>fortis</small>
|  
|  
| '''ts''' /ts/
| /ts/
| '''tx, ċ''' /tʃ/
| /tʃ/
| || ||  
| || ||  
|-
|-
Line 212: Line 212:
!rowspan="2"|Spirant
!rowspan="2"|Spirant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| '''f''' /f/  
| /f/  
|  
| /θ/
|  
|  
| /x/ || /ħ/ ||
| /x/ || ||
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| /v/
|
| /ð/
|  
|  
| /ɣ/ || /ʕ/ ||
| /ɣ/ || ||
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Sibilant
!rowspan="2"|Sibilant
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|   
|   
| '''s''' /s/  
| /s/  
| '''x''' /ʃ/ || ||  
| /ʃ/ || ||  
| '''h''' /h/
| /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
| /z/ || || || ||
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
!colspan="2"| Liquid
|  
|  
| '''r''' /ɾ~ɺ~l/ || ||  
| /ɾ~ɺ~l/ || ||  
| '''l''' /ʟ/ ||
| /ʟ/ ||
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
!colspan="2"| Approximant
| ||  
| ||  
| '''j''' /j/ ||  
| /j/ ||  
| ||
| ||
|}
|}
Line 243: Line 248:
*An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
*An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
*Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
*Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
*Smeola {{SUBPAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
*Smeola {{PAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
*/n, t, d, θ, ð/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, θ, ð].
*/n, t, d, θ, ð/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, θ, ð].
*/s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].  
*/s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].  
Line 274: Line 279:
|-
|-
!|Grapheme
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''<sup>*</sup>!!''z''!!''x''!!''r''!!''ŋ''!!''c''!!''g''!!''l''!!''ħ''!!''0''
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''<sup>*</sup>!!''z''!!''r''!!''ŋ''!!''c''!!''g''!!''l''!!''ħ''!!''0''
|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
|/m/||/p/||/b/||/f/||/n/||/t/||/d/||/s/||/z/||/ʃ/||/ɺ~l/||/ŋ/||/k/, /tʃ/||/g/, /dʒ/||/ʟ/||/h/||/ʔ/
|/m/||/p/||/b/||/f/||/n/||/t/||/d/||/s/||/z/||/ɺ~l/||/ŋ/||/k/, /tʃ/||/g/, /dʒ/||/ʟ/||/h/||/ʔ/
|-
|-
!|Lenited
!|Lenited
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''-''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''zh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''h-''
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''-''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''zh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''h-''
|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/h/
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/h/
|''-''
|''-''
|/ħ/||/ʕ/||/h/||''silent''
|/θ/||/ð/||/h/||''silent''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''||/x/, /ʃ/||/ɣ/, /j/
|''-''||/x/, /ʃ/||/ɣ/, /j/
Line 294: Line 298:
|-
|-
!|Eclipsed
!|Eclipsed
!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''-''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!''zs''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''!!''gc''!!''ŋg''!!''-''!!''-''!!''n-''
!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''-''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!''zs''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''!!''gc''!!''ŋg''!!''-''!!''-''!!''n-''
|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
Line 308: Line 312:


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities with a tense-lax distinction, and the effects of L-vocalization.
{{PAGENAME}} has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities with a tense-lax distinction, and the effects of L-vocalization.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''{{SUBPAGENAME}} vowels'''
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="3" |
Line 369: Line 373:
|}
|}


<sup>1</sup> /ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Sceola {{SUBPAGENAME}}.
<sup>1</sup> /ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Sceola Tíogall.




Line 378: Line 382:


====''L''-colored vowels====
====''L''-colored vowels====
L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola {{SUBPAGENAME}}):
L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola Tíogall):


* /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
* /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
Line 390: Line 394:
* /œ/ + /ʟ/ > /œʟ/ [œɤˁ]
* /œ/ + /ʟ/ > /œʟ/ [œɤˁ]
* /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɔʟ/ [ɔˁː~ɔɤˁ]
* /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɔʟ/ [ɔˁː~ɔɤˁ]
* /ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ [ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ]
* /ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ /ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ/


Accents that are ''lambdic'' may realize the /ʟ/ in one of several ways (pharyngealization, nasalization, [ɴ], [ʀ]). ''Non-lambdic'' accents are those in which vocalization of ''l'' after vowels is complete; the L-coloring is purely a difference in vowel quality and displays no secondary articulation.
Accents that are ''lambdic'' may realize the /ʟ/ in one of several ways (pharyngealization, nasalization, [ɴ], [ʀ]). ''Non-lambdic'' accents are those in which vocalization of ''l'' after vowels is complete; the L-coloring is purely a difference in vowel quality and displays no secondary articulation.
Line 784: Line 788:
The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. For verb stems ending in ''-gh'' or ''-igh'', the ''-gh'' or ''-igh'' is deleted: ''tnáigh hú'' < {{recon|''tnáighigh hú''}} 'he believes'.  
The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. For verb stems ending in ''-gh'' or ''-igh'', the ''-gh'' or ''-igh'' is deleted: ''tnáigh hú'' < {{recon|''tnáighigh hú''}} 'he believes'.  
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
{{col-n}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
Line 918: Line 922:
====Imperative====
====Imperative====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
{{col-n}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg  " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/User:IlL/Spare_pages_1/51"