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[[Nurian/Lexicon]]
'''Nurian''' is a [[Ramanuric languages|Ramanuric]] language (related to [[Thensarian]] and [[Ramanujan]]) spoken in [[Verse:Tricin]]. It's inspired by Italian, Pali, Arabic and Lithuanian.
 
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''nūrimēn''
|pronunciation=
|region = Nūre
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Quihum languages|Quihum]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Nuric
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=qnr
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Nurian''' (''gaffēn nūrimēn'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] descending from [[Thensarian]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, and Arabic.
 
Numbers: cēmon, tithōr, nagge, δaube, salithe, thāmon, rōde, loθθe, bavve, ħiōr
 
==Introduction==
Nurian is spoken in the western region of the continent called ''Cuadhlabh'' by Tigalls. It is easily the most conservative [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] language, though with signficant influence from Dwischric, in particular [[Dūsswaren]].
 
==Historical phonology==
*''-m'' > ''-n''
*''-s'' > ''-h''
 
===Cluster assimilations===
Double consonants become single word-initially.
*''pl bl ml fl cl gl ngl'' > ''ppi bbi mmi ffi cci ggi ngi''
*''ħl, ȝl'' > ''ħħ, ȝȝ''
*''nl, rl'' > both ''ll''
*''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, cch, ħħ, tth, nnh, llh, rrh''
*''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, ħr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, cch, ng, ħħ''
*''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ''
*''mr'' > ''rr''
*''cn, gn'' > ''ngh, ng''
*''mn'' > ''nn''
*''rC'' > ''CC''
*''lC'' > ''uC''/''iC''/'':C''
*''ft, ct'' > ''tt''
 
==Numbers==
 
==Phonology==
The Nurian consonant inventory contains around 57 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic velarization vs. palatalization in hard-soft pairs. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels. Nurian is quite phonologically conservative among Talmic languages, preserving vowel length and gemination.
===Phonotactics===
Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. In compensation Nurian is rich in geminate consonants; word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /h/ and vowels are allowed.
 
===Dagȳne accent===
 
====Consonants====
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian (Dagȳne)'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
|-
!rowspan="2"| Nasal
!<small>voiceless</small>
| m̊ˠ || m̊ʲ
| n̪̊ˠ ||
| || n̊ʲ
|
| ɲ̊
| ŋ̊
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| mˠ || mʲ
| n̪ˠ ||
| || nʲ
|
| ɲ
| ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| pˠ || pʲ
| t̪ˠ ||
| || tʲ
| tʃ
| kʲ
| k
|
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| pˠʰ || pʲʰ
| t̪ˠʰ ||
| || tʲʰ
| tʃʰ
| kʲʰ
| kʰ
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| bˠ || bʲ
| d̪ˠ ||
| || dʲ
| dʒ
| ɡʲ
| ɡ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| fˠ || fʲ
| θˠ || θʲ
| sˠ || sʲ
|
|
|
| ħ
| h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| vˠ || vʲ
| ðˠ || ðʲ
| zˠ || zʲ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Trill
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| ||
| r̥ˠ || r̥ʲ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| ||
| rˠ || rʲ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Lateral
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| l̥ˠ ||
| || l̥ʲ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| lˠ ||
| || lʲ
| 
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
| ||
| ||
| ||
|
| j
|
| ʕ
|
|}
 
;Notes
*Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
*All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, θˠ, ðˠ/, which are uvularized).
*All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/.
*/tˠ, dˠ, nˠ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ, n̪ˠ].
*/tʲ, dʲ, nʲ/ are laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ, d̻ʲ, n̻ʲ].
*/θˠ, θ, ðˠ, ð/ are dental spirants [θʶ, θ, ðʶ, ð].
*/sˠ, sʲ, zˠ, zʲ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [s̪ˠ, s̪ʲ, z̪ˠ, z̪ʲ].
*/rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
*/rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
*/lˠ/ is a uvularized apical alveolar [l̺ʶ] or uvularized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʶ].
*/lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ].
*/ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄].
*/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are laminal palatalized alveolar [tʃʲ, dʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ].
*Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ].
*/ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ].
*/ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞].
*/h/ is voiced [ɦ] after vowels and voiced consonants.
 
====Vowels====
Nurian has three short and three long monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="2" style="" |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /iː/
|
|
| /ʊ/
| /uː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| [ɛ~æ]
| [æː]
| /a/
| /aː/
| [ɑ]
| [ɑː]
|}
 
'''Diphthongs:''' /aɪ aʊ iɛ uɔ/
 
;Notes
*Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
*/a aː/ each have three allophones:
**[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants
**[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
*Allophony of /a aː/ is, however, reduced in the speech of many younger speakers, who pronounce both as [ɐ aː]
 
===Fiuġġēra accent===
The Fiuggēra [fudˈdʒæːrˁɑ] accent turns hard consonants into uvularized consonants, and soft consonants into plain.
*θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
*Non-rhotic
====Consonants====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes (Fiuggēra)'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
|-
!rowspan="2"| Nasal
!<small>voiceless</small>
| m̊ʶ || m̊
| n̥ʶ ||
| || n̥
|
| ɲ̊
| ŋ̊
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| mʶ || m
| n̪ʶ ||
| || n
|
| ɲ
| ŋʶ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| pʶ || p
| tʶ ||
| || t
| tʃ
| k
| kʶ
|
|
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| pʶʰ || pʰ
| tʶʰ ||
| || tʰ
| tʃʰ
| kʰ
| kʶʰ
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| bʶ || b
| dʶ ||
| || d
| dʒ
| g
| ɡʶ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| fʶ || f
|  || θ
| sʶ || s
|
|
|
| ħ
| h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| vʶ ||
| || ð
| zʶ || z
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Trill
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| ||
| r̥ʶ || r̥
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| ||
| rʶ || r
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Lateral
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| ɬʶ ||
| || ɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| ||
| || l
| 
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
| wʶ || w
| ||
| ||
|
| j
|
| ʕ
|
|}
 
 
;Notes
*Hard consonants are uvularized, like Arabic emphatic consonants.
 
==Orthography==
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Consonants'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''θ''!!''δ''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''c''!!''g''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j''
|-
!Hard
|/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/vˠ/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/
|rowspan="2"|/ħ/
|rowspan="2"|/ʕ/
|rowspan="2"|/h/
|rowspan="2"|/j/
|-
!Soft
|/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/vʲ/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/
|}
 
Aspirated plosives and voiceless resonants /pʰˠ pʰʲ tʰˠ tʰʲ tʃʰ kʰ m̊ˠ m̊ʲ n̪̊ˠ n̊ʲ ɲ̊ ŋ̊ l̥ˠ l̥ʲ r̥ˠ r̥ʲ/ are written {{angbr|''ph th ch mh nh ngh lh rh''}}.
 
===Vowels===
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*''a'': hard /a/ [ɐ~ɑ]
*''ā'': hard /aː/ [ɑː]
*''ai'': hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ]
*''au'': hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ]
*''y'': hard /ɪ/ [ë]
*''y'': hard /iː/
*''o, u'': hard /ʊ/
*''ō'': hard /uɔ/
*''ū'': hard /uː/
{{col-break}}
*''ia, e'': soft /a/ [ɛ]
*''iā, ē'': soft /aː/ [æː]
*''iai'': soft /aɪ/ [ɛɪ]
*''iau'': soft /aʊ/ [ɛʊ]
*''i'': soft /ɪ/
*''ī'': soft /iː/
*''io, iu'': soft /ʊ/
*''iō'': soft /uɔ/
*''iū'': soft /uː/
*''ie'': soft /iə/
{{col-end}}
 
==Grammar==
Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modified-modifier order.
===Nouns===
Sgv-clv-plv system.
 
===Nouns and adjectives===
====Masculine nouns====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''θȳron'' 'bird'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''θȳron'' || ''θoθȳron'' || ''θȳrīh''
|-
! Definite
| ''θȳrai'' || ''θoθȳrai'' || ''θȳrinny''
|}
 
====Feminine nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''gondā'' 'body'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''gondā'' || ''gogondā'' || ''gondār''
|-
! Definite
| ''gondām'' || ''gogondām'' || ''gondāsa''
|}
 
====Neuter nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''tettȳ'' 'child'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''tetty'' || ''tetetty'' || ''tettȳn''
|-
! Definite
| ''tettyh'' || ''tetettyh'' || ''tettȳr''
|}
 
====Mass nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jenā'' 'water' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Indefinite
| ''jenā'' || ''jenenā''
|-
! Definite
| ''jenaȝeh'' || ''jenenaȝeh''
|}
 
===Raddoppiamento sintattico===
Some words or endings trigger a form of ''raddoppiamento sintattico'' on the next word, which is written as ''-r'' in the orthography.
 
[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Conlangs]]
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