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'''Nurian''' (''gaħēs nūrimēs'' /ˈgɐħeːs ˈn̪ˠʊɚrʲɪmʲeːs/) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] descending from [[Thensarian]], aesthetically inspired by Lithuanian, Russian, Italian and English. Nurian phonology and vocabulary has been signficantly influenced by [[Meetzarri]]. It is spoken alongside Meetzarric languages, Clofabic languages and New World Reber Wiebian.
'''Nurian''' is a [[Ramanuric languages|Ramanuric]] language (related to [[Thensarian]] and [[Ramanujan]]) spoken in [[Verse:Tricin]]. It's inspired by Italian, Pali, Arabic and Lithuanian.
 
==Historical phonology==
*Cl > Cj > Cʲ (Italian style): pl bl ml fl cl gl ngl chl ghl > pi bi mi fi ci gi ngi chi ghi
**Exceptions: ''ħl ȝl'' > ''ħħ ȝȝ''; ''nl, rl'' > ''ll''
*C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub> > C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub> (similarly to Italian)
*mlīd - conclusion, end > ''mīd'' /mʲiːdˠ/
*ar- > aC- (ar- before vowels); as- > s-
 
==Numbers==
*1: ''cēm'' /ˈt͡ʃæːmˠ/
*2: ''tiħōr'' /tʲɪˈħɔɚ/
*3: ''nargь'' /ˈnˠɑɚd͡ʒ/
*4: ''dhaufь'' /ˈðˠɐʊfʲ/
*5: ''saliħ'' /ˈsˠɐlʲɪħ/
*6: ''stām'' /ˈsˠtˠɑːm/
*7: ''rōdь'' /ˈrˠoːdʲ/
*8: ''loreħ'' /ˈɫɔɚrʲəħ/
*9: ''farvь'' /ˈfˠɑɚɹɪ/
*10: ''ħiler'' /ˈħɪlʲɛɚ/ (influenced by Meetzarri ''ulyerre'')
*11: ''cēmara'' /ˈt͡ʃæːmˠɑɚrˠə/ (< Themsarian cēmiħioré, influenced by Zutarl ''emarra'')
*12: ''pidь'' /ˈpʲɪdʲ/ (Zutarl pirdi)
*144: ''tarþь'' /ˈtˠɑɚθʲ/
*1728: ''ūbyc'' /ˈuːbˠɪ̞k/
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
 
As a result of a series of historical palatalizations, Nurian has many consonants in hard (velarized) and soft (palatalized) versions, similar to Lithuanian and Russian. Radicals and /h/ cannot palatalize - however, they color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft.
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>vel.</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
! <small>vel.</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
! <small>vel.</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| mˠ || mʲ
| n̪ˠ ||
| || nʲ
| ɲ~ɲ̄
| ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| pˠ || pʲ
| t̪ˠ ||
| || tʲ
| tʃ
| k
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| bˠ || bʲ
| d̪ˠ ||
| || dʲ
| dʒ
| g
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| fˠ || fʲ
| θˠ || θ
| sˠ || sʲ
| ʃ
| x
| ħ
| h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| ðˠ || ð
| zˠ || zʲ
| ʒ
| ɣ
| ʕ
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| ||
| ||
| rˠ || rʲ
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
| w ||
| ||
| (ɹ) ||
| j
|
|
|
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| ɫ ||
| || lʲ
| 
|
|
|
|}
 
[ɹ] occurs in the hiatus after r-colored vowels before another vowel.
 
====Palatalization====
Word-final soft consonants use a soft sign '''ь'''.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Palatalization'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''c''!!''g''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j''
|-
!Hard
|/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/w/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/||/x/||/ɣ/
|rowspan="2"|/ħ/
|rowspan="2"|/ʕ/
|rowspan="2"|/h/
|rowspan="2"|''silent''
|-
!Soft
|/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/j/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/||/ʃ/||/ʒ/
|}
 
'''r''' = r-coloring before a consonant or word-finally
 
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Nurian'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="3" style="" |Front
! style="" |Central
! colspan="3" style="" |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /iː/
| /ɪɚ/
|
| /ʊ/
| /uː/
| /ʊɚ/
|-
! style="" |Mid
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
|
| /ɛɚ/
| [ə]
| /o/
| /oː/
| /ɔɚ/
|-
! style="" |Open
| [æː]
|
| /ɐ/
|
| /ɑː/
| /ɑɚ/
|}
 
'''Diphthongs:''' /ɐɪ/ /ɐʊ/ /iə~iɛ/
 
*Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
*'''ia''' and '''e''' both represent [ɛ], the allophone of /ɐ/ after palatalized consonants.
*[ə] occurs as a reduction of /ɐ/ and /ɛ/, and also occurs after word-final geminates.
 
===Stress===
Stress is phonemic in Nurian. Nurian stress can be derived by applying the following stress pattern in Thensarian and then Thensarian > Nurian sound changes:
*A short final vowel cannot be stressed.
*Only one of the last 3 syllables can be stressed.
*the last heavy syllable is stressed if not the final syllable; if there is a final heavy syllable, the penult is stressed. (e.g. ''burgent'' [ˈbʊɚdʒænt])
*If no heavy syllables, the 3rd from last is stressed.
 
*piudiinъ - final stress;
*piudiin - penult stress
 
==Grammar==
Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modifier-modified order.
===Nouns===
Sgv-clv-plv system.
==Accents and dialects==
===Dialect 1===
Polishy
*ci gi chi ghi = [tʂ dʐ ʂ ʐ]
*sci = [ʂtʂ]
*ti di si zi = [tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ]
*fi > [ç]
*ni ngi > [ɲ]
 
===Dialect 2===
Conservative
*ci gi chi ghi = [kʲ gʲ xʲ ɣʲ]
*sci = [skʲ]
 
===Dialect 3===
Proto-clicky
*ci gi chi ghi = [kɧ gɧ̬ ɧ ɧ̬]
*sci = [ɧː]
*velarized labials and dentals become clicks
 
===Dialect 4===
Scottish Gaelic pseudo-gib
 
[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]]

Latest revision as of 16:10, 15 May 2023

Nurian is a Ramanuric language (related to Thensarian and Ramanujan) spoken in Verse:Tricin. It's inspired by Italian, Pali, Arabic and Lithuanian.

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