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'''Nurian''' (''gaħēs nūrimēs'' /ˈgɐħæːs ˈn̪ˠʊɚrʲɪmʲæːs/) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] descending from [[Thensarian]], aesthetically inspired by Lithuanian, Russian, Italian and English.
'''Nurian''' is a [[Ramanuric languages|Ramanuric]] language (related to [[Thensarian]] and [[Ramanujan]]) spoken in [[Verse:Tricin]]. It's inspired by Italian, Pali, Arabic and Lithuanian.
 
==Introduction==
Nurian is spoken on the west coast of the continent called ''Kuderau'' by Wiebians. It is easily the most conservative [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] language, though with signficant Meetzarric influences. It is spoken alongside Meetzarric languages, Clofabic languages and New World Reber Wiebian.
 
==Historical phonology==
*Cl > Cj > Cʲ (Italian style): pl bl ml fl cl gl ngl chl ghl > pi bi mi fi ci gi ngi chi ghi
**Exceptions: ''ħl ȝl'' > ''ħħ ȝȝ''; ''nl, rl'' > ''ll''
*C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub> > C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub> (similarly to Italian)
*mlīd - conclusion, end > ''mīd'' /mʲiːdˠ/
*ar- > aC- (ar- before vowels); as- > s-
 
==Numbers==
*1: ''cēma'' /ˈt͡ʃæːmˠɐ/
*2: ''tiħōr'' /tʲɪˈħɔɚ/
*3: ''nargь'' /ˈnˠɑɚd͡ʒ/
*4: ''dhaufь'' /ˈðˠɐʊfʲ/
*5: ''saliħь'' /sˠɐˈlʲɪħ/
*6: ''stāma'' /ˈsˠtˠɑːmɐ/
*7: ''rōdь'' /ˈrˠoːdʲ/
*8: ''loreħь'' /ɫɔɚˈrʲæħ/
*9: ''farvь'' /ˈfˠɑɚvʲ/
*10: ''ħiler'' /ˈħɪlʲɛɚ/ (influenced by Meetzarri ''ulyerre'')
*11: ''cēmara'' /ˈt͡ʃæːmˠɑɚrˠɐ/ (< Themsarian ''cēmiħiore'', influenced by Meetzarri ''emarra'')
*12: ''pidь'' /ˈpʲɪdʲ/ (Zutarl pirdi)
*144: ''tarþь'' /ˈtˠɑɚθʲ/
*1728: ''ūbyc'' /ˈuːbˠɪ̞k/
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The standard Nurian consonant inventory contains 42 consonants. A notable feature of Nurian phonology is phonemic palatalization, similar to Lithuanian and Russian. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower following vowels.
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Standard Nurian'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>vel.</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
! <small>vel.</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
! <small>vel.</small>
! <small>pal.</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| mˠ || mʲ
| n̪ˠ ||
| || nʲ
| ɲ~ɲ̄
| ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| pˠ || pʲ
| t̪ˠ ||
| || tʲ
| tʃ
| k
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| bˠ || bʲ
| d̪ˠ ||
| || dʲ
| dʒ
| ɡ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| fˠ || fʲ
| θˠ || θ
| sˠ || sʲ
| ʃ
| x
| ħ
| h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| vˠ || vʲ
| ðˠ || ð
| zˠ || zʲ
| ʒ
| ɣ
| ʕ
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| ||
| ||
| rˠ || rʲ
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
| ||
| ||
| (ɹ) ||
| j
|
|
|
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| ɫ ||
| || lʲ
| 
|
|
|
|}
 
[ɹ] occurs in the hiatus after r-colored vowels before another vowel.
 
====Palatalization====
Word-final soft consonants use a soft sign '''ь'''.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Palatalization'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''c''!!''g''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j''
|-
!Hard
|/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/vˠ/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/||/x/||/ɣ/
|rowspan="2"|/ħ/
|rowspan="2"|/ʕ/
|rowspan="2"|/h/
|rowspan="2"|/j/
|-
!Soft
|/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/vʲ/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/||/ʃ/||/ʒ/
|}
 
'''r''' = r-coloring before a consonant or word-finally
 
===Vowels===
Nurian shows an unusual vowel system, with rhotic vowels and a relative lack of phonemic front vowels. There is a three-way contrast between short, long and rhotic vowels. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low short and rhotic vowels.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Standard Nurian'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="3" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="3" style="" |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /iː/
| /ɪ˞/
|
|
| /ʊ/
| /uː/
| /ʊ˞/
|-
! style="" |Mid
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
|
| [ɛ˞]
| [ə]
| /ɝ/
| /ɔ/
| /oː/
| /ɔ˞/
|-
! style="" |Open
| [æː]
|
| /ɐ/
|
|
| /ɑː/
| [ɑ˞]
|}
 
'''Diphthongs:''' /ɐɪ/ /ɐʊ/ /iə~iɛ/
 
*Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
*/a aː/ has two allophones:
**[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after hard consonants
**[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants
*/ɝ/ has three allophones:
**[ɑ˞] after hard consonants (in or before a stressed syllable)
**[ɛ˞] after soft consonants (in or before a stressed syllable)
**[a˞] after radicals
**[ɝ] in posttonic positions
*[ə] occurs as an epenthetic vowel after word-final geminates except before another vowel.
 
===Stress===
Stress is phonemic in Nurian. Nurian stress can be derived by applying the following stress pattern in Thensarian and then Thensarian > Nurian sound changes:
*A short final vowel cannot be stressed.
*Only one of the last 3 syllables can be stressed.
*the last heavy syllable is stressed if not the final syllable; if there is a final heavy syllable, the penult is stressed. (e.g. ''burgent'' [ˈbʊɚdʒænt])
*If no heavy syllables, the 3rd from last is stressed.
 
*piudiinъ - final stress;
*piudiin - penult stress
 
==Grammar==
Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modifier-modified order.
===Nouns===
Sgv-clv-plv system.
==Accents and dialects==
===Dialect 1===
Polishy
*ci gi chi ghi = [tʂ dʐ ʂ ʐ]
*sci = [ʂtʂ]
*ti di si zi = [tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ]
*fi > [ç]
*ni ngi > [ɲ]
*li > [ʎ]
*θˠ ðˠ > fˠ vˠ
 
===Dialect 2===
Conservative
*ci gi chi ghi = [kʲ gʲ xʲ ɣʲ]
*sci = [skʲ]
 
===Dialect 3===
Fiuschēra [fuʃˈʃæːrˁɑ] accent (Arabic-esque)
*Hard consonants > pharyngealized; soft consonants > plain
*θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
*Non-rhotic
====Consonants====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Fiuschērian Nurian'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>phar.</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>phar.</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>phar.</small>
! <small>plain</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| mˁ || m
| nˁ ||
| || n
| ɲ
| ŋ̠
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| pˁ || p
| tˁ ||
| || t
| tʃ
| k̠
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| bˁ || b
| dˁ ||
| || d
| dʒ
| ɡ&#772;
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| fˁ || f
|  || θ
| sˁ || s
| ʃ
| x~χ
| ħ
| h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| vˁ ||
| || ð
| zˁ || z
| ʒ
| ɣ~ʁ
| ʕ
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| ||
| ||
| rˁ || r
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
| || w
| ||
| ||
| j
|
|
|
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| l̪ˁ ||
| || l
| 
|
|
|
|}
 
====Vowels====
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Standard Nurian'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="2" style="" |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /iː/
|
|
| /ʊ/
| /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
|
| /ə/
| /ɵː/
| [ɤ]
| [oː]
|-
! style="" |Open
| [æː]
| /a/
| /aː/
| [ɑ]
| [ɑː]
|}
 
===Dialect 4===
Scottish Gaelic pseudo-gib
 
[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]]

Latest revision as of 16:10, 15 May 2023

Nurian is a Ramanuric language (related to Thensarian and Ramanujan) spoken in Verse:Tricin. It's inspired by Italian, Pali, Arabic and Lithuanian.

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