Linguifex

Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA): Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA) (view source)

Revision as of 01:15, 23 May 2023

1,410 bytes added ,  23 May 2023
no edit summary
(Created page with " <!-- This is a short reminder of the language format policy. I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on). II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here) III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fa...")
 
No edit summary
 
(9 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:


{{Infobox language
| name              = Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA)
| altname          = Prime Antarctic Pidgin (PAP)
| nativename        = Antarctic
| acceptance        = Official language
| image            = Proposed_flag_of_Antarctica_%28Graham_Bartram%29.svg
| imagesize        = 250px
| imagecaption      = Flag of United Nations of Antarctica
| creator          = User:Caesar05
| created          = 2021
| setting          = [[w:Trinity Peninsula|Trinity Peninsula]] (de facto), [[w:Antarctic Peninsula|Antarctic Peninsula]] (de jure)
| states            = [[w:Esperanza Base|United Nations of Antarctica, Esperanza Base]]
| ethnicity        = [[w:Demographics of Antarctica|Antarctic]]
| extinct          = ∼2250
| familycolor      = Pidgin
| ancestor1        = Various 21st century languages
| dia1              = [[Proto-Antarctic (PPA)|Proto-Antarctic]]
| map              = Ant-pen-map-Trinity-Peninsula.PNG
| mapsize          = 350px
| mapcaption        = Trinity Peninsula
| notice            = IPA/ipa [adds notice for IPA notation]
}}


The '''Prime Pidgin of Antarctica''' emerged amidst the civilizational collapse of the mid-21st century as a desperate attempt to establish a common language among survivors in the inhospitable landscape of the Antarctic continent.


During the 21st century, the languages spoken in Antarctica had been reduced to mere words, with simplified grammar and limited vocabularies. The remnants of these dying languages were fragmented, worn out, and eventually disappeared, blending together in an infamous manner that disregarded the principles of linguistic purity established over millennia. Countless concepts were lost forever, while others were preserved in an effort to construct a fragile bridge of communication among the scattered survivors.


Through the intertwining of these vague communication attempts, the Prime Pidgin of Antarctica emerged as a hybrid of the dying languages spoken in Antarctica during the 21st century. This language served as a last resort for coordinating daily activities and sharing knowledge within the ruins of plundered laboratories, enabling survival in a hostile and merciless environment. It represented the final glimmer of hope for a fallen society gradually emerging from the devastation.


The speakers of the Prime Pidgin of Antarctica perceive it as a melancholic echo of the 21st century. With its fragmented vocabulary and simple grammar, this language provided a means for the remaining desperate remnants of humanity on the Antarctic continent to hold onto their existence in this barren and desolate land.


== Introduction ==


=== Classification ===


{{clade
  |label1=Various 21st century languages of Antarctica|state1=dashed
  |1={{Clade
      |label1=Surviving languages
      |1={{clade
        |1=Basic English
        |2=Residual Spanish
        |3=Residual Russian
        |4=Other sporadic residual languages, creoles and pidgins
        }}
  |2={{Clade
      |label1='''Prime Pidgin of Antarctica'''
      |1={{clade
        |1=Nuclear (Group A) > Early PPA
        |2=Central (Group B) > Standard PPA > [[Proto-Antarctic (PPA)|Proto-Antarctic]]
        |3=Peripheral (Group C) > Late PPA
        }}
      }}
  }}
}}


=== Linguistic history of Antarctica ===


(2000-2025)


(2025-2075)


(2075-2150)


PPA (2150-2250)


Proto-Antarctic (2250-2375)


(†)


First Generations:


As most of its lexicon comes from the Indo-European languages, it can be said to be part of this family; in many respects it can be said to be an English-based pidgin, although it has quite a lot of foreign vocabulary and the grammatical base is un-English.


Origin of lexicon: The data on the languages of origin of the words are based on the official and most spoken languages of the countries with scientific and military stations and bases in Antarctica between 2010 and 2020. For a while there was speculation that the 10 most spoken languages in the world at that time might have contributed a small addition of words, but this hypothesis was later discarded.


It is assumed that most words retained their original pronunciation, spelling and meaning in the early pidgin phase, although this changed later. See: Proto-Antarctic


Origin of vocabulary: Below is the list of words derived from each source language. The evolution of each of the pronunciations for the first phase (early PPA) and second phase (late PPA) of pidgin can be seen.


Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA) also known as Prime Antarctic Pidgin (PAP) is a future language of the Antarctic Peninsula spoken around the year 2050 and 2250 that began to form between the 2010s and 2020s. Pidgin emerged in response to the growing communication needs of the multilingual community of scientists living in Antarctica, who switched languages interchangeably, with basic English as the common interlingua. As communication grew, the pidgin grew stronger. The first children born on the Antarctic Peninsula adopted PPA as their mother tongue. Thus, PPA began to creolize, creating a compact grammar that transformed pidgin into a functional language, from its origins as a simple sum of words without a stable grammar. PPA was the first stage in the development of the first language family known in the Antarctic continent.


Like all languages it has dialects, but in the pidgin phase these small variations depend on the origin of the speakers, as each speaks his own language, pidgin emerges as a simple language of commerce. Once the pidgin was creolized, the speakers were divided into three dialects or three stratified groups:


indistinct mixture descendant of groups A and B


Simplified scheme and evolution of early PPA and late PPA
As can be seen in the table above, the phonological structures of the original languages were simplified, resulting in the diaphonemic reconstruction known as the simplified scheme. From this simplified scheme, the vocabulary of the early PPA was shaped by phonological changes noted below.
The phonology of the PPA pidgin was initially very unstable, as most words retained the pronunciation of their source language. In the creolization phase, the various sounds will begin to form a coherent phonetic set and sound system for vowels and consonants. During pidgin formation, languages reduced their phonotactics to a minimum to make their messages more understandable.
Phonology of Early PPA (year 2050-2150): The first stable phonemic inventory after pidgin creolization was the result of the unconscious agreement of the first speakers. Initially, after the complex evolutions that the phonemes of the original languages underwent, it consisted of a set of 43 phonemes: 19 consonants, 11 sonorants, 2 approximants, 11 vowels and 3 or 2 tones. The number of tones depends on the analysis.


Phonology of Late PPA (year 2150-2250): Subsequently, the phonemic inventory was halved, merging whole phonemes, eliminating tones and leaving only 21 phonemes: 9 consonants, 5 sonorants, 2 approximants, 5 vowels and 0 tones.


<!--
At first, the writing system remained intact, with each word retaining its original spelling as it was written in its language of origin. Later, when pidgin became common, the writing system was reduced to a minimum by eliminating auxiliary signs and all other alphabets, keeping only the basic Latin alphabet of 26 letters. However, words can be written in any of the original alphabets. Possibly, the Latin alphabet continued to be used for quite some time until the appearance of the traditional Antarctic script.


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
The system of prosody, stress and intonation, was derived from tones. While it is true that the tones were pronounced in the early PPA stage, they were not inherited in either the late PPA stage or the proto-Antarctican stage. Therefore, they will not be transcribed, as they are not relevant to later descendants.


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
Proto-Antarctic descends from a realignment of the Antarctic sociolinguistic system that occurred around 2250. Proto-Antarctic emerged as a creole of creoles, presumably descended from Central PPA. During this reorganization, words and meanings were reclassified, giving rise to cultured words derived from the Early PPA and vulgar words derived from the Late PPA.
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.


-->
Simplified Scheme PPA


==Introduction==
These lists of sound changes are applicable in order in [http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html|SCA2].


<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->


<!-- Example categories/headings:
TO DO


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities?
Example categories/headings:
Goals
Goals
Setting
Setting
Inspiration
Inspiration


-->
Phonology
 
What sounds does your language use?
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
Here are some example sub-/other categories:
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
 
Vowel inventory
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Consonant inventory
Line 56: Line 126:
Stress
Stress
Intonation
Intonation
Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't
How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc.


-->
Here are some example subcategories:
==Phonology==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:


Vowel inventory
Grammar
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
 
-->
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
 
===Vowels===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
 
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:


Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
Derivational morphology
An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing
Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc.
Template area


-->
{| class="wikitable"
 
!Language
==Syntax==
!Words
===Constituent order===
|-
===Noun phrase===
| English
===Verb phrase===
|467
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
|Type =No
|Alignment =No
|Head =No
|Tonal =No
|Declined =No
|Conjugated =No
|Genders =No
|Case =No
|NNumber =No
|Definiteness =No
|Gender =No
|Voice =No
|Mood =No
|Person =No
|VNumber =No
|Tense =No
|Aspect =No
|NounCases =No
|NounDefinite =No
|NounNumber =No
|NounGender =No
|VerbPerson =No
|VerbNumber =No
|VerbAspect =No
|VerbTense =No
|VerbMood =No
|VerbVoice =No
|AdjCase =No
|AdjNumber =No
|AdjDefinite =No
|AdjGender =No
|AdjComparative =No
|AdjSuperlative =No
|Supine =No
|Gerund =No
|Participle =No
|Infinitive =No
|Modality =No
|Phonology =No
|Words =No
|Creator =Caesar05
 
'''Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA)''' also known as '''Prime Antarctic Pidgin (PAP)''' is a future language of the Antarctic Peninsula spoken around the year 2050 and 2250 that began to form between the 2010s and 2020s. Pidgin emerged in response to the growing communication needs of the multilingual community of scientists living in Antarctica, who switched languages interchangeably, with basic English as the common interlingua. As communication grew, the pidgin grew stronger.
 
The first children born on the Antarctic Peninsula adopted PPA as their mother tongue. Thus, PPA began to creolize, creating a compact grammar that transformed pidgin into a functional language, from its origins as a simple sum of words without a stable grammar. PPA was the first stage in the development of the first language family known in the Antarctic continent.
 
==Classification, Dialects and proto-Antarctican==
As most of its lexicon comes from the Indo-European languages, it can be said to be part of this family; in many respects it can be said to be an English-based pidgin, although it has quite a lot of foreign vocabulary and the grammatical base is un-English.
 
Like all languages it has dialects, but in the pidgin phase these small variations depend on the origin of the speakers, as each speaks his own language, pidgin emerges as a simple language of commerce.
 
Once the pidgin was creolized, the speakers were divided into three dialects or three stratified groups: nuclear, central and peripheral.
 
* Group A: nuclear PPA (descendant of late PPA).
* Group B: Central PPA (indistinct mixture of groups A and B).
* Group C: peripheral PPA (descendant of early PPA).
 
'''proto-Antarctican''' descends from a realignment of the Antarctic sociolinguistic system that occurred around 2250. proto-Antarctican emerged as a Creole of Creoles, presumably descended from Central PPA. During this reorganization, words and meanings were reclassified, giving rise to cultured words derived from the early PPA and vulgar words derived from the late PPA.
 
==Phonology==
The phonology of the PPA pidgin was initially very unstable, as most words retained the pronunciation of their source language. In the creolization phase, the various sounds will begin to form a coherent phonetic set and sound system for vowels and consonants. During pidgin formation, languages reduced their phonotactics to a minimum to make their messages more understandable. '''See: ''<u>Early PPA and Late PPA</u>'''''
 
===Phonology of Early PPA (year 2050-2150)===
The first stable phonemic inventory after pidgin creolization was the result of the unconscious agreement of the first speakers. Initially, after the complex evolutions that the phonemes of the original languages underwent, it consisted of a set of 43 phonemes: 19 consonants, 11 sonorants, 2 approximants, 11 vowels and 3 or 2 tones. The number of tones depends on the analysis.
 
====Consonants====
{| class="wiki-table"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|Spanish
| m
|248
|n
|ɳ
|ɲ
|ŋ
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
|Russian
!Voiceless
|105
|p
|t
|ʈ
|c
|k
|ʔ
|-
|-
!Voiced
|French
|b
|32
|d
|
|ɟ
|g
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
|Korean
!Voiceless
|30
|f
|s
|
|ʃ
|x
|h
|-
|-
!Voiced
|Japanese
|v
|29
|z
|
|ʒ
|ɣ
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Liquid
|Chinese
!Rhotic
|28
|β
|r
|ɻ
|ɾ
|
|
|-
|-
! Lateral
| Italian
|
|23
|l
|ɭ
|
|
|
|}
 
====Vowels and approximants====
{| class="wiki-table"
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|-
!Approximant
|German
| j
|18
|
|w
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |High
|Hindi
|i
|17
| rowspan="2" |ɨ
|u
|-
|-
|ɪ
|Portuguese
|ʊ
|15
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid
|Dutch
|e
|14
| rowspan="2" |ə
|o
|-
|-
|ɛ
|Norwegian
|ɔ
|10
|-
|-
!Low
|Polish
|
|10
|a
|
|}
 
====Tones====
While it is true that the tones were pronounced in the early PPA stage, they were not inherited in either the late PPA stage or the proto-Antarctican stage. Therefore, they will not be transcribed, as they are not relevant to later descendants.
{| class="wiki-table"
!
!Complex
!Simplified
!Diacritic
|-
|-
!High
|Ukrainian
|˦˥
|5
|˦
|á (Acute accent)
|-
|-
!Mid
|Afrikaans
|˦˧˨
|4
|(˧)
|a (Without accent)
|-
|-
!Low
|Xhosa
|˨˩
|4
|˨
|à (Grave accent)
|}
 
===Phonology of Late PPA (year 2150-2250) ===
Subsequently, the phonemic inventory was halved, merging whole phonemes, eliminating tones and leaving only 21 phonemes: 9 consonants, 5 sonorants, 2 approximants, 5 vowels and 0 tones.
 
====Consonants====
{| class="wiki-table"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Coronal
! Dorsal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
|Zulu
|m
|4
|n
|ŋ
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
|Swedish
!Voiceless
|4
|p
|t
|k
|-
|-
!Voiced
|Finnish
|b
|3
|d
|g
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
|Czech
|f
|2
|s
|h
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Liquid
|Romanian
!Rhotic
|2
|
|r
|
|-
|-
!Lateral
|Bulgarian
|
|2
|l
|
|}
|}


====Vowels and approximants====
== Simplified Scheme Phonology ==
{| class="wiki-table"
 
!
=== Consonants ===
!Front
 
!Central
{| class="wikitable"
!Back
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="4" |Coronal
! colspan="2" |Dorsal
! colspan="2" |Laryngeal
|-
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Pharyngeal
!Glottal
|-
|-
!Approximant
! colspan="3" |Nasal
| j
|m ɱ
|ɱ
|n
|ɳ
|ɲ
|ŋ
|ɴ
|
|
|
|w
|-
|-
!High
! rowspan="4" |Consonant
|i
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!Voiceless
|p
|
|
|u
|t ʦ ʧ ʨ
|ʈ
|c ʧ ʨ
|k
|q
|ʡ
|ʔ
|-
|-
!Mid
!Voiced
|e
|b
|
|
|o
|d ʣ ʤ ʥ
|-
|ɖ
!Low
|ɟ ʤ ʥ
|g
|ɢ
|
|
|a
|
|
|}
==Writing System==
At first, the writing system remained intact, with each word retaining its original spelling as it was written in its language of origin. Later, when pidgin became common, the writing system was reduced to a minimum by eliminating auxiliary signs and all other alphabets, keeping only the basic Latin alphabet of 26 letters. However, words can be written in any of the original alphabets. Possibly, the Latin alphabet continued to be used for quite some time until the appearance of the traditional Antarctic script.
{| class="wiki-table"
!N.
!Letter
!IPA
!Name
!Origin
!N.
!Letter
!IPA
!Name
!Origin
!N.
!Letter
! IPA
!Name
!Origin
|-
|-
!1
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!m
!Voiceless
! /m/
|ɸ f
|e'''m'''
|θ f
|English
|s ʃ ɕ ʦ ʧ ʨ ɧ
!2
|ʂ
!i
|ç ʃ ɕ ʧ ʨ ɧ
! /i/
|x
|'''i'''
|χ
|English
|ħ
!3
|h
!c
|-
!/k/
!Voiced
|'''k'''ii
|β v
|English
|ð v
|z ʒ ʑ ʣ ʤ ʥ
|ʐ
|ʝ ʒ ʑ ʤ ʥ
|ɣ
|ʁ
|ʕ
|ɦ
|-
|-
!4
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant
!y
!Voiceless
! /j/
|ʍ
|'''j'''aɪ
|
|English
|
!5
|
!u
|ɧ
! /u/
|ʍ
|'''u'''
|
|English
|
!6
|
!a
!/a/
|'''a'''
|English
|-
|-
!7
!Voiced
!p
|ʋ ɥ w
!/p/
|ʋ
|'''p'''ii
|
|English
|
!8
|j ɥ
!w
|ɰ w
!/w/
|
|'''w'''ii
|
|English
|
! 9
|-
!n
! rowspan="4" |Rhotic
!/n/
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|e'''n'''
|
|English
|
|ɹ
|ɻ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! 10
! colspan="2" |Plosive
!t
|ⱱ
!/t/
|ⱱ
|'''t'''ii
|ɾ
|English
|ɽ
!11
|
!l
|
!/l/
|
|e'''l'''
|
|English
|
!12
!s
!/s/
|e'''s'''
|English
|-
|-
!13
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!b
!Voiceless
!/b/
|
|'''b'''ii
|
|English
|
!14
|
!ng
|
!/ŋ/
|
|e'''ŋ'''
|
|English
|ʜ
!15
|
!e
! /e/
|'''e'''
|English
|-
|-
!16
!Voiced
!o
|ʙ
!/o/
|
|'''o'''
|r
|English
|
! 17
|
!g
|
!/g/
|ʀ
|'''g'''ii
|ʢ
|English
|
!18
!h
!/h/
|'''h'''eɪtʃ
|English
|-
|-
!19
! rowspan="4" |Lateral
!d
! colspan="2" |Approximant
!/d/
|
|'''d'''ii
|
|English
|l ɫ
!20
|ɭ
!r
|ʎ
!/r/
|ʟ ɫ
|e'''r'''e
|
|Spanish
|
!21
|
!f
!/f/
|e'''f'''e
|Spanish
|-
|-
! 22
! colspan="2" |Plosive
!ñ
|
!/ɲ/
|
|e'''ɲ'''e
|ɺ
|Spanish
|
! 23
|
!ch
|
!/ʃ/
|
|'''ʃ'''e
|
|Spanish
|
!24
!-
!/ʔ/
|gi'''ʔ'''on
|Spanish
|-
|-
!25
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!é
!Voiceless
!/ɛ/
|
|'''ɛ'''
|
|Spanish
|ɬ
!26
|
!ó
|
!/ɔ/
|
|'''ɔ'''
|
|Spanish
|
!27
|
!z
!/z/
|'''z'''eta
|Spanish
|-
|-
!28
!Voiced
!ll
|
!/ʒ/
|
|e'''ʒ'''e
|ɮ
|Spanish
|
!29
|
!v
|
!/v/
|
|'''v'''e
|
|Spanish
|
!30
|-
!р
! rowspan="2" |Non-pulmonic
!/ɾ/
! colspan="2" |Click
|ɛ'''ɾ'''
|ʘ
|Russian
|ǀ
|ǃ
|ǁ
|ǂ
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!31
! colspan="2" |Implosive
!а
|ɓ
!/ə/
|
|'''ə'''
|ɗ
|Russian
|
!32
|ʄ
!х
|ɠ
!/x/
|ʛ
|'''x'''a
|
|Russian
|
!33
|}
!ы
 
!/ɨ/
=== Vowels ===
|'''ɨ'''
 
|Russian
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|-
!34
!Unrounded
!tt
!Rounded
!/ʈ/
!Unrounded
|'''ʈ'''e
!Rounded
|French
!Unrounded
!35
!Rounded
!ㅣ
!/ɪ/
|'''ɪ'''
|Korean
!36
!ガ
!/ɣ/
|'''ɣ'''a
|Japanese
|-
|-
!37
!High
!七
|i
!/c/
|y
|'''c'''ii
|ɨ
|Chinese
|ʉ
!38
|ɯ
!ù
|u
!/ʊ/
|-
|'''ʊ'''
!Near-high
|Italian
|ɪ
!39
|ʏ
!nk
|
!/ɳ/
|
|ɛ'''ɳ'''
|
|German
|ʊ
|-
!High-mid
|e
|ø
|ɘ
|ɵ
|ɤ
|o
|-
|-
!40
!Mid
!ज
|
!/ɟ/
|
|'''ɟ'''ə
|ə
|Hindi
|
!41
|
!lh
|
!/ɭ/
|ɛ'''ɭ'''i
|Portuguese
!42
!wh
!/β/
|'''β'''ee
|Dutch
|-
|-
!43
!Low-mid
!р'
|ɛ
!/ɻ/
|œ
|ɛ'''ɻ'''
|ɜ
|Ukrainian
|ɞ
!
|ʌ
!
|ɔ
!
|-
!
!Near-low
!
|æ
!
|
!
|ɐ
!
|
!
|
!
|
|-
!Low
|a
|ɶ
|
|
|ɑ
|ɒ
|}
|}


==Grammar ==
== Prime Pidgin Phonology ==
===Nouns===
 
===Verbs===
 
===Syntax===


==Lexicon==
=== Consonants ===


===Origin of lexicon===
{| class="wikitable"
The data on the languages of origin of the words are based on the official and most spoken languages of the countries with scientific and military stations and bases in Antarctica between 2010 and 2020. For a while there was speculation that the 10 most spoken languages in the world at that time might have contributed a small addition of words, but this hypothesis was later discarded.
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
{| class="wiki-table"
! rowspan="2" |Labial
!Language
! colspan="3" |Coronal
!Words
! colspan="2" |Dorsal
|-
|-
| English
!Dento-Alveolar
|467
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|-
|Spanish
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|248
|m
|n
|(ɳ)
|(ɲ)
|ŋ
|
|-
|-
|Russian
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
|105
!Voiceless
|p
|t
|(ʈ)
|(c)
|k
|(ʔ)
|-
|-
|French
!Voiced
|32
|b
|d
|
|(ɟ)
|g
|
|-
|-
|Korean
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
|30
!Voiceless
|f
|s
|
|(ʃ)
|(x)
|h
|-
|-
|Japanese
!Voiced
|29
|(v)
|(z)
|
|(ʒ)
|(ɣ)
|
|-
|-
|Chinese
! rowspan="2" |Liquid
|28
!Rhotic
|(β)
|r
|(ɻ)
|(ɾ)
|
|
|-
|-
| Italian
!Lateral
|23
|
|l
|(ɭ)
|
|
|
|}
 
=== Vowels and approximants ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|-
|German
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|18
|j
|
|w
|-
|-
|Hindi
! rowspan="2" |High
|17
!Tense
|i
| rowspan="2" |(ɨ)
|u
|-
|-
|Portuguese
!Lax
|15
|(ɪ)
|(ʊ)
|-
|-
|Dutch
! rowspan="2" |Mid
|14
!Tense
|e
| rowspan="2" |(ə)
|o
|-
|-
|Norwegian
!Lax
|10
|(ɛ)
|(ɔ)
|-
|-
|Polish
! colspan="2" |Low
|10
|
|a
|
|}
 
=== Prosody ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Complex
!Simplified
!Diacritic
|-
|-
|Ukrainian
!High
|5
|˦˥
|˦
|á (Acute accent)
|-
|-
|Afrikaans
!Mid
|4
|˦˧˨
|(˧)
|a (Without accent)
|-
|-
|Xhosa
!Low
|4
|˨˩
|-
|˨
|Zulu
|à (Grave accent)
|4
|-
|Swedish
|4
|-
|Finnish
|3
|-
|Czech
|2
|-
|Romanian
|2
|-
|Bulgarian
|2
|}
|}
It is assumed that most words retained their original pronunciation, spelling and meaning in the early pidgin phase, although this changed later. '''See: ''<u>proto-Antarctican</u>''.'''


===Origin of vocabulary ===
=== Orthography ===
Below is the list of words derived from each source language. The evolution of each of the pronunciations for the first phase (early PPA) and second phase (late PPA) of pidgin can be seen.
 
{| class="wiki-table"
{| class="wikitable"
!Meaning
!N.
!Category
!Letter
!IPA
!Name
!Original pronunciation
!Source language
!N.
!Letter
!IPA
!Name
!Original pronunciation
!Source language
!Source language
!Original writing
!N.
!Letter
! IPA
!Name
!Original pronunciation
!Original pronunciation
!Simplified scheme
!Source language
|-
|-
| yesterday
!1
|adverb
!m
|Afrikaans
! /m/
|gister
|e'''m'''
|ˈχəs.tər
|
|χəstər
|English
!2
!i
! /i/
|'''i'''
|
|English
!3
!c
!/k/
|'''k'''ii
|
|English
|-
|-
|skirt
!4
|noun
!y
|Afrikaans
! /j/
|rok
|'''j'''aɪ
|rɔk
|
|rɔk
|English
!5
!u
! /u/
|'''u'''
|
|English
!6
!a
!/a/
|'''a'''
|
|English
|-
|-
|trousers
!7
|noun
!p
|Afrikaans
!/p/
|broek
|'''p'''ii
|bruk
|
|bruk
|English
!8
!w
!/w/
|'''w'''ii
|
|English
! 9
!n
!/n/
|e'''n'''
|
|English
|-
|-
|yesterday
! 10
|noun
!t
|Afrikaans
!/t/
|gister
|'''t'''ii
|ˈχəs.tər
|
| χəstər
|English
!11
!l
!/l/
|e'''l'''
|
|English
!12
!s
!/s/
|e'''s'''
|
|English
|-
|-
|haveto
!13
|modalverb
!b
|Bulgarian
!/b/
|trjábvam (тря́бвам )
|'''b'''ii
|ˈtrʲa̟bvəm
|
|tɾabvəm
|English
|-
!14
|icecream
!ng
|noun
!/ŋ/
|Bulgarian
|e'''ŋ'''
|sladoléd (сладоле́д)
|
|sɫədoˈlʲɛt
|English
|sɫədoʎɛt
!15
!e
! /e/
|'''e'''
|
|English
|-
|-
|angry
!16
|adjective
!o
|Chinese
!/o/
|fènnù (憤怒)
|'''o'''
|fə̀nnʷùː
|
|fənɴuu
|English
! 17
!g
!/g/
|'''g'''ii
|
|English
!18
!h
!/h/
|'''h'''eɪtʃ
|
|English
|-
|-
|busy
!19
|adjective
!d
|Chinese
!/d/
|máng (忙)
|'''d'''ii
|máŋ
|
|maŋ
|English
!20
!r
!/r/
|e'''r'''e
|
|Spanish
!21
!f
!/f/
|e'''f'''e
|
|Spanish
|-
|-
|sick
! 22
|adjective
!ñ
|Chinese
!/ɲ/
|bìng (病)
|e'''ɲ'''e
|pʲə̀ŋ
|
|ɸpəŋ
|Spanish
! 23
!ch
!/ʃ/
|'''ʃ'''e
|
|Spanish
!24
!-
!/ʔ/
|gi'''ʔ'''on
|
|Spanish
|-
|-
|welcome
!25
|adjective
!é
|Chinese
!/ɛ/
|shòuhuānyíng (受歡迎)
|'''ɛ'''
|ʂə̀uxʷǣnjə́ŋ
|
|ʂəuχænjəŋ
|Spanish
!26
!ó
!/ɔ/
|'''ɔ'''
|
|Spanish
!27
!z
!/z/
|'''z'''eta
|
|Spanish
|-
|-
|welcome
!28
|exclamation
!ll
|Chinese
!/ʒ/
|huānyíng guānglín (歡迎光臨)
|e'''ʒ'''e
|xʷǣnjə́ŋkʷāŋlʲín
|
|χænjəŋqaŋʎin
|Spanish
!29
!v
!/v/
|'''v'''e
|
|Spanish
!30
!р
!/ɾ/
|ɛ'''ɾ'''
|
|Russian
|-
|-
|yes
!31
|exclamation
!а
|Chinese
!/ə/
|shìde (是的)
|'''ə'''
|ʂʐ̩̀ːtɤ
|
|ʂʐʐtɤ
|Russian
!32
!х
!/x/
|'''x'''a
|
|Russian
!33
!ы
!/ɨ/
|'''ɨ'''
|
|Russian
|-
|-
|aunt
!34
|noun
!tt
|Chinese
!/ʈ/
|yímā (姨媽)
|'''ʈ'''e
|íːmāː
|
|iimaa
|French
|-
!35
|bicycle
!ㅣ
|noun
!/ɪ/
|Chinese
|'''ɪ'''
|zìxíngchē (自行車)
|
|tsz̩̀ːɕə́ŋʈʂʰɤ̄ː
|Korean
|tszzɕəŋʈθʂɤɤ
!36
!ガ
!/ɣ/
|'''ɣ'''a
|
|Japanese
|-
|-
|bike
!37
|noun
!七
!/c/
|'''c'''ii
|
|Chinese
|Chinese
|zìxíngchē (自行車)
!38
|tsz̩̀ːɕə́ŋʈʂʰɤ̄ː
!ù
|tszzɕəŋʈθʂɤɤ
!/ʊ/
|'''ʊ'''
|
|Italian
!39
!nk
!/ɳ/
|ɛ'''ɳ'''
|
|German
|-
|-
|blog
!40
|noun
!ज
|Chinese
!/ɟ/
|bókè (博客)
|'''ɟ'''ə
|pʷóːkʰɤ̀ː
|
|fpookxɤɤ
|Hindi
|-
!41
|bread
!lh
| noun
!/ɭ/
|Chinese
|ɛ'''ɭ'''i
|miànbāo (麵包)
|
|mʲæ̀npāu
|Portuguese
|βmænpau
!42
!wh
!/β/
|'''β'''ee
|
|Dutch
|-
!43
!р'
!/ɻ/
|ɛ'''ɻ'''
|
|Ukrainian
!
!
!
|
|
|
!
!
!
|
|
|
|}
 
=== Phonotactics ===
=== Morphophonology ===
== Morphology ==
=== Nouns ===
=== Adjectives ===
=== Verbs ===
=== Adverbs ===
=== Particles ===
== Syntax ==
=== Constituent order ===
=== Noun phrase ===
=== Verb phrase ===
=== Sentence phrase ===
=== Dependent clauses ===
== Other resources ==
== Example texts ==
 
== Lexicon ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Meaning
!Category
!Source language
!Original writing
!Original pronunciation
!Simplified scheme
|-
| yesterday
|adverb
|Afrikaans
|gister
|ˈχəs.tər
|χəstər
|-
|-
|cheese
|skirt
|noun
|noun
|Chinese
|Afrikaans
|qǐsī (起司)
|rok
|tɕʰǐːsz̩̄ː
|rɔk
|tθɕiiszz
|rɔk
|-
|-
|chicken
|trousers
|noun
|noun
|Chinese
|Afrikaans
|jī (雞)
|broek
|tɕīː
|bruk
|tɕii
|bruk
|-
|-
|classroom
|yesterday
|noun
|noun
|Chinese
|Afrikaans
|kètáng (課堂)
|gister
|kʰɤ̀ːtʰáŋ
|ˈχəs.tər
|kxɤɤtθaŋ
| χəstər
|-
|haveto
|modalverb
|Bulgarian
|trjábvam (тря́бвам )
|ˈtrʲa̟bvəm
|tɾabvəm
|-
|-
|cooking
|icecream
|noun
|noun
|Chinese
|Bulgarian
|pēng (烹)
|sladoléd (сладоле́д)
|pʰə̄ŋ
|sɫədoˈlʲɛt
|pfəŋ
|sɫədoʎɛt
|-
|-
|dish
|angry
|noun
|adjective
|Chinese
|Chinese
|pánzi (盤子)
|fènnù (憤怒)
|pʰǽntsz̩
|fə̀nnʷùː
|pfæntsz
|fənɴuu
|-
|-
| dollar
|busy
|noun
|adjective
|Chinese
|Chinese
|měiyuán (美元)
|máng (忙)
|mə̌iɥǽn
|máŋ
|məiɥæn
|maŋ
|-
|-
|grandmother
|sick
|noun
|adjective
|Chinese
|Chinese
|zǔmǔ (祖母)
|bìng (病)
|tsʷǔːmʷǔː
|pʲə̀ŋ
|tʂuuvmuu
|ɸpəŋ
|-
|-
|nose
|welcome
|noun
|adjective
|Chinese
|Chinese
|bízi (鼻子)
|shòuhuānyíng (受歡迎)
|pʲíːtsz̩
|ʂə̀uxʷǣnjə́ŋ
|ɸpiitsz
|ʂəuχænjəŋ
|-
|-
|photograph
|welcome
|noun
|exclamation
|Chinese
|Chinese
|zhàopiàn (照片)
|huānyíng guānglín (歡迎光臨)
|ʈʂàupʰʲæ̀n
|xʷǣnjə́ŋkʷāŋlʲín
|ʈʂaupɸæn
|χænjəŋqaŋʎin
|-
|-
|routine
|yes
|noun
|exclamation
|Chinese
|Chinese
|chángguī (常規)
|shìde (是的)
|ʈʂʰáŋkʷə̄i
|ʂʐ̩̀ːtɤ
|ʈθʂaŋqəi
|ʂʐʐtɤ
|-
|-
|spelling
|aunt
|noun
|noun
|Chinese
|Chinese
|pīnzì (拼字)
|yímā (姨媽)
|pʰʲīntsz̩̀ː
|íːmāː
|pɸintszz
|iimaa
|-
|-
|Thursday
|bicycle
|noun
|noun
|Chinese
|Chinese
|zhōusì (週四)
|zìxíngchē (自行車)
|ʈʂə̄usz̩̀ː
|tsz̩̀ːɕə́ŋʈʂʰɤ̄ː
|ʈʂəuszz
|tszzɕəŋʈθʂɤɤ
|-
|-
|Tuesday
|bike
|noun
|noun
|Chinese
|Chinese
|zhōu'èr (週二)
|zìxíngchē (自行車)
|ʈʂə̄uə̀r
|tsz̩̀ːɕə́ŋʈʂʰɤ̄ː
|ʈʂəuər
|tszzɕəŋʈθʂɤɤ
|-
|-
|seventeen
|blog
|number
|noun
|Chinese
|Chinese
|shíqī (十七)
|bókè (博客)
|ʂʐ̩́ːtɕʰīː
|pʷóːkʰɤ̀ː
|ʂʐʐtθɕii
|fpookxɤɤ
|-
|-
|climb
|bread
|verb
| noun
|Chinese
|Chinese
|pāndēng (攀登)
|miànbāo (麵包)
|pʰǣntə̄ŋ
|mʲæ̀npāu
|pfæntəŋ
|βmænpau
|-
|-
|hate
|cheese
|verb
|noun
|Chinese
|Chinese
|hèn (恨)
|qǐsī (起司)
|xə̀n
|tɕʰǐːsz̩̄ː
|xən
|tθɕiiszz
|-
|-
|welcome
|chicken
|verb
|noun
|Chinese
|Chinese
|huānyíng (歡迎)
|jī (雞)
|xʷǣnjə́ŋ
|tɕīː
|χænjəŋ
|tɕii
|-
|-
|thirsty
|classroom
|adjective
|Czech
|žíznivý
|ˈʒiːzɲɪviː
|ʒiizɲɪvii
|-
|grandparent
|noun
|noun
|Czech
|Chinese
|prarodič
|kètáng (課堂)
|ˈpra-ˈroɟɪt͡ʃ
|kʰɤ̀ːtʰáŋ
|praroɟɪtʃ
|kxɤɤtθaŋ
|-
|-
|hello
|cooking
|exclamation
|noun
|Dutch
|Chinese
|hallo
|pēng (烹)
|ɦɑˈloː
|pʰə̄ŋ
|ɦɑloo
|pfəŋ
|-
|-
|hey
|dish
|exclamation
|noun
|Dutch
|Chinese
|hoi
|pánzi (盤子)
|ɦɔi̯
|pʰǽntsz̩
|ɦɔi
|pfæntsz
|-
|-
|OK
| dollar
|exclamation
|Dutch
|oké
|oˈke
|oke
|-
|banana
|noun
|noun
|Dutch
|Chinese
|banaan
|měiyuán (美元)
|baːˈnaːn
|mə̌iɥǽn
|baanaan
|məiɥæn
|-
|-
|bathroom
|grandmother
|noun
|noun
|Dutch
|Chinese
|badkamer
|zǔmǔ (祖母)
|ˈbɑtˌkaː.mər
|tsʷǔːmʷǔː
|bɑtkaamər
|tʂuuvmuu
|-
|-
|dad
|nose
|noun
|noun
|Dutch
|Chinese
|pa
|bízi (鼻子)
|paː
|pʲíːtsz̩
|paa
|ɸpiitsz
|-
|-
|lesson
|photograph
|noun
|noun
|Dutch
|Chinese
|les
|zhàopiàn (照片)
|lɛs
|ʈʂàupʰʲæ̀n
|lɛs
|ʈʂaupɸæn
|-
|-
|sandwich
|routine
|noun
|noun
|Dutch
|Chinese
|sandwich
|chángguī (常規)
|ˈsɛnd.ʋɪtʃ
|ʈʂʰáŋkʷə̄i
|sɛndʋɪtʃ
|ʈθʂaŋqəi
|-
|-
|supermarket
|spelling
|noun
|noun
|Dutch
|Chinese
|supermarkt
|pīnzì (拼字)
|ˈsy.pərˌmɑrkt
|pʰʲīntsz̩̀ː
|sypərmɑrkt
|pɸintszz
|-
|-
|toilet
|Thursday
|noun
|noun
|Dutch
|Chinese
|wc
|zhōusì (週四)
|ʋeːˈseː
|ʈʂə̄usz̩̀ː
|ʋeesee
|ʈʂəuszz
|-
|-
|vegetable
|Tuesday
|noun
|noun
|Dutch
|Chinese
|groente
|zhōu'èr (週二)
|ˈɣrun.tə
|ʈʂə̄uə̀r
|ɣruntə
|ʈʂəuər
|-
|-
|somebody
|seventeen
|pronoun
|number
|Dutch
|Chinese
|iemand
|shíqī (十七)
|ˈi.mɑnt
|ʂʐ̩́ːtɕʰīː
|imɑnt
|ʂʐʐtθɕii
|-
|-
|thank
|climb
|verb
|verb
|Dutch
|Chinese
|bedanken
|pāndēng (攀登)
|bəˈdɑŋkə(n)
|pʰǣntə̄ŋ
|bədɑŋkən
|pfæntəŋ
|-
|-
|wash
|hate
|verb
|verb
|Dutch
|Chinese
|wassen
|hèn (恨)
|ˈʋɑsə(n)
|xə̀n
|ʋɑsən
|xən
|-
|-
|best
|welcome
|adjective
|verb
|English
|Chinese
|best
|huānyíng (歡迎)
|best
|xʷǣnjə́ŋ
|best
|χænjəŋ
|-
|-
|big
|thirsty
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|Czech
|big
|žíznivý
|bɪg
|ˈʒiːzɲɪviː
|bɪg
|ʒiizɲɪvii
|-
|-
|black
|grandparent
|adjective
|noun
|English
|Czech
|black
|prarodič
|blæk
|ˈpra-ˈroɟɪt͡ʃ
|blæk
|praroɟɪtʃ
|-
|-
|blue
|hello
|adjective
|exclamation
|English
|Dutch
|blue
|hallo
|bluː
|ɦɑˈloː
|bluu
|ɦɑloo
|-
|-
|brown
|hey
|adjective
|exclamation
|English
|Dutch
|brown
|hoi
|bɹaʊn
|ɦɔi̯
|bɹaʊn
|ɦɔi
|-
|-
|capital
|OK
|adjective
|exclamation
|English
|Dutch
|capital
|oké
|ˈkæpɪtl
|oˈke
|kæpɪtl
|oke
|-
|-
|common
|banana
|adjective
|noun
|English
|Dutch
|common
|banaan
|ˈkɒɑːmən
|baːˈnaːn
|kɒɑɑmən
|baanaan
|-
|-
|different
|bathroom
|adjective
|noun
|English
|Dutch
|different
|badkamer
|ˈdɪfɹənt
|ˈbɑtˌkaː.mər
|dɪfɹənt
|bɑtkaamər
|-
|-
|early
|dad
|adjective
|noun
|English
|Dutch
|early
|pa
|ˈɜːɹli
|paː
|ɜɜɹli
|paa
|-
|-
|east
|lesson
|adjective
|noun
|English
|Dutch
|east
|les
|iːst
|lɛs
|iist
|lɛs
|-
|-
|family
|sandwich
|adjective
|noun
|English
|Dutch
|family
|sandwich
|ˈfæməli
|ˈsɛnd.ʋɪtʃ
|fæməli
|sɛndʋɪtʃ
|-
|-
|few
|supermarket
|adjective
|noun
|English
|Dutch
|few
|supermarkt
|fjuː
|ˈsy.pərˌmɑrkt
|fjuu
|sypərmɑrkt
|-
|toilet
|noun
|Dutch
|wc
|ʋeːˈseː
|ʋeesee
|-
|vegetable
|noun
|Dutch
|groente
|ˈɣrun.tə
|ɣruntə
|-
|somebody
|pronoun
|Dutch
|iemand
|ˈi.mɑnt
|imɑnt
|-
|thank
|verb
|Dutch
|bedanken
|bəˈdɑŋkə(n)
|bədɑŋkən
|-
|-
|final
|wash
|adjective
|verb
|English
|Dutch
|final
|wassen
|ˈfaɪnl
|ˈʋɑsə(n)
|faɪnl
|ʋɑsən
|-
|-
|free
|best
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|free
|best
|fɹiː
|best
|fɹii
|best
|-
|-
|front
|big
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|front
|big
|fɹʌnt
|bɪg
|fɹʌnt
|bɪg
|-
|-
|full
|black
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|full
|black
|fʊl
|blæk
|fʊl
|blæk
|-
|-
|good
|blue
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|good
|blue
|gʊd
|bluː
|gʊd
|bluu
|-
|-
|great
|brown
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|great
|brown
|gɹeɪt
|bɹaʊn
|gɹeɪt
|bɹaʊn
|-
|-
|green
|capital
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|green
|capital
|gɹiːn
|ˈkæpɪtl
|gɹiin
|kæpɪtl
|-
|-
|high
|common
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|high
|common
|haɪ
|ˈkɒɑːmən
|haɪ
|kɒɑɑmən
|-
|-
|important
|different
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|important
|different
|ɪmˈpɔːɹtnt
|ˈdɪfɹənt
|ɪmpɔɔɹtnt
|dɪfɹənt
|-
|-
|large
|early
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|large
|early
|lɑːɹdʒ
|ˈɜːɹli
|lɑɑɹdʒ
|ɜɜɹli
|-
|-
|late
|east
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|late
|east
|leɪt
|iːst
|leɪt
|iist
|-
|-
|left
|family
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|left
|family
|left
|ˈfæməli
|left
|fæməli
|-
|-
|light
|few
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|light
|few
|laɪt
|fjuː
|laɪt
|fjuu
|-
|-
|little
|final
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|little
|final
|ˈlɪtl
|ˈfaɪnl
|lɪtl
|faɪnl
|-
|-
|local
|free
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|local
|free
|ˈləʊkl
|fɹiː
|ləʊkl
|fɹii
|-
|-
|long
|front
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|long
|front
|lɒɔːŋ
|fɹʌnt
|lɒɔɔŋ
|fɹʌnt
|-
|-
|main
|full
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|main
|full
|meɪn
|fʊl
|meɪn
|fʊl
|-
|-
|married
|good
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|married
|good
|ˈmæɹid
|gʊd
|mæɹid
|gʊd
|-
|-
|modern
|great
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|modern
|great
|ˈmɒɑːdəɹn
|gɹeɪt
|mɒɑɑdəɹn
|gɹeɪt
|-
|-
|natural
|green
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|natural
|green
|ˈnætʃɹəl
|gɹiːn
|nætʃɹəl
|gɹiin
|-
|-
|near
|high
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|near
|high
|nɪəɹ
|haɪ
|nɪəɹ
|haɪ
|-
|-
|new
|important
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|new
|important
|njuː
|ɪmˈpɔːɹtnt
|njuu
|ɪmpɔɔɹtnt
|-
|-
|next
|large
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|next
|large
|nekst
|lɑːɹdʒ
|nekst
|lɑɑɹdʒ
|-
|-
|north
|late
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|north
|late
|nɔːɹθ
|leɪt
|nɔɔɹθ
|leɪt
|-
|-
|old
|left
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|old
|left
|əʊld
|left
|əʊld
|left
|-
|-
|only
|light
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|only
|light
|ˈəʊnli
|laɪt
|əʊnli
|laɪt
|-
|-
|open
|little
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|open
|little
|ˈəʊpən
|ˈlɪtl
|əʊpən
|lɪtl
|-
|-
|other
|local
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|other
|local
|ˈʌðəɹ
|ˈləʊkl
|ʌðəɹ
|ləʊkl
|-
|-
|own
|long
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|own
|long
|əʊn
|lɒɔːŋ
|əʊn
|lɒɔɔŋ
|-
|-
|personal
|main
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|personal
|main
|ˈpɜːɹsənl
|meɪn
|pɜɜɹsənl
|meɪn
|-
|-
|popular
|married
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|popular
|married
|ˈpɒɑːpjələɹ
|ˈmæɹid
|pɒɑɑpjələɹ
|mæɹid
|-
|-
|possible
|modern
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|possible
|modern
|ˈpɒɑːsəbl
|ˈmɒɑːdəɹn
|pɒɑɑsəbl
|mɒɑɑdəɹn
|-
|-
|present
|natural
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|present
|natural
|ˈpɹeznt
|ˈnætʃɹəl
|pɹeznt
|nætʃɹəl
|-
|-
|real
|near
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|real
|near
|ˈɹiːəl
|nɪəɹ
|ɹiiəl
|nɪəɹ
|-
|-
|red
|new
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|red
|new
|ɹed
|njuː
|ɹed
|njuu
|-
|-
|right
|next
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|right
|next
|ɹaɪt
|nekst
|ɹaɪt
|nekst
|-
|-
|same
|north
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|same
|north
|seɪm
|nɔːɹθ
|seɪm
|nɔɔɹθ
|-
|-
|short
|old
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|short
|old
|ʃɔːɹt
|əʊld
|ʃɔɔɹt
|əʊld
|-
|-
|similar
|only
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|similar
|only
|ˈsɪmələɹ
|ˈəʊnli
|sɪmələɹ
|əʊnli
|-
|-
|small
|open
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|small
|open
|smɔːl
|ˈəʊpən
|smɔɔl
|əʊpən
|-
|-
|south
|other
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|south
|other
|saʊθ
|ˈʌðəɹ
|saʊθ
|ʌðəɹ
|-
|-
|special
|own
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|special
|own
|ˈspeʃl
|əʊn
|speʃl
|əʊn
|-
|-
|strong
|personal
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|strong
|personal
|stɹɒɔːŋ
|ˈpɜːɹsənl
|stɹɒɔɔŋ
|pɜɜɹsənl
|-
|-
|well
|popular
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|well
|popular
|wel
|ˈpɒɑːpjələɹ
|wel
|pɒɑɑpjələɹ
|-
|-
|west
|possible
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|west
|possible
|west
|ˈpɒɑːsəbl
|west
|pɒɑɑsəbl
|-
|-
|white
|present
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|white
|present
|waɪt
|ˈpɹeznt
|waɪt
|pɹeznt
|-
|-
|young
|real
|adjective
|adjective
|English
|English
|young
|real
|jʌŋ
|ˈɹiːəl
|jʌŋ
|ɹiiəl
|-
|-
|about
|red
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|about
|red
|əˈbaʊt
|ɹed
|əbaʊt
|ɹed
|-
|-
|above
|right
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|above
|right
|əˈbʌv
|ɹaɪt
|əbʌv
|ɹaɪt
|-
|-
|across
|same
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|across
|same
|əˈkɹɒɔːs
|seɪm
|əkɹɒɔɔs
|seɪm
|-
|-
|again
|short
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|again
|short
|əˈgen
|ʃɔːɹt
|əgen
|ʃɔɔɹt
|-
|-
|also
|similar
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|also
|similar
|ˈɔːlsəʊ
|ˈsɪmələɹ
|ɔɔlsəʊ
|sɪmələɹ
|-
|-
|around
|small
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|around
|small
|əˈɹaʊnd
|smɔːl
|əɹaʊnd
|smɔɔl
|-
|-
|away
|south
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|away
|south
|əˈweɪ
|saʊθ
|əweɪ
|saʊθ
|-
|-
|back
|special
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|back
|special
|bæk
|ˈspeʃl
|bæk
|speʃl
|-
|-
|behind
|strong
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|behind
|strong
|bɪˈhaɪnd
|stɹɒɔːŋ
|bɪhaɪnd
|stɹɒɔɔŋ
|-
|-
|below
|well
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|below
|well
|bɪˈləʊ
|wel
|bɪləʊ
|wel
|-
|-
|down
|west
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|down
|west
|daʊn
|west
|daʊn
|west
|-
|-
|each
|white
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|each
|white
|iːtʃ
|waɪt
|iitʃ
|waɪt
|-
|-
|early
|young
|adverb
|adjective
|English
|English
|early
|young
|ˈɜːɹli
|jʌŋ
|ɜɜɹli
|jʌŋ
|-
|-
|east
|about
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|east
|about
|iːst
|əˈbaʊt
|iist
|əbaʊt
|-
|-
|even
|above
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|even
|above
|ˈiːvn
|əˈbʌv
|iivn
|əbʌv
|-
|-
|far
|across
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|far
|across
|fɑːɹ
|əˈkɹɒɔːs
|fɑɑɹ
|əkɹɒɔɔs
|-
|-
|first
|again
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|first
|again
|fɜːɹst
|əˈgen
|fɜɜɹst
|əgen
|-
|-
|home
|also
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|home
|also
|həʊm
|ˈɔːlsəʊ
|həʊm
|ɔɔlsəʊ
|-
|-
|how
|around
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|how
|around
|haʊ
|əˈɹaʊnd
|haʊ
|əɹaʊnd
|-
|-
|however
|away
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|however
|away
|haʊˈevəɹ
|əˈweɪ
|haʊevəɹ
|əweɪ
|-
|-
|in
|back
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|in
|back
|ɪn
|bæk
|ɪn
|bæk
|-
|-
|just
|behind
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|just
|behind
|dʒʌst
|bɪˈhaɪnd
|dʒʌst
|bɪhaɪnd
|-
|-
|late
|below
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|late
|below
|leɪt
|bɪˈləʊ
|leɪt
|bɪləʊ
|-
|-
|later
|down
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|later
|down
|ˈleɪtəɹ
|daʊn
|leɪtəɹ
|daʊn
|-
|-
|left
|each
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|left
|each
|left
|iːtʃ
|left
|iitʃ
|-
|-
|long
|early
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|long
|early
|lɒɔːŋ
|ˈɜːɹli
|lɒɔɔŋ
|ɜɜɹli
|-
|-
|more
|east
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|more
|east
|mɔːɹ
|iːst
|mɔɔɹ
|iist
|-
|-
|most
|even
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|most
|even
|məʊst
|ˈiːvn
|məʊst
|iivn
|-
|-
|much
|far
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|much
|far
|mʌtʃ
|fɑːɹ
|mʌtʃ
|fɑɑɹ
|-
|-
|near
|first
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|near
|first
|nɪəɹ
|fɜːɹst
|nɪəɹ
|fɜɜɹst
|-
|-
|never
|home
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|never
|home
|ˈnevəɹ
|həʊm
|nevəɹ
|həʊm
|-
|-
|next
|how
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|next
|how
|nekst
|haʊ
|nekst
|haʊ
|-
|-
|north
|however
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|north
|however
|nɔːɹθ
|haʊˈevəɹ
|nɔɔɹθ
|haʊevəɹ
|-
|-
|not
|in
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|not
|in
|nɒɑːt
|ɪn
|nɒɑɑt
|ɪn
|-
|-
|now
|just
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|now
|just
|naʊ
|dʒʌst
|naʊ
|dʒʌst
|-
|-
|off
|late
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|off
|late
|ɒɔːf
|leɪt
|ɒɔɔf
|leɪt
|-
|-
|often
|later
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|often
|later
|ˈɒɔːfn
|ˈleɪtəɹ
|ɒɔɔfn
|leɪtəɹ
|-
|-
|on
|left
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|on
|left
|ɒɑːn
|left
|ɒɑɑn
|left
|-
|-
|once
|long
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|once
|long
|wʌns
|lɒɔːŋ
|wʌns
|lɒɔɔŋ
|-
|-
|only
|more
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|only
|more
|ˈəʊnli
|mɔːɹ
|əʊnli
|mɔɔɹ
|-
|-
|out
|most
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|out
|most
|aʊt
|məʊst
|aʊt
|məʊst
|-
|-
|outside
|much
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|outside
|much
|ˌaʊtˈsaɪd
|mʌtʃ
|aʊtsaɪd
|mʌtʃ
|-
|-
|over
|near
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|over
|near
|ˈəʊvəɹ
|nɪəɹ
|əʊvəɹ
|nɪəɹ
|-
|-
|right
|never
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|right
|never
|ɹaɪt
|ˈnevəɹ
|ɹaɪt
|nevəɹ
|-
|-
|same
|next
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|same
|next
|seɪm
|nekst
|seɪm
|nekst
|-
|-
|so
|north
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|so
|north
|səʊ
|nɔːɹθ
|səʊ
|nɔɔɹθ
|-
|-
|sometimes
|not
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|sometimes
|not
|ˈsʌmtaɪmz
|nɒɑːt
|sʌmtaɪmz
|nɒɑɑt
|-
|-
|soon
|now
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|soon
|now
|suːn
|naʊ
|suun
|naʊ
|-
|-
|south
|off
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|south
|off
|saʊθ
|ɒɔːf
|saʊθ
|ɒɔɔf
|-
|-
|still
|often
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|still
|often
|stɪl
|ˈɒɔːfn
|stɪl
|ɒɔɔfn
|-
|-
|then
|on
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|then
|on
|ðen
|ɒɑːn
|ðen
|ɒɑɑn
|-
|-
|there
|once
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|there
|once
|ðeəɹ
|wʌns
|ðeəɹ
|wʌns
|-
|-
|through
|only
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|through
|only
|θɹuː
|ˈəʊnli
|θɹuu
|əʊnli
|-
|-
|today
|out
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|today
|out
|təˈdeɪ
|aʊt
|tədeɪ
|aʊt
|-
|-
|together
|outside
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|together
|outside
|təˈgeðəɹ
|ˌaʊtˈsaɪd
|təgeðəɹ
|aʊtsaɪd
|-
|-
|too
|over
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|too
|over
|tuː
|ˈəʊvəɹ
|tuu
|əʊvəɹ
|-
|-
|under
|right
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|under
|right
|ˈʌndəɹ
|ɹaɪt
|ʌndəɹ
|ɹaɪt
|-
|-
|up
|same
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|up
|same
|ʌp
|seɪm
|ʌp
|seɪm
|-
|-
|usually
|so
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|usually
|so
|ˈjuːʒuəli
|səʊ
|juuʒuəli
|səʊ
|-
|-
|very
|sometimes
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|very
|sometimes
|ˈveɹi
|ˈsʌmtaɪmz
|veɹi
|sʌmtaɪmz
|-
|-
|well
|soon
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|well
|soon
|wel
|suːn
|wel
|suun
|-
|-
|west
|south
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|west
|south
|west
|saʊθ
|west
|saʊθ
|-
|-
|when
|still
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|when
|still
|wen
|stɪl
|wen
|stɪl
|-
|-
|where
|then
|adverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|where
|then
|weəɹ
|ðen
|weəɹ
|ðen
|-
|-
|be
|there
|auxiliaryverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|be
|there
|bi
|ðeəɹ
|bi
|ðeəɹ
|-
|-
|do
|through
|auxiliaryverb
|adverb
|English
|English
|do
|through
|də
|θɹuː
|də
|θɹuu
|-
|-
|and
|today
|conjunction
|adverb
|English
|English
|and
|today
|ənd
|təˈdeɪ
|ənd
|tədeɪ
|-
|-
|because
|together
|conjunction
|adverb
|English
|English
|because
|together
|bɪˈkəz
|təˈgeðəɹ
|bɪkəz
|təgeðəɹ
|-
|-
|but
|too
|conjunction
|adverb
|English
|English
|but
|too
|bət
|tuː
|bət
|tuu
|-
|-
|if
|under
|conjunction
|adverb
|English
|English
|if
|under
|ɪf
|ˈʌndəɹ
|ɪf
|ʌndəɹ
|-
|-
|or
|up
|conjunction
|adverb
|English
|English
|or
|up
|ɔːɹ
|ʌp
|ɔɔɹ
|ʌp
|-
|-
|so
|usually
|conjunction
|adverb
|English
|English
|so
|usually
|səʊ
|ˈjuːʒuəli
|səʊ
|juuʒuəli
|-
|-
|than
|very
|conjunction
|adverb
|English
|English
|than
|very
|ðən
|ˈveɹi
|ðən
|veɹi
|-
|-
|that
|well
|conjunction
|adverb
|English
|English
|that
|well
|ðət
|wel
|ðət
|wel
|-
|-
|until
|west
|conjunction
|adverb
|English
|English
|until
|west
|ənˈtɪl
|west
|əntɪl
|west
|-
|-
|when
|when
|conjunction
|adverb
|English
|English
|when
|when
Line 2,027: Line 2,180:
|-
|-
|where
|where
|conjunction
|adverb
|English
|English
|where
|where
Line 2,033: Line 2,186:
|weəɹ
|weəɹ
|-
|-
|the
|be
|definitearticle
|auxiliaryverb
|English
|English
|the
|be
|ðə
|bi
|ðə
|bi
|-
|-
|all
|do
|determiner
|auxiliaryverb
|English
|English
|all
|do
|ɔːl
|də
|ɔɔl
|də
|-
|-
|another
|and
|determiner
|conjunction
|English
|English
|another
|and
|əˈnʌðəɹ
|ənd
|ənʌðəɹ
|ənd
|-
|-
|any
|because
|determiner
|conjunction
|English
|English
|any
|because
|ˈeni
|bɪˈkəz
|eni
|bɪkəz
|-
|-
|both
|but
|determiner
|conjunction
|English
|English
|both
|but
|bəʊθ
|bət
|bəʊθ
|bət
|-
|-
|each
|if
|determiner
|conjunction
|English
|English
|each
|if
|iːtʃ
|ɪf
|iitʃ
|ɪf
|-
|-
|every
|or
|determiner
|conjunction
|English
|English
|every
|or
|ˈevɹi
|ɔːɹ
|evɹi
|ɔɔɹ
|-
|-
|few
|so
|determiner
|conjunction
|English
|English
|few
|so
|fjuː
|səʊ
|fjuu
|səʊ
|-
|-
|first
|than
|determiner
|conjunction
|English
|English
|first
|than
|fɜːɹst
|ðən
|fɜɜɹst
|ðən
|-
|-
|half
|that
|determiner
|conjunction
|English
|English
|half
|that
|hɑːæf
|ðət
|hɑɑæf
|ðət
|-
|-
|her
|until
|determiner
|conjunction
|English
|English
|her
|until
|həɹ
|ənˈtɪl
|həɹ
|əntɪl
|-
|-
|his
|when
|determiner
|conjunction
|English
|English
|his
|when
|hɪz
|wen
|hɪz
|wen
|-
|-
|its
|where
|determiner
|conjunction
|English
|English
|its
|where
|ɪts
|weəɹ
|ɪts
|weəɹ
|-
|-
|last
|the
|definitearticle
|English
|the
|ðə
|ðə
|-
|all
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|last
|all
|lɑːæst
|ɔːl
|lɑɑæst
|ɔɔl
|-
|-
|little
|another
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|little
|another
|ˈlɪtl
|əˈnʌðəɹ
|lɪtl
|ənʌðəɹ
|-
|-
|many
|any
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|many
|any
|ˈmeni
|ˈeni
|meni
|eni
|-
|-
|more
|both
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|more
|both
|mɔːɹ
|bəʊθ
|mɔɔɹ
|bəʊθ
|-
|-
|most
|each
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|most
|each
|məʊst
|iːtʃ
|məʊst
|iitʃ
|-
|-
|much
|every
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|much
|every
|mʌtʃ
|ˈevɹi
|mʌtʃ
|evɹi
|-
|-
|my
|few
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|my
|few
|maɪ
|fjuː
|maɪ
|fjuu
|-
|-
|no
|first
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|no
|first
|nəʊ
|fɜːɹst
|nəʊ
|fɜɜɹst
|-
|-
|one
|half
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|one
|half
|wʌn
|hɑːæf
|wʌn
|hɑɑæf
|-
|-
|second
|her
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|second
|her
|ˈsekənd
|həɹ
|sekənd
|həɹ
|-
|-
|some
|his
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|some
|his
|sʌm
|hɪz
|sʌm
|hɪz
|-
|-
|that
|its
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|that
|its
|ðæt
|ɪts
|ðæt
|ɪts
|-
|-
|their
|last
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|their
|last
|ðeəɹ
|lɑːæst
|ðeəɹ
|lɑɑæst
|-
|-
|this
|little
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|this
|little
|ðɪs
|ˈlɪtl
|ðɪs
|lɪtl
|-
|many
|determiner
|English
|many
|ˈmeni
|meni
|-
|more
|determiner
|English
|more
|mɔːɹ
|mɔɔɹ
|-
|most
|determiner
|English
|most
|məʊst
|məʊst
|-
|-
|what
|much
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|what
|much
|wɒʌt
|mʌtʃ
|wɒʌt
|mʌtʃ
|-
|-
|which
|my
|determiner
|determiner
|English
|English
|which
|my
|wɪtʃ
|maɪ
|wɪtʃ
|maɪ
|-
|-
|no
|no
|exclamation
|determiner
|English
|English
|no
|no
Line 2,243: Line 2,424:
|nəʊ
|nəʊ
|-
|-
|well
|one
|exclamation
|determiner
|English
|English
|well
|one
|wel
|wʌn
|wel
|wʌn
|-
|-
|a
|second
|indefinitearticle
|determiner
|English
|English
|a
|second
|ə
|ˈsekənd
|ə
|sekənd
|-
|-
|to
|some
|infinitivemarker
|determiner
|English
|English
|to
|some
|tə
|sʌm
|tə
|sʌm
|-
|-
|can
|that
|modalverb
|determiner
|English
|English
|can
|that
|kən
|ðæt
|kən
|ðæt
|-
|-
|could
|their
|modalverb
|determiner
|English
|English
|could
|their
|kəd
|ðeəɹ
|kəd
|ðeəɹ
|-
|-
|must
|this
|modalverb
|determiner
|English
|English
|must
|this
|məst
|ðɪs
|məst
|ðɪs
|-
|-
|should
|what
|modalverb
|determiner
|English
|English
|should
|what
|ʃəd
|wɒʌt
|ʃəd
|wɒʌt
|-
|-
|will
|which
|modalverb
|determiner
|English
|English
|will
|which
|wɪl
|wɪtʃ
|wɪl
|wɪtʃ
|-
|-
|would
|no
|modalverb
|exclamation
|English
|English
|would
|no
|wʊd
|nəʊ
|wʊd
|nəʊ
|-
|-
|action
|well
|noun
|exclamation
|English
|English
|action
|well
|ˈækʃn
|wel
|ækʃn
|wel
|-
|-
|age
|a
|noun
|indefinitearticle
|English
|English
|age
|a
|eɪdʒ
|ə
|eɪdʒ
|ə
|-
|-
|air
|to
|noun
|infinitivemarker
|English
|English
|air
|to
|eəɹ
|tə
|eəɹ
|tə
|-
|-
|airport
|can
|noun
|modalverb
|English
|English
|airport
|can
|ˈeəɹpɔːɹt
|kən
|eəɹpɔɔɹt
|kən
|-
|-
|April
|could
|noun
|modalverb
|English
|English
|April
|could
|ˈeɪpɹəl
|kəd
|eɪpɹəl
|kəd
|-
|-
|area
|must
|noun
|modalverb
|English
|English
|area
|must
|ˈeəɹiə
|məst
|eəɹiə
|məst
|-
|-
|art
|should
|noun
|modalverb
|English
|English
|art
|should
|ɑːɹt
|ʃəd
|ɑɑɹt
|ʃəd
|-
|-
|artist
|will
|noun
|modalverb
|English
|English
|artist
|will
|ˈɑːɹtɪst
|wɪl
|ɑɑɹtɪst
|wɪl
|-
|-
|August
|would
|noun
|modalverb
|English
|English
|August
|would
|ɔːˈgʌst
|wʊd
|ɔɔgʌst
|wʊd
|-
|-
|back
|action
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|back
|action
|bæk
|ˈækʃn
|bæk
|ækʃn
|-
|-
|band
|age
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|band
|age
|bænd
|eɪdʒ
|bænd
|eɪdʒ
|-
|-
|bank
|air
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|bank
|air
|bæŋk
|eəɹ
|bæŋk
|eəɹ
|-
|-
|beginning
|airport
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|beginning
|airport
|bɪˈgɪnɪŋ
|ˈeəɹpɔːɹt
|bɪgɪnɪŋ
|eəɹpɔɔɹt
|-
|-
|bill
|April
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|bill
|April
|bɪl
|ˈeɪpɹəl
|bɪl
|eɪpɹəl
|-
|-
|black
|area
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|black
|area
|blæk
|ˈeəɹiə
|blæk
|eəɹiə
|-
|-
|blue
|art
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|blue
|art
|bluː
|ɑːɹt
|bluu
|ɑɑɹt
|-
|-
|body
|artist
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|body
|artist
|ˈbɒɑːdi
|ˈɑːɹtɪst
|bɒɑɑdi
|ɑɑɹtɪst
|-
|-
|book
|August
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|book
|August
|bʊk
|ɔːˈgʌst
|bʊk
|ɔɔgʌst
|-
|-
|brother
|back
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|brother
|back
|ˈbɹʌðəɹ
|bæk
|bɹʌðəɹ
|bæk
|-
|-
|brown
|band
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|brown
|band
|bɹaʊn
|bænd
|bɹaʊn
|bænd
|-
|-
|building
|bank
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|building
|bank
|ˈbɪldɪŋ
|bæŋk
|bɪldɪŋ
|bæŋk
|-
|-
|business
|beginning
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|business
|beginning
|ˈbɪznəs
|bɪˈgɪnɪŋ
|bɪznəs
|bɪgɪnɪŋ
|-
|-
|capital
|bill
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|capital
|bill
|ˈkæpɪtl
|bɪl
|kæpɪtl
|bɪl
|-
|-
|car
|black
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|car
|black
|kɑːɹ
|blæk
|kɑɑɹ
|blæk
|-
|-
|career
|blue
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|career
|blue
|kəˈɹɪəɹ
|bluː
|kəɹɪəɹ
|bluu
|-
|-
|centre
|body
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|centre
|body
|ˈsentəɹ
|ˈbɒɑːdi
|sentəɹ
|bɒɑɑdi
|-
|-
|century
|book
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|century
|book
|ˈsentʃəɹi
|bʊk
|sentʃəɹi
|bʊk
|-
|-
|change
|brother
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|change
|brother
|tʃeɪndʒ
|ˈbɹʌðəɹ
|tʃeɪndʒ
|bɹʌðəɹ
|-
|-
|child
|brown
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|child
|brown
|tʃaɪld
|bɹaʊn
|tʃaɪld
|bɹaʊn
|-
|-
|city
|building
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|city
|building
|ˈsɪti
|ˈbɪldɪŋ
|sɪti
|bɪldɪŋ
|-
|-
|class
|business
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|class
|business
|klɑːæs
|ˈbɪznəs
|klɑɑæs
|bɪznəs
|-
|-
|club
|capital
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|club
|capital
|klʌb
|ˈkæpɪtl
|klʌb
|kæpɪtl
|-
|-
|college
|car
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|college
|car
|ˈkɒɑːlɪdʒ
|kɑːɹ
|kɒɑɑlɪdʒ
|kɑɑɹ
|-
|-
|company
|career
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|company
|career
|ˈkʌmpəni
|kəˈɹɪəɹ
|kʌmpəni
|kəɹɪəɹ
|-
|-
|country
|centre
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|country
|centre
|ˈkʌntɹi
|ˈsentəɹ
|kʌntɹi
|sentəɹ
|-
|-
|course
|century
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|course
|century
|kɔːɹs
|ˈsentʃəɹi
|kɔɔɹs
|sentʃəɹi
|-
|-
|culture
|change
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|culture
|change
|ˈkʌltʃəɹ
|tʃeɪndʒ
|kʌltʃəɹ
|tʃeɪndʒ
|-
|-
|cup
|child
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|cup
|child
|kʌp
|tʃaɪld
|kʌp
|tʃaɪld
|-
|-
|daughter
|city
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|daughter
|city
|ˈdɔːtəɹ
|ˈsɪti
|dɔɔtəɹ
|sɪti
|-
|-
|day
|class
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|day
|class
|deɪ
|klɑːæs
|deɪ
|klɑɑæs
|-
|-
|December
|club
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|December
|club
|dɪˈsembəɹ
|klʌb
|dɪsembəɹ
|klʌb
|-
|-
|design
|college
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|design
|college
|dɪˈzaɪn
|ˈkɒɑːlɪdʒ
|dɪzaɪn
|kɒɑɑlɪdʒ
|-
|-
|east
|company
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|east
|company
|iːst
|ˈkʌmpəni
|iist
|kʌmpəni
|-
|-
|end
|country
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|end
|country
|end
|ˈkʌntɹi
|end
|kʌntɹi
|-
|-
|event
|course
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|event
|course
|ɪˈvent
|kɔːɹs
|ɪvent
|kɔɔɹs
|-
|-
|example
|culture
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|example
|culture
|ɪgˈzɑːæmpl
|ˈkʌltʃəɹ
|ɪgzɑɑæmpl
|kʌltʃəɹ
|-
|-
|family
|cup
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|family
|cup
|ˈfæməli
|kʌp
|fæməli
|kʌp
|-
|-
|father
|daughter
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|father
|daughter
|ˈfɑːðəɹ
|ˈdɔːtəɹ
|fɑɑðəɹ
|dɔɔtəɹ
|-
|-
|February
|day
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|February
|day
|ˈfebɹuəɹi
|deɪ
|febɹuəɹi
|deɪ
|-
|-
|festival
|December
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|festival
|December
|ˈfestɪvl
|dɪˈsembəɹ
|festɪvl
|dɪsembəɹ
|-
|-
|film
|design
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|film
|design
|fɪlm
|dɪˈzaɪn
|fɪlm
|dɪzaɪn
|-
|-
|fire
|east
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|fire
|east
|ˈfaɪəɹ
|iːst
|faɪəɹ
|iist
|-
|-
|food
|end
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|food
|end
|fuːd
|end
|fuud
|end
|-
|-
|football
|event
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|football
|event
|ˈfʊtbɔːl
|ɪˈvent
|fʊtbɔɔl
|ɪvent
|-
|-
|form
|example
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|form
|example
|fɔːɹm
|ɪgˈzɑːæmpl
|fɔɔɹm
|ɪgzɑɑæmpl
|-
|-
|front
|family
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|front
|family
|fɹʌnt
|ˈfæməli
|fɹʌnt
|fæməli
|-
|-
|future
|father
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|future
|father
|ˈfjuːtʃəɹ
|ˈfɑːðəɹ
|fjuutʃəɹ
|fɑɑðəɹ
|-
|-
|game
|February
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|game
|February
|geɪm
|ˈfebɹuəɹi
|geɪm
|febɹuəɹi
|-
|-
|green
|festival
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|green
|festival
|gɹiːn
|ˈfestɪvl
|gɹiin
|festɪvl
|-
|-
|group
|film
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|group
|film
|gɹuːp
|fɪlm
|gɹuup
|fɪlm
|-
|-
|half
|fire
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|half
|fire
|hɑːæf
|ˈfaɪəɹ
|hɑɑæf
|faɪəɹ
|-
|-
|head
|food
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|head
|food
|hed
|fuːd
|hed
|fuud
|-
|-
|health
|football
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|health
|football
|helθ
|ˈfʊtbɔːl
|helθ
|fʊtbɔɔl
|-
|-
|help
|form
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|help
|form
|help
|fɔːɹm
|help
|fɔɔɹm
|-
|-
|history
|front
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|history
|front
|ˈhɪstɹi
|fɹʌnt
|hɪstɹi
|fɹʌnt
|-
|-
|home
|future
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|home
|future
|həʊm
|ˈfjuːtʃəɹ
|həʊm
|fjuutʃəɹ
|-
|-
|hospital
|game
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|hospital
|game
|ˈhɒɑːspɪtl
|geɪm
|hɒɑɑspɪtl
|geɪm
|-
|-
|house
|green
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|house
|green
|haʊs
|gɹiːn
|haʊs
|gɹiin
|-
|-
|information
|group
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|information
|group
|ˌɪnfəɹˈmeɪʃn
|gɹuːp
|ɪnfəɹmeɪʃn
|gɹuup
|-
|-
|interest
|half
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|interest
|half
|ˈɪntɹəst
|hɑːæf
|ɪntɹəst
|hɑɑæf
|-
|-
|island
|head
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|island
|head
|ˈaɪlənd
|hed
|aɪlənd
|hed
|-
|-
|January
|health
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|January
|health
|ˈdʒænjuəɹi
|helθ
|dʒænjuəɹi
|helθ
|-
|-
|July
|help
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|July
|help
|dʒuˈlaɪ
|help
|dʒulaɪ
|help
|-
|-
|June
|history
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|June
|history
|dʒuːn
|ˈhɪstɹi
|dʒuun
|hɪstɹi
|-
|-
|land
|home
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|land
|home
|lænd
|həʊm
|lænd
|həʊm
|-
|-
|language
|hospital
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|language
|hospital
|ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ
|ˈhɒɑːspɪtl
|læŋgwɪdʒ
|hɒɑɑspɪtl
|-
|-
|left
|house
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|left
|house
|left
|haʊs
|left
|haʊs
|-
|-
|library
|information
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|library
|information
|ˈlaɪbɹəɹi
|ˌɪnfəɹˈmeɪʃn
|laɪbɹəɹi
|ɪnfəɹmeɪʃn
|-
|-
|life
|interest
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|life
|interest
|laɪf
|ˈɪntɹəst
|laɪf
|ɪntɹəst
|-
|-
|light
|island
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|light
|island
|laɪt
|ˈaɪlənd
|laɪt
|aɪlənd
|-
|-
|line
|January
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|line
|January
|laɪn
|ˈdʒænjuəɹi
|laɪn
|dʒænjuəɹi
|-
|-
|list
|July
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|list
|July
|lɪst
|dʒuˈlaɪ
|lɪst
|dʒulaɪ
|-
|-
|love
|June
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|love
|June
|lʌv
|dʒuːn
|lʌv
|dʒuun
|-
|-
|magazine
|land
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|magazine
|land
|ˌmægəˈziːn
|lænd
|mægəziin
|lænd
|-
|-
|man
|language
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|man
|language
|mæn
|ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ
|mæn
|læŋgwɪdʒ
|-
|-
|March
|left
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|March
|left
|mɑːɹtʃ
|left
|mɑɑɹtʃ
|left
|-
|-
|market
|library
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|market
|library
|ˈmɑːɹkɪt
|ˈlaɪbɹəɹi
|mɑɑɹkɪt
|laɪbɹəɹi
|-
|-
|match
|life
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|match
|life
|mætʃ
|laɪf
|mætʃ
|laɪf
|-
|-
|May
|light
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|May
|light
|meɪ
|laɪt
|meɪ
|laɪt
|-
|-
|member
|line
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|member
|line
|ˈmembəɹ
|laɪn
|membəɹ
|laɪn
|-
|-
|model
|list
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|model
|list
|ˈmɒɑːdl
|lɪst
|mɒɑɑdl
|lɪst
|-
|-
|money
|love
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|money
|love
|ˈmʌni
|lʌv
|mʌni
|lʌv
|-
|-
|mother
|magazine
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|mother
|magazine
|ˈmʌðəɹ
|ˌmægəˈziːn
|mʌðəɹ
|mægəziin
|-
|-
|mountain
|man
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|mountain
|man
|ˈmaʊntən
|mæn
|maʊntən
|mæn
|-
|-
|museum
|March
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|museum
|March
|mjuˈziːəm
|mɑːɹtʃ
|mjuziiəm
|mɑɑɹtʃ
|-
|-
|music
|market
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|music
|market
|ˈmjuːzɪk
|ˈmɑːɹkɪt
|mjuuzɪk
|mɑɑɹkɪt
|-
|-
|name
|match
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|name
|match
|neɪm
|mætʃ
|neɪm
|mætʃ
|-
|-
|news
|May
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|news
|May
|njuːz
|meɪ
|njuuz
|meɪ
|-
|-
|night
|member
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|night
|member
|naɪt
|ˈmembəɹ
|naɪt
|membəɹ
|-
|-
|north
|model
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|north
|model
|nɔːɹθ
|ˈmɒɑːdl
|nɔɔɹθ
|mɒɑɑdl
|-
|-
|November
|money
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|November
|money
|nəʊˈvembəɹ
|ˈmʌni
|nəʊvembəɹ
|mʌni
|-
|-
|number
|mother
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|number
|mother
|ˈnʌmbəɹ
|ˈmʌðəɹ
|nʌmbəɹ
|mʌðəɹ
|-
|-
|October
|mountain
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|October
|mountain
|ɒɑːkˈtəʊbəɹ
|ˈmaʊntən
|ɒɑɑktəʊbəɹ
|maʊntən
|-
|-
|office
|museum
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|office
|museum
|ˈɒɑːfɪs
|mjuˈziːəm
|ɒɑɑfɪs
|mjuziiəm
|-
|-
|order
|music
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|order
|music
|ˈɔːɹdəɹ
|ˈmjuːzɪk
|ɔɔɹdəɹ
|mjuuzɪk
|-
|-
|park
|name
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|park
|name
|pɑːɹk
|neɪm
|pɑɑɹk
|neɪm
|-
|-
|part
|news
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|part
|news
|pɑːɹt
|njuːz
|pɑɑɹt
|njuuz
|-
|-
|party
|night
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|party
|night
|ˈpɑːɹti
|naɪt
|pɑɑɹti
|naɪt
|-
|-
|people
|north
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|people
|north
|ˈpiːpl
|nɔːɹθ
|piipl
|nɔɔɹθ
|-
|-
|period
|November
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|period
|November
|ˈpɪəɹiəd
|nəʊˈvembəɹ
|pɪəɹiəd
|nəʊvembəɹ
|-
|-
|place
|number
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|place
|number
|pleɪs
|ˈnʌmbəɹ
|pleɪs
|nʌmbəɹ
|-
|-
|plan
|October
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|plan
|October
|plæn
|ɒɑːkˈtəʊbəɹ
|plæn
|ɒɑɑktəʊbəɹ
|-
|-
|plant
|office
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|plant
|office
|plɑːænt
|ˈɒɑːfɪs
|plɑɑænt
|ɒɑɑfɪs
|-
|-
|play
|order
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|play
|order
|pleɪ
|ˈɔːɹdəɹ
|pleɪ
|ɔɔɹdəɹ
|-
|-
|player
|park
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|player
|park
|ˈpleɪəɹ
|pɑːɹk
|pleɪəɹ
|pɑɑɹk
|-
|-
|point
|part
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|point
|part
|pɔɪnt
|pɑːɹt
|pɔɪnt
|pɑɑɹt
|-
|-
|police
|party
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|police
|party
|pəˈliːs
|ˈpɑːɹti
|pəliis
|pɑɑɹti
|-
|-
|post
|people
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|post
|people
|pəʊst
|ˈpiːpl
|pəʊst
|piipl
|-
|-
|practice
|period
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|practice
|period
|ˈpɹæktɪs
|ˈpɪəɹiəd
|pɹæktɪs
|pɪəɹiəd
|-
|-
|present
|place
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|present
|place
|ˈpɹeznt
|pleɪs
|pɹeznt
|pleɪs
|-
|-
|project
|plan
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|project
|plan
|ˈpɹɒɑːdʒekt
|plæn
|pɹɒɑɑdʒekt
|plæn
|-
|-
|radio
|plant
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|radio
|plant
|ˈɹeɪdiəʊ
|plɑːænt
|ɹeɪdiəʊ
|plɑɑænt
|-
|-
|red
|play
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|red
|play
|ɹed
|pleɪ
|ɹed
|pleɪ
|-
|-
|result
|player
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|result
|player
|ɹɪˈzʌlt
|ˈpleɪəɹ
|ɹɪzʌlt
|pleɪəɹ
|-
|-
|return
|point
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|return
|point
|ɹɪˈtɜːɹn
|pɔɪnt
|ɹɪtɜɜɹn
|pɔɪnt
|-
|-
|right
|police
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|right
|police
|ɹaɪt
|pəˈliːs
|ɹaɪt
|pəliis
|-
|-
|river
|post
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|river
|post
|ˈɹɪvəɹ
|pəʊst
|ɹɪvəɹ
|pəʊst
|-
|-
|road
|practice
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|road
|practice
|ɹəʊd
|ˈpɹæktɪs
|ɹəʊd
|pɹæktɪs
|-
|-
|school
|present
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|school
|present
|skuːl
|ˈpɹeznt
|skuul
|pɹeznt
|-
|-
|science
|project
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|science
|project
|ˈsaɪəns
|ˈpɹɒɑːdʒekt
|saɪəns
|pɹɒɑɑdʒekt
|-
|-
|sea
|radio
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|sea
|radio
|siː
|ˈɹeɪdiəʊ
|sii
|ɹeɪdiəʊ
|-
|-
|second
|red
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|second
|red
|ˈsekənd
|ɹed
|sekənd
|ɹed
|-
|-
|section
|result
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|section
|result
|ˈsekʃn
|ɹɪˈzʌlt
|sekʃn
|ɹɪzʌlt
|-
|-
|September
|return
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|September
|return
|sepˈtembəɹ
|ɹɪˈtɜːɹn
|septembəɹ
|ɹɪtɜɜɹn
|-
|-
|show
|right
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|show
|right
|ʃəʊ
|ɹaɪt
|ʃəʊ
|ɹaɪt
|-
|-
|son
|river
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|son
|river
|sʌn
|ˈɹɪvəɹ
|sʌn
|ɹɪvəɹ
|-
|-
|song
|road
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|song
|road
|sɒɔːŋ
|ɹəʊd
|sɒɔɔŋ
|ɹəʊd
|-
|-
|south
|school
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|south
|school
|saʊθ
|skuːl
|saʊθ
|skuul
|-
|-
|space
|science
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|space
|science
|speɪs
|ˈsaɪəns
|speɪs
|saɪəns
|-
|-
|star
|sea
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|star
|sea
|stɑːɹ
|siː
|stɑɑɹ
|sii
|-
|-
|station
|second
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|station
|second
|ˈsteɪʃn
|ˈsekənd
|steɪʃn
|sekənd
|-
|-
|story
|section
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|story
|section
|ˈstɔːɹi
|ˈsekʃn
|stɔɔɹi
|sekʃn
|-
|-
|street
|September
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|street
|September
|stɹiːt
|sepˈtembəɹ
|stɹiit
|septembəɹ
|-
|-
|study
|show
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|study
|show
|ˈstʌdi
|ʃəʊ
|stʌdi
|ʃəʊ
|-
|-
|style
|son
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|style
|son
|staɪl
|sʌn
|staɪl
|sʌn
|-
|-
|success
|song
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|success
|song
|səkˈses
|sɒɔːŋ
|səkses
|sɒɔɔŋ
|-
|-
|summer
|south
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|summer
|south
|ˈsʌməɹ
|saʊθ
|sʌməɹ
|saʊθ
|-
|-
|team
|space
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|team
|space
|tiːm
|speɪs
|tiim
|speɪs
|-
|-
|television
|star
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|television
|star
|ˈtelɪvɪʒn
|stɑːɹ
|telɪvɪʒn
|stɑɑɹ
|-
|-
|theatre
|station
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|theatre
|station
|ˈθiːətəɹ
|ˈsteɪʃn
|θiiətəɹ
|steɪʃn
|-
|-
|time
|story
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|time
|story
|taɪm
|ˈstɔːɹi
|taɪm
|stɔɔɹi
|-
|-
|title
|street
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|title
|street
|ˈtaɪtl
|stɹiːt
|taɪtl
|stɹiit
|-
|-
|today
|study
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|today
|study
|təˈdeɪ
|ˈstʌdi
|tədeɪ
|stʌdi
|-
|-
|town
|style
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|town
|style
|taʊn
|staɪl
|taʊn
|staɪl
|-
|-
|TV
|success
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|TV
|success
|ˌtiː ˈviː
|səkˈses
|tiivii
|səkses
|-
|-
|type
|summer
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|type
|summer
|taɪp
|ˈsʌməɹ
|taɪp
|sʌməɹ
|-
|-
|university
|team
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|university
|team
|ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːɹsəti
|tiːm
|juunɪvɜɜɹsəti
|tiim
|-
|-
|video
|television
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|video
|television
|ˈvɪdiəʊ
|ˈtelɪvɪʒn
|vɪdiəʊ
|telɪvɪʒn
|-
|-
|village
|theatre
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|village
|theatre
|ˈvɪlɪdʒ
|ˈθiːətəɹ
|vɪlɪdʒ
|θiiətəɹ
|-
|-
|water
|time
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|water
|time
|ˈwɔːtəɹ
|taɪm
|wɔɔtəɹ
|taɪm
|-
|-
|way
|title
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|way
|title
|weɪ
|ˈtaɪtl
|weɪ
|taɪtl
|-
|-
|week
|today
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|week
|today
|wiːk
|təˈdeɪ
|wiik
|tədeɪ
|-
|-
|west
|town
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|west
|town
|west
|taʊn
|west
|taʊn
|-
|-
|white
|TV
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|white
|TV
|waɪt
|ˌtiː ˈviː
|waɪt
|tiivii
|-
|-
|wife
|type
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|wife
|type
|waɪf
|taɪp
|waɪf
|taɪp
|-
|-
|woman
|university
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|woman
|university
|ˈwʊmən
|ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːɹsəti
|wʊmən
|juunɪvɜɜɹsəti
|-
|-
|work
|video
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|work
|video
|wɜːɹk
|ˈvɪdiəʊ
|wɜɜɹk
|vɪdiəʊ
|-
|-
|world
|village
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|world
|village
|wɜːɹld
|ˈvɪlɪdʒ
|wɜɜɹld
|vɪlɪdʒ
|-
|-
|writing
|water
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|writing
|water
|ˈɹaɪtɪŋ
|ˈwɔːtəɹ
|ɹaɪtɪŋ
|wɔɔtəɹ
|-
|-
|year
|way
|noun
|noun
|English
|English
|year
|way
|jɪəɹ
|weɪ
|jɪəɹ
|weɪ
|-
|-
|eight
|week
|number
|noun
|English
|English
|eight
|week
|eɪt
|wiːk
|eɪt
|wiik
|-
|-
|five
|west
|number
|noun
|English
|English
|five
|west
|faɪv
|west
|faɪv
|west
|-
|-
|four
|white
|number
|noun
|English
|English
|four
|white
|fɔːɹ
|waɪt
|fɔɔɹ
|waɪt
|-
|-
|million
|wife
|number
|noun
|English
|English
|million
|wife
|ˈmɪljən
|waɪf
|mɪljən
|waɪf
|-
|-
|one
|woman
|number
|noun
|English
|English
|one
|woman
|wʌn
|ˈwʊmən
|wʌn
|wʊmən
|-
|-
|seven
|work
|number
|noun
|English
|English
|seven
|work
|ˈsevn
|wɜːɹk
|sevn
|wɜɜɹk
|-
|-
|six
|world
|number
|noun
|English
|English
|six
|world
|sɪks
|wɜːɹld
|sɪks
|wɜɜɹld
|-
|-
|ten
|writing
|number
|noun
|English
|English
|ten
|writing
|ten
|ˈɹaɪtɪŋ
|ten
|ɹaɪtɪŋ
|-
|-
|three
|year
|number
|noun
|English
|English
|three
|year
|θɹiː
|jɪəɹ
|θɹii
|jɪəɹ
|-
|-
|two
|eight
|number
|number
|English
|English
|two
|eight
|tuː
|eɪt
|tuu
|eɪt
|-
|-
|first
|five
|ordinalnumber
|number
|English
|English
|first
|five
|fɜːɹst
|faɪv
|fɜɜɹst
|faɪv
|-
|-
|fourth
|four
|ordinalnumber
|number
|English
|English
|fourth
|four
|fɔːɹθ
|fɔːɹ
|fɔɔɹθ
|fɔɔɹ
|-
|-
|second
|million
|ordinalnumber
|number
|English
|English
|second
|million
|ˈsekənd
|ˈmɪljən
|sekənd
|mɪljən
|-
|-
|third
|one
|ordinalnumber
|number
|English
|English
|third
|one
|θɜːɹd
|wʌn
|θɜɜɹd
|wʌn
|-
|-
|about
|seven
|preposition
|number
|English
|English
|about
|seven
|əˈbaʊt
|ˈsevn
|əbaʊt
|sevn
|-
|-
|above
|six
|preposition
|number
|English
|English
|above
|six
|əˈbʌv
|sɪks
|əbʌv
|sɪks
|-
|-
|across
|ten
|preposition
|number
|English
|English
|across
|ten
|əˈkɹɒɔːs
|ten
|əkɹɒɔɔs
|ten
|-
|-
|after
|three
|preposition
|number
|English
|English
|after
|three
|ˈɑːæftəɹ
|θɹiː
|ɑɑæftəɹ
|θɹii
|-
|-
|around
|two
|preposition
|number
|English
|English
|around
|two
|əˈɹaʊnd
|tuː
|əɹaʊnd
|tuu
|-
|-
|as
|first
|preposition
|ordinalnumber
|English
|English
|as
|first
|əz
|fɜːɹst
|əz
|fɜɜɹst
|-
|-
|at
|fourth
|preposition
|ordinalnumber
|English
|English
|at
|fourth
|ət
|fɔːɹθ
|ət
|fɔɔɹθ
|-
|-
|before
|second
|preposition
|ordinalnumber
|English
|English
|before
|second
|bɪˈfɔːɹ
|ˈsekənd
|bɪfɔɔɹ
|sekənd
|-
|-
|behind
|third
|preposition
|ordinalnumber
|English
|English
|behind
|third
|bɪˈhaɪnd
|θɜːɹd
|bɪhaɪnd
|θɜɜɹd
|-
|-
|below
|about
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|below
|about
|bɪˈləʊ
|əˈbaʊt
|bɪləʊ
|əbaʊt
|-
|-
|between
|above
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|between
|above
|bɪˈtwiːn
|əˈbʌv
|bɪtwiin
|əbʌv
|-
|-
|by
|across
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|by
|across
|baɪ
|əˈkɹɒɔːs
|baɪ
|əkɹɒɔɔs
|-
|-
|down
|after
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|down
|after
|daʊn
|ˈɑːæftəɹ
|daʊn
|ɑɑæftəɹ
|-
|-
|during
|around
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|during
|around
|ˈdjʊəɹɪŋ
|əˈɹaʊnd
|djʊəɹɪŋ
|əɹaʊnd
|-
|-
|for
|as
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|for
|as
|fəɹ
|əz
|fəɹ
|əz
|-
|-
|from
|at
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|from
|at
|fɹəm
|ət
|fɹəm
|ət
|-
|-
|in
|before
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|in
|before
|ɪn
|bɪˈfɔːɹ
|ɪn
|bɪfɔɔɹ
|-
|-
|into
|behind
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|into
|behind
|ˈɪntə
|bɪˈhaɪnd
|ɪntə
|bɪhaɪnd
|-
|-
|like
|below
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|like
|below
|laɪk
|bɪˈləʊ
|laɪk
|bɪləʊ
|-
|-
|near
|between
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|near
|between
|nɪəɹ
|bɪˈtwiːn
|nɪəɹ
|bɪtwiin
|-
|-
|of
|by
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|of
|by
|əv
|baɪ
|əv
|baɪ
|-
|-
|off
|down
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|off
|down
|ɒɔːf
|daʊn
|ɒɔɔf
|daʊn
|-
|-
|on
|during
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|on
|during
|ɒɑːn
|ˈdjʊəɹɪŋ
|ɒɑɑn
|djʊəɹɪŋ
|-
|-
|out
|for
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|out
|for
|aʊt
|fəɹ
|aʊt
|fəɹ
|-
|-
|over
|from
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|over
|from
|ˈəʊvəɹ
|fɹəm
|əʊvəɹ
|fɹəm
|-
|-
|than
|in
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|than
|in
|ðən
|ɪn
|ðən
|ɪn
|-
|-
|through
|into
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|through
|into
|θɹuː
|ˈɪntə
|θɹuu
|ɪntə
|-
|-
|to
|like
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|to
|like
|tə
|laɪk
|tə
|laɪk
|-
|-
|under
|near
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|under
|near
|ˈʌndəɹ
|nɪəɹ
|ʌndəɹ
|nɪəɹ
|-
|-
|until
|of
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|until
|of
|ənˈtɪl
|əv
|əntɪl
|əv
|-
|-
|up
|off
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|up
|off
|ʌp
|ɒɔːf
|ʌp
|ɒɔɔf
|-
|-
|with
|on
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|with
|on
|wɪð
|ɒɑːn
|wɪð
|ɒɑɑn
|-
|-
|without
|out
|preposition
|preposition
|English
|English
|without
|out
|wɪˈðaʊt
|aʊt
|wɪðaʊt
|aʊt
|-
|-
|all
|over
|pronoun
|preposition
|English
|English
|all
|over
|ɔːl
|ˈəʊvəɹ
|ɔɔl
|əʊvəɹ
|-
|-
|another
|than
|pronoun
|preposition
|English
|English
|another
|than
|əˈnʌðəɹ
|ðən
|ənʌðəɹ
|ðən
|-
|-
|any
|through
|pronoun
|preposition
|English
|English
|any
|through
|ˈeni
|θɹuː
|eni
|θɹuu
|-
|-
|both
|to
|pronoun
|preposition
|English
|English
|both
|to
|bəʊθ
|tə
|bəʊθ
|tə
|-
|-
|each
|under
|pronoun
|preposition
|English
|English
|each
|under
|iːtʃ
|ˈʌndəɹ
|iitʃ
|ʌndəɹ
|-
|-
|few
|until
|pronoun
|preposition
|English
|English
|few
|until
|fjuː
|ənˈtɪl
|fjuu
|əntɪl
|-
|-
|half
|up
|pronoun
|preposition
|English
|English
|half
|up
|hɑːæf
|ʌp
|hɑɑæf
|ʌp
|-
|with
|preposition
|English
|with
|wɪð
|wɪð
|-
|-
|he
|without
|pronoun
|preposition
|English
|English
|he
|without
|hi
|wɪˈðaʊt
|hi
|wɪðaʊt
|-
|-
|her
|all
|pronoun
|pronoun
|English
|English
|her
|all
|həɹ
|ɔːl
|həɹ
|ɔɔl
|-
|-
|him
|another
|pronoun
|pronoun
|English
|English
|him
|another
|hɪm
|əˈnʌðəɹ
|hɪm
|ənʌðəɹ
|-
|-
|I
|any
|pronoun
|pronoun
|English
|English
|I
|any
|aɪ
|ˈeni
|aɪ
|eni
|-
|-
|it
|both
|pronoun
|pronoun
|English
|English
|it
|both
|ɪt
|bəʊθ
|ɪt
|bəʊθ
|-
|-
|little
|each
|pronoun
|pronoun
|English
|English
|little
|each
|iːtʃ
|iitʃ
|-
|few
|pronoun
|English
|few
|fjuː
|fjuu
|-
|half
|pronoun
|English
|half
|hɑːæf
|hɑɑæf
|-
|he
|pronoun
|English
|he
|hi
|hi
|-
|her
|pronoun
|English
|her
|həɹ
|həɹ
|-
|him
|pronoun
|English
|him
|hɪm
|hɪm
|-
|I
|pronoun
|English
|I
|aɪ
|aɪ
|-
|it
|pronoun
|English
|it
|ɪt
|ɪt
|-
|little
|pronoun
|English
|little
|ˈlɪtl
|ˈlɪtl
|lɪtl
|lɪtl
Line 8,263: Line 8,507:
|pfumuula
|pfumuula
|}
|}
===Simplified scheme and evolution of early PPA and late PPA===
As can be seen in the table above, the phonological structures of the original languages were simplified, resulting in the diaphonemic reconstruction known as the simplified scheme. From this simplified scheme, the vocabulary of the early PPA was shaped by phonological changes noted below.
{| class="wiki-table"
!Meaning
!Category
!Simplified scheme
!Early PPA (2050-2150)
!Late PPA (2150-2250)
|}
==Sound changes==
These lists of sound changes are applicable in order in [http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html SCA2].
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wiki-table"
!From "Simplified Scheme PPA" to "Early PPA"
|-
|X=ɨɘəɜɐ
*Implosives
ɓ/bʔ/_
ɗ/dʔ/_
ʄ/ɟʔ/_
ɠ/gʔ/_
ʛ/ɢʔ/_
*Clicks
ʘ/pǃ/_
ǀ/ptǃ/_
ǃ/tǃ/_
ǁ/ʈǃ/_
ǂ/cǃ/_
*Voiceless sonorants
ǃ/hʔ/_
ʍ/hw/_
ɬ/hɮ/_
ʜ/hʢ/_
*Coarticulated phonemes
ʦ/ts/_
ʣ/dz/_
ʧ/tʃ/_
ʤ/dʒ/_
ʨ/tɕ/_
ʥ/dʑ/_
ʃ/çs/_
ʒ/ʝz/_
ɕ/sç/_
ʑ/zʝ/_
ɱ/mɱ/_
f/ɸθ/_
v/βð/_
ʋ/ʋʋ/_
ⱱ/ⱱⱱ/_
ɥ/ʋj/_
w/ʋɰ/_
ɫ/lʟ/_
ɧ/sçj/_
*Dentals
ɱ/m/_
θ/ɸs/_
ð/βz/_
*Rhotics
ɻ/ɹ/_
[ⱱɽ]/ɾ/_
[ʙʀʢ]/r/_
*Laterals
ʟ/ɭ/_
[ɮɺ]/l/_
*Pharyngeals
ʡ/ʔ/_
ħ/h/_
ʕ/ɦ/_
*Uvulars
ɴ/ŋ/_
q/kʔ/_
ɢ/g/_
χ/xh/_
ʁ/ɣɦ/_
*Rounded vowels
y/wi/_
ʏ/wɪ/_
ø/we/_
œ/wɛ/_
ɶ/wa/_
ʉ/wɨ/_
ɵ/wɘ/_
ɞ/wɜ/_
ɯ/wu/_
ɤ/wo/_
ʌ/wɔ/_
ɑ/wɒ/_
*Approximants
ʋ/βw/_
ɰ/ɣw/_
*Retroflexes
ɳ/nw/_
ʈ/tw/_
ɖ/dw/_
ʂ/sw/_
ʐ/zw/_
ɹ/rw/_
ɭ/lw/_
*Palatals
ɲ/nj/_
c/tj/_
ɟ/dj/_
ç/sj/_
ʝ/zj/_
ɾ/rj/_
ʎ/lj/_
*Readjustment of phonemes for Early PPA
ɸ/f/_
β/v/_
æ/a/_
ɦ/h/_
*Centralization of vowels
i/jɨ/_
ɪ/jɘ/_
e/jə/_
ɛ/jɜ/_
a/jɐ/_
u/wɨ/_
ʊ/wɘ/_
o/wə/_
ɔ/wɜ/_
ɒ/wɐ/_
*Methatesis of vowels
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
*Approximants
w//_²
j//_²
*Retroflex series
nw/ɳ/_
tw/ʈ/_
rw/ɻ/_
lw/ɭ/_
*Palatal series
nj/ɲ/_
tj/c/_
dj/ɟ/_
sj/ʃ/_
zj/ʒ/_
rj/ɾ/_
*Vowel simplification
ɨɨɨ/ɨɨ/_
ɘɘɘ/ɘɘ/_
əəə/əə/_
ɜɜɜ/ɜɜ/_
ɐɐɐ/ɐɐ/_
*Vowel length
ɨɨ/ɨː/_
ɘɘ/ɘː/_
əə/əː/_
ɜɜ/ɜː/_
ɐɐ/ɐː/_
*Monophthongation
jɨ/i/_
jɘ/ɪ/_
jə/e/_
jɜ/ɛ/_
jɐ/a/_
wɨ/u/_
wɘ/ʊ/_
wə/o/_
wɜ/ɔ/_
wɐ/a/_
ɘ/ɨ/_
ɜ/ə/_
|}
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wiki-table"
!From "Early PPA" to "Late PPA"
|-
|C=mnŋrlpbtdkgfsh
V=aeiou
*Vowels
[jɪɨ]/i/_
[wʊ]/u/_
[ɛə]/e/_
ɔ/o/_
*Voiced fricatives
v/f/_
β/ɸ/_
z/s/_
ʐ/ʂ/_
ʒ/ʃ/_
ɣ/x/_
ɦ/h/_
*Glottals
ʔ//_
x/h/_
*Liquids
[ɭʎ]/l/_
[ɻɾ]/r/_
*Coronals
[ɳɲ]/n/_
[ʈc]/t/_
[ɖɟ]/d/_
[ʂʃ]/s/_
*Labials
ɸ/f/_
*Simplification of geminates
C//_²
V//_²
*Approximants
i/j/V_
u/w/V_
i/j/_V
u/w/_V
|}
==Example text==
.


[[Category:PPA]]
[[Category:PPA]]
Caesar05
64

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/306490...306610"