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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name              = Prime Pidgin of Antarctica
| name              = Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA)
| altname          = PPA
| altname          = Prime Antarctic Pidgin (PAP)
| nativename        = Antarctic
| nativename        = Antarctic
| acceptance        = Official language
| acceptance        = Official language
Line 23: Line 23:
}}
}}


'''Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA)''' also known as '''Prime Antarctic Pidgin (PAP)''' is a future language of the Antarctic Peninsula spoken around the year 2050 and 2250 that began to form between the 2010s and 2020s. Pidgin emerged in response to the growing communication needs of the multilingual community of scientists living in Antarctica, who switched languages interchangeably, with basic English as the common interlingua. As communication grew, the pidgin grew stronger.
The '''Prime Pidgin of Antarctica''' emerged amidst the civilizational collapse of the mid-21st century as a desperate attempt to establish a common language among survivors in the inhospitable landscape of the Antarctic continent.


The first children born on the Antarctic Peninsula adopted PPA as their mother tongue. Thus, PPA began to creolize, creating a compact grammar that transformed pidgin into a functional language, from its origins as a simple sum of words without a stable grammar. PPA was the first stage in the development of the first language family known in the Antarctic continent.
During the 21st century, the languages spoken in Antarctica had been reduced to mere words, with simplified grammar and limited vocabularies. The remnants of these dying languages were fragmented, worn out, and eventually disappeared, blending together in an infamous manner that disregarded the principles of linguistic purity established over millennia. Countless concepts were lost forever, while others were preserved in an effort to construct a fragile bridge of communication among the scattered survivors.
 
Through the intertwining of these vague communication attempts, the Prime Pidgin of Antarctica emerged as a hybrid of the dying languages spoken in Antarctica during the 21st century. This language served as a last resort for coordinating daily activities and sharing knowledge within the ruins of plundered laboratories, enabling survival in a hostile and merciless environment. It represented the final glimmer of hope for a fallen society gradually emerging from the devastation.
 
The speakers of the Prime Pidgin of Antarctica perceive it as a melancholic echo of the 21st century. With its fragmented vocabulary and simple grammar, this language provided a means for the remaining desperate remnants of humanity on the Antarctic continent to hold onto their existence in this barren and desolate land.


== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Line 39: Line 43:
         |2=Residual Spanish
         |2=Residual Spanish
         |3=Residual Russian
         |3=Residual Russian
         |4=Other sporadic residual languages
         |4=Other sporadic residual languages, creoles and pidgins
         }}
         }}
   |2={{Clade
   |2={{Clade
Line 45: Line 49:
       |1={{clade
       |1={{clade
         |1=Nuclear (Group A) > Early PPA
         |1=Nuclear (Group A) > Early PPA
         |2=Central (Group B) > Standard PPA > [[Proto-Antarctic (PPA)|Proto-Antarctic]]|state2=dashed
         |2=Central (Group B) > Standard PPA > [[Proto-Antarctic (PPA)|Proto-Antarctic]]
         |3=Peripheral (Group C) > Late PPA
         |3=Peripheral (Group C) > Late PPA
         }}
         }}
Line 54: Line 58:
=== Linguistic history of Antarctica ===
=== Linguistic history of Antarctica ===


==== Languages of Antarctica ====
(2000-2025)
 
(2025-2075)
 
(2075-2150)
 
PPA (2150-2250)
 
Proto-Antarctic (2250-2375)


First Generations: 2000-2050
(†)


Various 21st century languages of Antarctica (2000-2050 †)
First Generations:
Basic English (2000-2150 †)
Residual Spanish (2000-2150 †)
Residual Russian (2000-2150 †)


As most of its lexicon comes from the Indo-European languages, it can be said to be part of this family; in many respects it can be said to be an English-based pidgin, although it has quite a lot of foreign vocabulary and the grammatical base is un-English.  
As most of its lexicon comes from the Indo-European languages, it can be said to be part of this family; in many respects it can be said to be an English-based pidgin, although it has quite a lot of foreign vocabulary and the grammatical base is un-English.  


Origin of lexicon: The data on the languages of origin of the words are based on the official and most spoken languages of the countries with scientific and military stations and bases in Antarctica between 2010 and 2020. For a while there was speculation that the 10 most spoken languages in the world at that time might have contributed a small addition of words, but this hypothesis was later discarded.
Origin of lexicon: The data on the languages of origin of the words are based on the official and most spoken languages of the countries with scientific and military stations and bases in Antarctica between 2010 and 2020. For a while there was speculation that the 10 most spoken languages in the world at that time might have contributed a small addition of words, but this hypothesis was later discarded.
{| class="wiki-table"
 
It is assumed that most words retained their original pronunciation, spelling and meaning in the early pidgin phase, although this changed later. See: Proto-Antarctic
 
Origin of vocabulary: Below is the list of words derived from each source language. The evolution of each of the pronunciations for the first phase (early PPA) and second phase (late PPA) of pidgin can be seen.
 
Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA) also known as Prime Antarctic Pidgin (PAP) is a future language of the Antarctic Peninsula spoken around the year 2050 and 2250 that began to form between the 2010s and 2020s. Pidgin emerged in response to the growing communication needs of the multilingual community of scientists living in Antarctica, who switched languages interchangeably, with basic English as the common interlingua. As communication grew, the pidgin grew stronger. The first children born on the Antarctic Peninsula adopted PPA as their mother tongue. Thus, PPA began to creolize, creating a compact grammar that transformed pidgin into a functional language, from its origins as a simple sum of words without a stable grammar. PPA was the first stage in the development of the first language family known in the Antarctic continent.
 
Like all languages it has dialects, but in the pidgin phase these small variations depend on the origin of the speakers, as each speaks his own language, pidgin emerges as a simple language of commerce. Once the pidgin was creolized, the speakers were divided into three dialects or three stratified groups:
 
indistinct mixture descendant of groups A and B
 
Simplified scheme and evolution of early PPA and late PPA
As can be seen in the table above, the phonological structures of the original languages were simplified, resulting in the diaphonemic reconstruction known as the simplified scheme. From this simplified scheme, the vocabulary of the early PPA was shaped by phonological changes noted below.
 
The phonology of the PPA pidgin was initially very unstable, as most words retained the pronunciation of their source language. In the creolization phase, the various sounds will begin to form a coherent phonetic set and sound system for vowels and consonants. During pidgin formation, languages reduced their phonotactics to a minimum to make their messages more understandable.
 
Phonology of Early PPA (year 2050-2150): The first stable phonemic inventory after pidgin creolization was the result of the unconscious agreement of the first speakers. Initially, after the complex evolutions that the phonemes of the original languages underwent, it consisted of a set of 43 phonemes: 19 consonants, 11 sonorants, 2 approximants, 11 vowels and 3 or 2 tones. The number of tones depends on the analysis.
 
Phonology of Late PPA (year 2150-2250): Subsequently, the phonemic inventory was halved, merging whole phonemes, eliminating tones and leaving only 21 phonemes: 9 consonants, 5 sonorants, 2 approximants, 5 vowels and 0 tones.
 
At first, the writing system remained intact, with each word retaining its original spelling as it was written in its language of origin. Later, when pidgin became common, the writing system was reduced to a minimum by eliminating auxiliary signs and all other alphabets, keeping only the basic Latin alphabet of 26 letters. However, words can be written in any of the original alphabets. Possibly, the Latin alphabet continued to be used for quite some time until the appearance of the traditional Antarctic script.
 
The system of prosody, stress and intonation, was derived from tones. While it is true that the tones were pronounced in the early PPA stage, they were not inherited in either the late PPA stage or the proto-Antarctican stage. Therefore, they will not be transcribed, as they are not relevant to later descendants.
 
Proto-Antarctic descends from a realignment of the Antarctic sociolinguistic system that occurred around 2250. Proto-Antarctic emerged as a creole of creoles, presumably descended from Central PPA. During this reorganization, words and meanings were reclassified, giving rise to cultured words derived from the Early PPA and vulgar words derived from the Late PPA.
 
Simplified Scheme PPA
 
These lists of sound changes are applicable in order in [http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html|SCA2].
 
 
TO DO
 
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities?
Example categories/headings:
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
 
Phonology
What sounds does your language use?
Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't
How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc.
 
Here are some example subcategories:
 
Grammar
 
Derivational morphology
An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing
Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc.
Template area
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Language
!Language
!Words
!Words
Line 139: Line 211:
|2
|2
|}
|}
It is assumed that most words retained their original pronunciation, spelling and meaning in the early pidgin phase, although this changed later. See: Proto-Antarctic


Origin of vocabulary: Below is the list of words derived from each source language. The evolution of each of the pronunciations for the first phase (early PPA) and second phase (late PPA) of pidgin can be seen.
== Simplified Scheme Phonology ==


=== Consonants ===


==== Prime Pidgin of Antarctica ====
{| class="wikitable"
 
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
Like all languages it has dialects, but in the pidgin phase these small variations depend on the origin of the speakers, as each speaks his own language, pidgin emerges as a simple language of commerce. Once the pidgin was creolized, the speakers were divided into three dialects or three stratified groups: Nuclear (A), Central (B) and Peripheral (C).
! rowspan="2" |Labial
 
! colspan="4" |Coronal
* Group A: nuclear PPA (descendant of late PPA). Late PPA (2150-2250 †)
! colspan="2" |Dorsal
* Group B: Central PPA (indistinct mixture of groups A and B). Standard PPA (2250 †)
! colspan="2" |Laryngeal
* Group C: peripheral PPA (descendant of early PPA). Early PPA (2050-2150 †)
|-
 
!Dental
==== Proto-Antarctic ====
 
'''Proto-Antarctic''' descends from a realignment of the Antarctic sociolinguistic system that occurred around 2250. Proto-Antarctic emerged as a creole of creoles, presumably descended from Central PPA. During this reorganization, words and meanings were reclassified, giving rise to cultured words derived from the Early PPA and vulgar words derived from the Late PPA.
 
== Phonology ==
 
Phonology
The phonology of the PPA pidgin was initially very unstable, as most words retained the pronunciation of their source language. In the creolization phase, the various sounds will begin to form a coherent phonetic set and sound system for vowels and consonants. During pidgin formation, languages reduced their phonotactics to a minimum to make their messages more understandable. '''See: ''<u>Early PPA and Late PPA</u>'''''
 
Phonology of Early PPA (year 2050-2150)
The first stable phonemic inventory after pidgin creolization was the result of the unconscious agreement of the first speakers. Initially, after the complex evolutions that the phonemes of the original languages underwent, it consisted of a set of 43 phonemes: 19 consonants, 11 sonorants, 2 approximants, 11 vowels and 3 or 2 tones. The number of tones depends on the analysis.
 
Consonants
{| class="wiki-table"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Alveolar
!Retroflex  
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Palatal
!Velar
!Velar
!Uvular
!Pharyngeal
!Glottal
!Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="3" |Nasal
| m
|m ɱ
|ɱ
|n
|n
|ɳ
|ɳ
|ɲ  
|ɲ
|ŋ
|ŋ
|ɴ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
! rowspan="4" |Consonant
!Voiceless  
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!Voiceless
|p
|p
|t
|
|ʈ  
|t ʦ ʧ ʨ
|c
|ʈ
|c ʧ ʨ
|k
|k
|q
|ʡ
|ʔ
|ʔ
|-
|-
!Voiced
!Voiced
|b
|b
|d
|
|
|ɟ  
|d ʣ ʤ ʥ
|ɖ
|ɟ ʤ ʥ
|g
|g
|ɢ
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Voiceless
|ɸ f
|θ f
|s ʃ ɕ ʦ ʧ ʨ ɧ
|ʂ
|ç ʃ ɕ ʧ ʨ ɧ
|x
|χ
|ħ
|h
|-
!Voiced
|β v
|ð v
|z ʒ ʑ ʣ ʤ ʥ
|ʐ
|ʝ ʒ ʑ ʤ ʥ
|ɣ
|ʁ
|ʕ
|ɦ
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Voiceless
!Voiceless
|f
|ʍ
|s
|
|
|
|ɧ
|ʍ
|
|
|
|
|ʃ
|x
|h
|-
|-
!Voiced
!Voiced
|v
|ʋ ɥ w
|z
|ʋ
|
|
|ʒ
|
|ɣ
|j ɥ
|ɰ w
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Rhotic
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|ɹ
|ɻ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
|ⱱ
|ⱱ
|ɾ
|ɽ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Voiceless
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ʜ
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Liquid
!Voiced
!Rhotic
|ʙ
|β
|
|r
|r
|ɻ
|
|ɾ
|
|
|ʀ
|ʢ
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Lateral
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|l ɫ
|ɭ
|ʎ
|ʟ ɫ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
|
|
|ɺ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Voiceless
|
|
|ɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Voiced
|
|
|ɮ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Non-pulmonic
! colspan="2" |Click
|ʘ
|ǀ
|ǃ
|ǁ
|ǂ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Lateral
! colspan="2" |Implosive
|ɓ
|
|
|l
|ɗ
|ɭ
|
|
|ʄ
|ɠ
|ʛ
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


Vowels and approximants
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wiki-table"
 
!
{| class="wikitable"
!Front
! rowspan="2" |
!Central
! colspan="2" |Front
!Back
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|-
!Approximant
!Unrounded
| j
!Rounded
|
!Unrounded
|w
!Rounded
!Unrounded
!Rounded
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |High
!High
|i
|i
| rowspan="2" |ɨ
|y
|ɨ
|ʉ
|ɯ
|u
|u
|-
|-
!Near-high
|ɪ
|ɪ
|ʏ
|
|
|
|ʊ
|ʊ
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid
!High-mid
|e
|e
| rowspan="2" |ə
|ø
|ɘ
|ɵ
|ɤ
|o
|o
|-
|-
!Mid
|
|
|ə
|
|
|
|-
!Low-mid
|ɛ
|ɛ
|œ
|ɜ
|ɞ
|ʌ
|ɔ
|ɔ
|-
!Near-low
|æ
|
|ɐ
|
|
|
|-
|-
!Low
!Low
|a
|ɶ
|
|
|a
|
|
|ɑ
|ɒ
|}
|}


Tones
== Prime Pidgin Phonology ==
While it is true that the tones were pronounced in the early PPA stage, they were not inherited in either the late PPA stage or the proto-Antarctican stage. Therefore, they will not be transcribed, as they are not relevant to later descendants.
{| class="wiki-table"
!
!Complex
!Simplified
!Diacritic
|-
!High
|˦˥
|˦
|á (Acute accent)
|-
!Mid
|˦˧˨
|(˧)
|a (Without accent)
|-
!Low
|˨˩
|˨
|à (Grave accent)
|}


Phonology of Late PPA (year 2150-2250)
=== Consonants ===
Subsequently, the phonemic inventory was halved, merging whole phonemes, eliminating tones and leaving only 21 phonemes: 9 consonants, 5 sonorants, 2 approximants, 5 vowels and 0 tones.


Consonants
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wiki-table"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
!Labial
! colspan="3" |Coronal
!Coronal  
! colspan="2" |Dorsal
! Dorsal  
|-
!Dento-Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|m
|n
|n
|(ɳ)
|(ɲ)
|ŋ
|ŋ
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!Voiceless
!Voiceless
|p
|p
|t
|t
|(ʈ)
|(c)
|k
|k
|(ʔ)
|-
|-
!Voiced
!Voiced
|b
|b
|d
|d
|
|(ɟ)
|g
|g
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Voiceless
|f
|f
|s
|s
|
|(ʃ)
|(x)
|h
|h
|-
!Voiced
|(v)
|(z)
|
|(ʒ)
|(ɣ)
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Liquid
! rowspan="2" |Liquid
!Rhotic
!Rhotic
|(β)
|r
|(ɻ)
|(ɾ)
|
|
|r
|
|
|-
|-
Line 332: Line 571:
|
|
|l
|l
|(ɭ)
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


Vowels and approximants
=== Vowels and approximants ===
{| class="wiki-table"
 
!
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Front
!Front
!Central
!Central
!Back  
!Back
|-
|-
!Approximant
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| j
|j
|
|
|w
|w
|-
|-
!High
! rowspan="2" |High
!Tense
|i
|i
|
| rowspan="2" |(ɨ)
|u
|u
|-
|-
!Mid
!Lax
|(ɪ)
|(ʊ)
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid
!Tense
|e
|e
|
| rowspan="2" |(ə)
|o
|o
|-
|-
!Low
!Lax
|(ɛ)
|(ɔ)
|-
! colspan="2" |Low
|
|
|a
|a
Line 363: Line 616:
|}
|}


=== Prosody ===


 
{| class="wikitable"
 
!
Grammar: Nouns,Verbs,Syntax,Lexicon
!Complex
 
!Simplified
Simplified scheme and evolution of early PPA and late PPA
!Diacritic
As can be seen in the table above, the phonological structures of the original languages were simplified, resulting in the diaphonemic reconstruction known as the simplified scheme. From this simplified scheme, the vocabulary of the early PPA was shaped by phonological changes noted below.
|-
{| class="wiki-table"
!High
 
|˦˥
 
|˦
Early PPA (2050-2150)
|á (Acute accent)
 
|-
Late PPA (2150-2250)
!Mid
 
|˦˧˨
 
|(˧)
|a (Without accent)
|-
!Low
|˨˩
|˨
|à (Grave accent)
|}


=== Orthography ===
=== Orthography ===


At first, the writing system remained intact, with each word retaining its original spelling as it was written in its language of origin. Later, when pidgin became common, the writing system was reduced to a minimum by eliminating auxiliary signs and all other alphabets, keeping only the basic Latin alphabet of 26 letters. However, words can be written in any of the original alphabets. Possibly, the Latin alphabet continued to be used for quite some time until the appearance of the traditional Antarctic script.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wiki-table"
!N.
!N.
!Letter
!Letter
!IPA
!IPA
!Name
!Name
!Origin
!Original pronunciation
!Source language
!N.
!N.
!Letter
!Letter
!IPA
!IPA
!Name
!Name
!Origin
!Original pronunciation
!Source language
!N.
!N.
!Letter
!Letter
! IPA
! IPA
!Name
!Name
!Origin
!Original pronunciation
!Source language
|-
|-
!1
!1
Line 403: Line 666:
! /m/
! /m/
|e'''m'''
|e'''m'''
|
|English
|English
!2
!2
Line 408: Line 672:
! /i/
! /i/
|'''i'''
|'''i'''
|
|English
|English
!3
!3
Line 413: Line 678:
!/k/
!/k/
|'''k'''ii
|'''k'''ii
|
|English
|English
|-
|-
Line 419: Line 685:
! /j/
! /j/
|'''j'''aɪ
|'''j'''aɪ
|
|English
|English
!5
!5
Line 424: Line 691:
! /u/
! /u/
|'''u'''
|'''u'''
|
|English
|English
!6
!6
Line 429: Line 697:
!/a/
!/a/
|'''a'''
|'''a'''
|
|English
|English
|-
|-
Line 435: Line 704:
!/p/
!/p/
|'''p'''ii
|'''p'''ii
|
|English
|English
!8
!8
Line 440: Line 710:
!/w/
!/w/
|'''w'''ii
|'''w'''ii
|
|English
|English
! 9
! 9
Line 445: Line 716:
!/n/
!/n/
|e'''n'''
|e'''n'''
|
|English
|English
|-
|-
Line 451: Line 723:
!/t/
!/t/
|'''t'''ii
|'''t'''ii
|
|English
|English
!11
!11
Line 456: Line 729:
!/l/
!/l/
|e'''l'''
|e'''l'''
|
|English
|English
!12
!12
Line 461: Line 735:
!/s/
!/s/
|e'''s'''
|e'''s'''
|
|English
|English
|-
|-
Line 467: Line 742:
!/b/
!/b/
|'''b'''ii
|'''b'''ii
|
|English
|English
!14
!14
Line 472: Line 748:
!/ŋ/
!/ŋ/
|e'''ŋ'''
|e'''ŋ'''
|
|English
|English
!15
!15
Line 477: Line 754:
! /e/
! /e/
|'''e'''
|'''e'''
|
|English
|English
|-
|-
Line 483: Line 761:
!/o/
!/o/
|'''o'''
|'''o'''
|
|English
|English
! 17
! 17
Line 488: Line 767:
!/g/
!/g/
|'''g'''ii
|'''g'''ii
|
|English
|English
!18
!18
Line 493: Line 773:
!/h/
!/h/
|'''h'''eɪtʃ
|'''h'''eɪtʃ
|
|English
|English
|-
|-
Line 499: Line 780:
!/d/
!/d/
|'''d'''ii
|'''d'''ii
|
|English
|English
!20  
!20  
Line 504: Line 786:
!/r/
!/r/
|e'''r'''e
|e'''r'''e
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
!21
!21
Line 509: Line 792:
!/f/
!/f/
|e'''f'''e
|e'''f'''e
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
|-
|-
Line 515: Line 799:
!/ɲ/
!/ɲ/
|e'''ɲ'''e
|e'''ɲ'''e
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
! 23
! 23
Line 520: Line 805:
!/ʃ/
!/ʃ/
|'''ʃ'''e
|'''ʃ'''e
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
!24  
!24  
Line 525: Line 811:
!/ʔ/
!/ʔ/
|gi'''ʔ'''on
|gi'''ʔ'''on
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
|-
|-
Line 531: Line 818:
!/ɛ/
!/ɛ/
|'''ɛ'''
|'''ɛ'''
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
!26
!26
Line 536: Line 824:
!/ɔ/
!/ɔ/
|'''ɔ'''
|'''ɔ'''
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
!27
!27
Line 541: Line 830:
!/z/
!/z/
|'''z'''eta
|'''z'''eta
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
|-
|-
Line 547: Line 837:
!/ʒ/
!/ʒ/
|e'''ʒ'''e
|e'''ʒ'''e
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
!29
!29
Line 552: Line 843:
!/v/
!/v/
|'''v'''e
|'''v'''e
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
!30
!30
Line 557: Line 849:
!/ɾ/  
!/ɾ/  
|ɛ'''ɾ'''
|ɛ'''ɾ'''
|
|Russian
|Russian
|-
|-
Line 563: Line 856:
!/ə/  
!/ə/  
|'''ə'''
|'''ə'''
|
|Russian
|Russian
!32  
!32  
Line 568: Line 862:
!/x/
!/x/
|'''x'''a
|'''x'''a
|
|Russian
|Russian
!33
!33
Line 573: Line 868:
!/ɨ/
!/ɨ/
|'''ɨ'''
|'''ɨ'''
|
|Russian
|Russian
|-
|-
Line 579: Line 875:
!/ʈ/
!/ʈ/
|'''ʈ'''e
|'''ʈ'''e
|
|French
|French
!35
!35
Line 584: Line 881:
!/ɪ/
!/ɪ/
|'''ɪ'''
|'''ɪ'''
|
|Korean
|Korean
!36
!36
Line 589: Line 887:
!/ɣ/
!/ɣ/
|'''ɣ'''a
|'''ɣ'''a
|
|Japanese
|Japanese
|-
|-
Line 595: Line 894:
!/c/
!/c/
|'''c'''ii
|'''c'''ii
|
|Chinese
|Chinese
!38
!38
Line 600: Line 900:
!/ʊ/
!/ʊ/
|'''ʊ'''
|'''ʊ'''
|
|Italian
|Italian
!39
!39
Line 605: Line 906:
!/ɳ/
!/ɳ/
|ɛ'''ɳ'''
|ɛ'''ɳ'''
|
|German
|German
|-
|-
Line 611: Line 913:
!/ɟ/
!/ɟ/
|'''ɟ'''ə
|'''ɟ'''ə
|
|Hindi
|Hindi
!41
!41
Line 616: Line 919:
!/ɭ/
!/ɭ/
|ɛ'''ɭ'''i
|ɛ'''ɭ'''i
|
|Portuguese
|Portuguese
!42
!42
Line 621: Line 925:
!/β/
!/β/
|'''β'''ee
|'''β'''ee
|
|Dutch
|Dutch
|-
|-
Line 627: Line 932:
!/ɻ/
!/ɻ/
|ɛ'''ɻ'''
|ɛ'''ɻ'''
|
|Ukrainian
|Ukrainian
!
!
!
!
!
!
|
|
|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|}
|}


=== Consonants ===
=== Vowels ===
=== Prosody ===
==== Stress ====
==== Intonation ====
=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
=== Morphophonology ===
=== Morphophonology ===
 
== Morphology ==
Sound changes
=== Nouns ===
 
=== Adjectives ===
These lists of sound changes are applicable in order in [http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html SCA2].
=== Verbs ===
 
=== Adverbs ===
From "Simplified Scheme PPA" to "Early PPA"
=== Particles ===
 
== Syntax ==
X=ɨɘəɜɐ
=== Constituent order ===
*Implosives
=== Noun phrase ===
ɓ/bʔ/_
=== Verb phrase ===
ɗ/dʔ/_
=== Sentence phrase ===
ʄ/ɟʔ/_
=== Dependent clauses ===
ɠ/gʔ/_
== Other resources ==
ʛ/ɢʔ/_
== Example texts ==
*Clicks
ʘ/pǃ/_
ǀ/ptǃ/_
ǃ/tǃ/_
ǁ/ʈǃ/_
ǂ/cǃ/_
*Voiceless sonorants
ǃ/hʔ/_
ʍ/hw/_
ɬ/hɮ/_
ʜ/hʢ/_
*Coarticulated phonemes
ʦ/ts/_
ʣ/dz/_
ʧ/tʃ/_
ʤ/dʒ/_
ʨ/tɕ/_
ʥ/dʑ/_
ʃ/çs/_
ʒ/ʝz/_
ɕ/sç/_
ʑ/zʝ/_
ɱ/mɱ/_
f/ɸθ/_
v/βð/_
ʋ/ʋʋ/_
ⱱ/ⱱⱱ/_
ɥ/ʋj/_
w/ʋɰ/_
ɫ/lʟ/_
ɧ/sçj/_
*Dentals
ɱ/m/_
θ/ɸs/_
ð/βz/_
*Rhotics
ɻ/ɹ/_
[ⱱɽ]/ɾ/_
[ʙʀʢ]/r/_
*Laterals
ʟ/ɭ/_
[ɮɺ]/l/_
*Pharyngeals
ʡ/ʔ/_
ħ/h/_
ʕ/ɦ/_
*Uvulars
ɴ/ŋ/_
q/kʔ/_
ɢ/g/_
χ/xh/_
ʁ/ɣɦ/_
*Rounded vowels
y/wi/_
ʏ/wɪ/_
ø/we/_
œ/wɛ/_
ɶ/wa/_
ʉ/wɨ/_
ɵ/wɘ/_
ɞ/wɜ/_
ɯ/wu/_
ɤ/wo/_
ʌ/wɔ/_
ɑ/wɒ/_
*Approximants
ʋ/βw/_
ɰ/ɣw/_
*Retroflexes
ɳ/nw/_
ʈ/tw/_
ɖ/dw/_
ʂ/sw/_
ʐ/zw/_
ɹ/rw/_
ɭ/lw/_
*Palatals
ɲ/nj/_
c/tj/_
ɟ/dj/_
ç/sj/_
ʝ/zj/_
ɾ/rj/_
ʎ/lj/_
*Readjustment of phonemes for Early PPA
ɸ/f/_
β/v/_
æ/a/_
ɦ/h/_
*Centralization of vowels
i/jɨ/_
ɪ/jɘ/_
e/jə/_
ɛ/jɜ/_
a/jɐ/_
u/wɨ/_
ʊ/wɘ/_
o/wə/_
ɔ/wɜ/_
ɒ/wɐ/_
*Methatesis of vowels
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
*Approximants
w//_²
j//_²
*Retroflex series
nw/ɳ/_
tw/ʈ/_
rw/ɻ/_
lw/ɭ/_
*Palatal series
nj/ɲ/_
tj/c/_
dj/ɟ/_
sj/ʃ/_
zj/ʒ/_
rj/ɾ/_
*Vowel simplification
ɨɨɨ/ɨɨ/_
ɘɘɘ/ɘɘ/_
əəə/əə/_
ɜɜɜ/ɜɜ/_
ɐɐɐ/ɐɐ/_
*Vowel length
ɨɨ/ɨː/_
ɘɘ/ɘː/_
əə/əː/_
ɜɜ/ɜː/_
ɐɐ/ɐː/_
*Monophthongation
jɨ/i/_
jɘ/ɪ/_
jə/e/_
jɜ/ɛ/_
jɐ/a/_
wɨ/u/_
wɘ/ʊ/_
wə/o/_
wɜ/ɔ/_
wɐ/a/_
ɘ/ɨ/_
ɜ/ə/_
 
From "Early PPA" to "Late PPA"
 
C=mnŋrlpbtdkgfsh
V=aeiou
*Vowels
[jɪɨ]/i/_
[wʊ]/u/_
[ɛə]/e/_
ɔ/o/_
*Voiced fricatives
v/f/_
β/ɸ/_
z/s/_
ʐ/ʂ/_
ʒ/ʃ/_
ɣ/x/_
ɦ/h/_
*Glottals
ʔ//_
x/h/_
*Liquids
[ɭʎ]/l/_
[ɻɾ]/r/_
*Coronals
[ɳɲ]/n/_
[ʈc]/t/_
[ɖɟ]/d/_
[ʂʃ]/s/_
*Labials
ɸ/f/_
*Simplification of geminates
C//_²
V//_²
*Approximants
i/j/V_
u/w/V_
i/j/_V
u/w/_V
|}
 
TO DO
 
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities?
Example categories/headings:
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
***Phonology***
What sounds does your language use?
Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
***Phonology***
What sounds does your language use?
Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't
How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc.
Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc.
Template area
 
==Morphology==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
==Other resources==
==Example texts==


== Lexicon ==
== Lexicon ==
Caesar05
64

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