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         |2=Residual Spanish
         |2=Residual Spanish
         |3=Residual Russian
         |3=Residual Russian
         |4=Other sporadic residual languages
         |4=Other sporadic residual languages, creoles and pidgins
         }}
         }}
   |2={{Clade
   |2={{Clade
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=== Linguistic history of Antarctica ===
=== Linguistic history of Antarctica ===


==== Languages of Antarctica ====
(2000-2025)


First Generations: 2000-2050
(2025-2075)


Various 21st century languages of Antarctica (2000-2050 †)
(2075-2150)
Basic English (2000-2150 †)
 
Residual Spanish (2000-2150 †)
PPA (2150-2250)
Residual Russian (2000-2150 †)
 
Proto-Antarctic (2250-2375)
 
(†)
 
First Generations:


As most of its lexicon comes from the Indo-European languages, it can be said to be part of this family; in many respects it can be said to be an English-based pidgin, although it has quite a lot of foreign vocabulary and the grammatical base is un-English.  
As most of its lexicon comes from the Indo-European languages, it can be said to be part of this family; in many respects it can be said to be an English-based pidgin, although it has quite a lot of foreign vocabulary and the grammatical base is un-English.  
Line 74: Line 79:


Origin of vocabulary: Below is the list of words derived from each source language. The evolution of each of the pronunciations for the first phase (early PPA) and second phase (late PPA) of pidgin can be seen.
Origin of vocabulary: Below is the list of words derived from each source language. The evolution of each of the pronunciations for the first phase (early PPA) and second phase (late PPA) of pidgin can be seen.
Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA) also known as Prime Antarctic Pidgin (PAP) is a future language of the Antarctic Peninsula spoken around the year 2050 and 2250 that began to form between the 2010s and 2020s. Pidgin emerged in response to the growing communication needs of the multilingual community of scientists living in Antarctica, who switched languages interchangeably, with basic English as the common interlingua. As communication grew, the pidgin grew stronger. The first children born on the Antarctic Peninsula adopted PPA as their mother tongue. Thus, PPA began to creolize, creating a compact grammar that transformed pidgin into a functional language, from its origins as a simple sum of words without a stable grammar. PPA was the first stage in the development of the first language family known in the Antarctic continent.
Like all languages it has dialects, but in the pidgin phase these small variations depend on the origin of the speakers, as each speaks his own language, pidgin emerges as a simple language of commerce. Once the pidgin was creolized, the speakers were divided into three dialects or three stratified groups:
indistinct mixture descendant of groups A and B
Simplified scheme and evolution of early PPA and late PPA
As can be seen in the table above, the phonological structures of the original languages were simplified, resulting in the diaphonemic reconstruction known as the simplified scheme. From this simplified scheme, the vocabulary of the early PPA was shaped by phonological changes noted below.
The phonology of the PPA pidgin was initially very unstable, as most words retained the pronunciation of their source language. In the creolization phase, the various sounds will begin to form a coherent phonetic set and sound system for vowels and consonants. During pidgin formation, languages reduced their phonotactics to a minimum to make their messages more understandable.
Phonology of Early PPA (year 2050-2150): The first stable phonemic inventory after pidgin creolization was the result of the unconscious agreement of the first speakers. Initially, after the complex evolutions that the phonemes of the original languages underwent, it consisted of a set of 43 phonemes: 19 consonants, 11 sonorants, 2 approximants, 11 vowels and 3 or 2 tones. The number of tones depends on the analysis.
Phonology of Late PPA (year 2150-2250): Subsequently, the phonemic inventory was halved, merging whole phonemes, eliminating tones and leaving only 21 phonemes: 9 consonants, 5 sonorants, 2 approximants, 5 vowels and 0 tones.
At first, the writing system remained intact, with each word retaining its original spelling as it was written in its language of origin. Later, when pidgin became common, the writing system was reduced to a minimum by eliminating auxiliary signs and all other alphabets, keeping only the basic Latin alphabet of 26 letters. However, words can be written in any of the original alphabets. Possibly, the Latin alphabet continued to be used for quite some time until the appearance of the traditional Antarctic script.
The system of prosody, stress and intonation, was derived from tones. While it is true that the tones were pronounced in the early PPA stage, they were not inherited in either the late PPA stage or the proto-Antarctican stage. Therefore, they will not be transcribed, as they are not relevant to later descendants.
Proto-Antarctic descends from a realignment of the Antarctic sociolinguistic system that occurred around 2250. Proto-Antarctic emerged as a creole of creoles, presumably descended from Central PPA. During this reorganization, words and meanings were reclassified, giving rise to cultured words derived from the Early PPA and vulgar words derived from the Late PPA.
Simplified Scheme PPA
These lists of sound changes are applicable in order in [http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html|SCA2].
TO DO
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities?
Example categories/headings:
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
Phonology
What sounds does your language use?
Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't
How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc.
Here are some example subcategories:
Grammar
Derivational morphology
An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing
Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc.
Template area


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 149: Line 212:
|}
|}


==== Prime Pidgin of Antarctica ====
== Simplified Scheme Phonology ==


=== Consonants ===


Prime Pidgin of Antarctica (PPA) also known as Prime Antarctic Pidgin (PAP) is a future language of the Antarctic Peninsula spoken around the year 2050 and 2250 that began to form between the 2010s and 2020s. Pidgin emerged in response to the growing communication needs of the multilingual community of scientists living in Antarctica, who switched languages interchangeably, with basic English as the common interlingua. As communication grew, the pidgin grew stronger. The first children born on the Antarctic Peninsula adopted PPA as their mother tongue. Thus, PPA began to creolize, creating a compact grammar that transformed pidgin into a functional language, from its origins as a simple sum of words without a stable grammar. PPA was the first stage in the development of the first language family known in the Antarctic continent.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! colspan="4" |Coronal
! colspan="2" |Dorsal
! colspan="2" |Laryngeal
|-
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Pharyngeal
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" |Nasal
|m ɱ
|ɱ
|n
|ɳ
|ɲ
|ŋ
|ɴ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Consonant
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
!Voiceless
|p
|
|t ʦ ʧ ʨ
|ʈ
|c ʧ ʨ
|k
|q
|ʡ
|ʔ
|-
!Voiced
|b
|
|d ʣ ʤ ʥ
|ɖ
|ɟ ʤ ʥ
|g
|ɢ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Voiceless
|ɸ f
|θ f
|s ʃ ɕ ʦ ʧ ʨ ɧ
|ʂ
|ç ʃ ɕ ʧ ʨ ɧ
|x
|χ
|ħ
|h
|-
!Voiced
|β v
|ð v
|z ʒ ʑ ʣ ʤ ʥ
|ʐ
|ʝ ʒ ʑ ʤ ʥ
|ɣ
|ʁ
|ʕ
|ɦ
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Voiceless
|ʍ
|
|
|
|ɧ
|ʍ
|
|
|
|-
!Voiced
|ʋ ɥ w
|ʋ
|
|
|j ɥ
|ɰ w
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Rhotic
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|ɹ
|ɻ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
|ⱱ
|ⱱ
|ɾ
|ɽ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Voiceless
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ʜ
|
|-
!Voiced
|ʙ
|
|r
|
|
|
|ʀ
|ʢ
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Lateral
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|
|l ɫ
|ɭ
|ʎ
|ʟ ɫ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
|
|
|ɺ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Voiceless
|
|
|ɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Voiced
|
|
|ɮ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Non-pulmonic
! colspan="2" |Click
|ʘ
|ǀ
|ǃ
|ǁ
|ǂ
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Implosive
|ɓ
|
|ɗ
|
|ʄ
|ɠ
|ʛ
|
|
|}


=== Vowels ===


Like all languages it has dialects, but in the pidgin phase these small variations depend on the origin of the speakers, as each speaks his own language, pidgin emerges as a simple language of commerce. Once the pidgin was creolized, the speakers were divided into three dialects or three stratified groups: Nuclear (A), Central (B) and Peripheral (C).
{| class="wikitable"
 
! rowspan="2" |
* Group A: nuclear PPA (descendant of late PPA). Late PPA (2150-2250 †) Late PPA (2150-2250)
! colspan="2" |Front
* Group B: Central PPA (indistinct mixture of groups A and B). Standard PPA (2250 †)
! colspan="2" |Central
* Group C: peripheral PPA (descendant of early PPA). Early PPA (2050-2150 †) Early PPA (2050-2150)
! colspan="2" |Back
 
|-
Grammar: Nouns,Verbs,Syntax,Lexicon
!Unrounded
 
!Rounded
Simplified scheme and evolution of early PPA and late PPA
!Unrounded
As can be seen in the table above, the phonological structures of the original languages were simplified, resulting in the diaphonemic reconstruction known as the simplified scheme. From this simplified scheme, the vocabulary of the early PPA was shaped by phonological changes noted below.
!Rounded
 
!Unrounded
The phonology of the PPA pidgin was initially very unstable, as most words retained the pronunciation of their source language. In the creolization phase, the various sounds will begin to form a coherent phonetic set and sound system for vowels and consonants. During pidgin formation, languages reduced their phonotactics to a minimum to make their messages more understandable.
!Rounded
 
|-
Phonology of Early PPA (year 2050-2150): The first stable phonemic inventory after pidgin creolization was the result of the unconscious agreement of the first speakers. Initially, after the complex evolutions that the phonemes of the original languages underwent, it consisted of a set of 43 phonemes: 19 consonants, 11 sonorants, 2 approximants, 11 vowels and 3 or 2 tones. The number of tones depends on the analysis.
!High
 
|i
Phonology of Late PPA (year 2150-2250): Subsequently, the phonemic inventory was halved, merging whole phonemes, eliminating tones and leaving only 21 phonemes: 9 consonants, 5 sonorants, 2 approximants, 5 vowels and 0 tones.
|y
 
|ɨ
At first, the writing system remained intact, with each word retaining its original spelling as it was written in its language of origin. Later, when pidgin became common, the writing system was reduced to a minimum by eliminating auxiliary signs and all other alphabets, keeping only the basic Latin alphabet of 26 letters. However, words can be written in any of the original alphabets. Possibly, the Latin alphabet continued to be used for quite some time until the appearance of the traditional Antarctic script.
|ʉ
 
|ɯ
 
|u
Sound changes
|-
 
!Near-high
These lists of sound changes are applicable in order in [http://www.zompist.com/sca2.html SCA2].
|ɪ
 
|ʏ
From "Simplified Scheme PPA" to "Early PPA"  
|
 
|
X=ɨɘəɜɐ
|
*Implosives
|ʊ
ɓ/bʔ/_
|-
ɗ/dʔ/_
!High-mid
ʄ/ɟʔ/_
|e
ɠ/gʔ/_
|ø
ʛ/ɢʔ/_
|ɘ
*Clicks
|ɵ
ʘ/pǃ/_
|ɤ
ǀ/ptǃ/_
|o
ǃ/tǃ/_
|-
ǁ/ʈǃ/_
!Mid
ǂ/cǃ/_
|
*Voiceless sonorants
|
ǃ/hʔ/_
|ə
ʍ/hw/_
|
ɬ/hɮ/_
|
ʜ/hʢ/_
|
*Coarticulated phonemes
|-
ʦ/ts/_
!Low-mid
ʣ/dz/_
|ɛ
ʧ/tʃ/_
|œ
ʤ/dʒ/_
|ɜ
ʨ/tɕ/_
|ɞ
ʥ/dʑ/_
|ʌ
ʃ/çs/_
|ɔ
ʒ/ʝz/_
|-
ɕ/sç/_
!Near-low
ʑ/zʝ/_
|æ
ɱ/mɱ/_
|
f/ɸθ/_
|ɐ
v/βð/_
|
ʋ/ʋʋ/_
|
ⱱ/ⱱⱱ/_
|
ɥ/ʋj/_
|-
w/ʋɰ/_
!Low
ɫ/lʟ/_
|a
ɧ/sçj/_
|ɶ
*Dentals
|
ɱ/m/_
|
θ/ɸs/_
|ɑ
ð/βz/_
|ɒ
*Rhotics
ɻ/ɹ/_
[ⱱɽ]/ɾ/_
[ʙʀʢ]/r/_
*Laterals
ʟ/ɭ/_
[ɮɺ]/l/_
*Pharyngeals
ʡ/ʔ/_
ħ/h/_
ʕ/ɦ/_
*Uvulars
ɴ/ŋ/_
q/kʔ/_
ɢ/g/_
χ/xh/_
ʁ/ɣɦ/_
*Rounded vowels
y/wi/_
ʏ/wɪ/_
ø/we/_
œ/wɛ/_
ɶ/wa/_
ʉ/wɨ/_
ɵ/wɘ/_
ɞ/wɜ/_
ɯ/wu/_
ɤ/wo/_
ʌ/wɔ/_
ɑ/wɒ/_
*Approximants
ʋ/βw/_
ɰ/ɣw/_
*Retroflexes
ɳ/nw/_
ʈ/tw/_
ɖ/dw/_
ʂ/sw/_
ʐ/zw/_
ɹ/rw/_
ɭ/lw/_
*Palatals
ɲ/nj/_
c/tj/_
ɟ/dj/_
ç/sj/_
ʝ/zj/_
ɾ/rj/_
ʎ/lj/_
*Readjustment of phonemes for Early PPA
ɸ/f/_
β/v/_
æ/a/_
ɦ/h/_
*Centralization of vowels
i/jɨ/_
ɪ/jɘ/_
e/jə/_
ɛ/jɜ/_
a/jɐ/_
u/wɨ/_
ʊ/wɘ/_
o/wə/_
ɔ/wɜ/_
ɒ/wɐ/_
*Methatesis of vowels
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
Xj/\\/_
Xw/\\/_
*Approximants
w//_²
j//_²
*Retroflex series
nw/ɳ/_
tw/ʈ/_
rw/ɻ/_
lw/ɭ/_
*Palatal series
nj/ɲ/_
tj/c/_
dj/ɟ/_
sj/ʃ/_
zj/ʒ/_
rj/ɾ/_
*Vowel simplification
ɨɨɨ/ɨɨ/_
ɘɘɘ/ɘɘ/_
əəə/əə/_
ɜɜɜ/ɜɜ/_
ɐɐɐ/ɐɐ/_
*Vowel length
ɨɨ/ɨː/_
ɘɘ/ɘː/_
əə/əː/_
ɜɜ/ɜː/_
ɐɐ/ɐː/_
*Monophthongation
jɨ/i/_
jɘ/ɪ/_
jə/e/_
jɜ/ɛ/_
jɐ/a/_
wɨ/u/_
wɘ/ʊ/_
wə/o/_
wɜ/ɔ/_
wɐ/a/_
ɘ/ɨ/_
ɜ/ə/_
 
From "Early PPA" to "Late PPA"
 
C=mnŋrlpbtdkgfsh
V=aeiou
*Vowels
[jɪɨ]/i/_
[wʊ]/u/_
[ɛə]/e/_
ɔ/o/_
*Voiced fricatives
v/f/_
β/ɸ/_
z/s/_
ʐ/ʂ/_
ʒ/ʃ/_
ɣ/x/_
ɦ/h/_
*Glottals
ʔ//_
x/h/_
*Liquids
[ɭʎ]/l/_
[ɻɾ]/r/_
*Coronals
[ɳɲ]/n/_
[ʈc]/t/_
[ɖɟ]/d/_
[ʂʃ]/s/_
*Labials
ɸ/f/_
*Simplification of geminates
C//_²
V//_²
*Approximants
i/j/V_
u/w/V_
i/j/_V
u/w/_V
|}
|}


TO DO
== Prime Pidgin Phonology ==
 
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities?
Example categories/headings:
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
***Phonology***
What sounds does your language use?
Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
***Phonology***
What sounds does your language use?
Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't
How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc.
Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc.
Template area
 
 
The system of prosody, stress and intonation, was derived from tones. While it is true that the tones were pronounced in the early PPA stage, they were not inherited in either the late PPA stage or the proto-Antarctican stage. Therefore, they will not be transcribed, as they are not relevant to later descendants.
 
 
==== Proto-Antarctic ====
 
Proto-Antarctic descends from a realignment of the Antarctic sociolinguistic system that occurred around 2250. Proto-Antarctic emerged as a creole of creoles, presumably descended from Central PPA. During this reorganization, words and meanings were reclassified, giving rise to cultured words derived from the Early PPA and vulgar words derived from the Late PPA.
 
== Phonology ==


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" |
!Front
!Front
!Central
!Central
!Back
!Back
|-
|-
!Approximant
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|j
|j
|
|
Line 518: Line 591:
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |High
! rowspan="2" |High
!Tense
|i
|i
| rowspan="2" |(ɨ)
| rowspan="2" |(ɨ)
|u
|u
|-
|-
!Lax
|(ɪ)
|(ɪ)
|(ʊ)
|(ʊ)
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid
! rowspan="2" |Mid
!Tense
|e
|e
| rowspan="2" |(ə)
| rowspan="2" |(ə)
|o
|o
|-
|-
!Lax
|(ɛ)
|(ɛ)
|(ɔ)
|(ɔ)
|-
|-
!Low
! colspan="2" |Low
|
|
|a
|a
Line 570: Line 647:
!IPA
!IPA
!Name
!Name
!Origin
!Original pronunciation
!Source language
!N.
!N.
!Letter
!Letter
!IPA
!IPA
!Name
!Name
!Origin
!Original pronunciation
!Source language
!N.
!N.
!Letter
!Letter
! IPA
! IPA
!Name
!Name
!Origin
!Original pronunciation
!Source language
|-
|-
!1
!1
Line 586: Line 666:
! /m/
! /m/
|e'''m'''
|e'''m'''
|
|English
|English
!2
!2
Line 591: Line 672:
! /i/
! /i/
|'''i'''
|'''i'''
|
|English
|English
!3
!3
Line 596: Line 678:
!/k/
!/k/
|'''k'''ii
|'''k'''ii
|
|English
|English
|-
|-
Line 602: Line 685:
! /j/
! /j/
|'''j'''aɪ
|'''j'''aɪ
|
|English
|English
!5
!5
Line 607: Line 691:
! /u/
! /u/
|'''u'''
|'''u'''
|
|English
|English
!6
!6
Line 612: Line 697:
!/a/
!/a/
|'''a'''
|'''a'''
|
|English
|English
|-
|-
Line 618: Line 704:
!/p/
!/p/
|'''p'''ii
|'''p'''ii
|
|English
|English
!8
!8
Line 623: Line 710:
!/w/
!/w/
|'''w'''ii
|'''w'''ii
|
|English
|English
! 9
! 9
Line 628: Line 716:
!/n/
!/n/
|e'''n'''
|e'''n'''
|
|English
|English
|-
|-
Line 634: Line 723:
!/t/
!/t/
|'''t'''ii
|'''t'''ii
|
|English
|English
!11
!11
Line 639: Line 729:
!/l/
!/l/
|e'''l'''
|e'''l'''
|
|English
|English
!12
!12
Line 644: Line 735:
!/s/
!/s/
|e'''s'''
|e'''s'''
|
|English
|English
|-
|-
Line 650: Line 742:
!/b/
!/b/
|'''b'''ii
|'''b'''ii
|
|English
|English
!14
!14
Line 655: Line 748:
!/ŋ/
!/ŋ/
|e'''ŋ'''
|e'''ŋ'''
|
|English
|English
!15
!15
Line 660: Line 754:
! /e/
! /e/
|'''e'''
|'''e'''
|
|English
|English
|-
|-
Line 666: Line 761:
!/o/
!/o/
|'''o'''
|'''o'''
|
|English
|English
! 17
! 17
Line 671: Line 767:
!/g/
!/g/
|'''g'''ii
|'''g'''ii
|
|English
|English
!18
!18
Line 676: Line 773:
!/h/
!/h/
|'''h'''eɪtʃ
|'''h'''eɪtʃ
|
|English
|English
|-
|-
Line 682: Line 780:
!/d/
!/d/
|'''d'''ii
|'''d'''ii
|
|English
|English
!20  
!20  
Line 687: Line 786:
!/r/
!/r/
|e'''r'''e
|e'''r'''e
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
!21
!21
Line 692: Line 792:
!/f/
!/f/
|e'''f'''e
|e'''f'''e
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
|-
|-
Line 698: Line 799:
!/ɲ/
!/ɲ/
|e'''ɲ'''e
|e'''ɲ'''e
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
! 23
! 23
Line 703: Line 805:
!/ʃ/
!/ʃ/
|'''ʃ'''e
|'''ʃ'''e
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
!24  
!24  
Line 708: Line 811:
!/ʔ/
!/ʔ/
|gi'''ʔ'''on
|gi'''ʔ'''on
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
|-
|-
Line 714: Line 818:
!/ɛ/
!/ɛ/
|'''ɛ'''
|'''ɛ'''
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
!26
!26
Line 719: Line 824:
!/ɔ/
!/ɔ/
|'''ɔ'''
|'''ɔ'''
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
!27
!27
Line 724: Line 830:
!/z/
!/z/
|'''z'''eta
|'''z'''eta
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
|-
|-
Line 730: Line 837:
!/ʒ/
!/ʒ/
|e'''ʒ'''e
|e'''ʒ'''e
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
!29
!29
Line 735: Line 843:
!/v/
!/v/
|'''v'''e
|'''v'''e
|
|Spanish
|Spanish
!30
!30
Line 740: Line 849:
!/ɾ/  
!/ɾ/  
|ɛ'''ɾ'''
|ɛ'''ɾ'''
|
|Russian
|Russian
|-
|-
Line 746: Line 856:
!/ə/  
!/ə/  
|'''ə'''
|'''ə'''
|
|Russian
|Russian
!32  
!32  
Line 751: Line 862:
!/x/
!/x/
|'''x'''a
|'''x'''a
|
|Russian
|Russian
!33
!33
Line 756: Line 868:
!/ɨ/
!/ɨ/
|'''ɨ'''
|'''ɨ'''
|
|Russian
|Russian
|-
|-
Line 762: Line 875:
!/ʈ/
!/ʈ/
|'''ʈ'''e
|'''ʈ'''e
|
|French
|French
!35
!35
Line 767: Line 881:
!/ɪ/
!/ɪ/
|'''ɪ'''
|'''ɪ'''
|
|Korean
|Korean
!36
!36
Line 772: Line 887:
!/ɣ/
!/ɣ/
|'''ɣ'''a
|'''ɣ'''a
|
|Japanese
|Japanese
|-
|-
Line 778: Line 894:
!/c/
!/c/
|'''c'''ii
|'''c'''ii
|
|Chinese
|Chinese
!38
!38
Line 783: Line 900:
!/ʊ/
!/ʊ/
|'''ʊ'''
|'''ʊ'''
|
|Italian
|Italian
!39
!39
Line 788: Line 906:
!/ɳ/
!/ɳ/
|ɛ'''ɳ'''
|ɛ'''ɳ'''
|
|German
|German
|-
|-
Line 794: Line 913:
!/ɟ/
!/ɟ/
|'''ɟ'''ə
|'''ɟ'''ə
|
|Hindi
|Hindi
!41
!41
Line 799: Line 919:
!/ɭ/
!/ɭ/
|ɛ'''ɭ'''i
|ɛ'''ɭ'''i
|
|Portuguese
|Portuguese
!42
!42
Line 804: Line 925:
!/β/
!/β/
|'''β'''ee
|'''β'''ee
|
|Dutch
|Dutch
|-
|-
Line 810: Line 932:
!/ɻ/
!/ɻ/
|ɛ'''ɻ'''
|ɛ'''ɻ'''
|
|Ukrainian
|Ukrainian
!
!
!
!
!
!
|
|
|
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|
!
|
!
|
!
|}
|}


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
=== Morphophonology ===
=== Morphophonology ===
==Morphology==
== Morphology ==
==Syntax==
=== Nouns ===
===Constituent order===
=== Adjectives ===
===Noun phrase===
=== Verbs ===
===Verb phrase===
=== Adverbs ===
===Sentence phrase===
=== Particles ===
===Dependent clauses===
== Syntax ==
==Other resources==
=== Constituent order ===
==Example texts==
=== Noun phrase ===
=== Verb phrase ===
=== Sentence phrase ===
=== Dependent clauses ===
== Other resources ==
== Example texts ==


== Lexicon ==
== Lexicon ==
Caesar05
64

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/306543...306610"