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* In initials 見 溪 羣 疑, Chongniu-B rimes loses it’s palatal glide while Chongniu-A rimes retains the -i- glide. | * In initials 見 溪 羣 疑, Chongniu-B rimes loses it’s palatal glide while Chongniu-A rimes retains the -i- glide. | ||
==Orthography== | == Orthography == | ||
=== | Faiten utilises two scripts in it's literature: Latin and Hanzi. Occasionally, these two scripts intertwine, although primarily in informal or conversational contexts. However, the Latin script used in Tan lacks a rigid standard set of letters to render certain phonemes and tends to exhibit inconsistency in orthography. In Faiten a grapheme becomes a vessel for multiple phonemes, and conversely, multiple phonemes find expression within a single grapheme. | ||
=== | |||
=== Initials === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| colspan="2" |Initials | |||
|Labial | |||
|Dental | |||
|Alveolar | |||
|Palatal | |||
|Retroflex | |||
|Velar | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" |Stop | |||
|Aspirated | |||
|'''pʰ''' | |||
p, hp, ph | |||
|'''tʰ''' | |||
t, ht, th | |||
|'''t͡sʰ''' | |||
tz, ch | |||
|'''t͡ɕʰ''' | |||
q | |||
|'''ʈ͡ʂʰ''' | |||
kr, gr | |||
|'''kʰ''' | |||
k, hk, kh | |||
|- | |||
|Tenuis | |||
|'''p''' | |||
p, b | |||
|'''t''' | |||
t, d | |||
|'''t͡s''' | |||
ts | |||
|'''t͡ɕ''' | |||
j | |||
|'''ʈ͡ʂ''' | |||
tr, dr | |||
|'''k''' | |||
k, c, g | |||
|- | |||
|Voiced | |||
|'''b''' | |||
b, bh | |||
|'''d''' | |||
d, dh | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|'''g''' | |||
g, gh | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" |Fricative | |||
|Tenuis | |||
|'''f''' | |||
f | |||
| | |||
|'''s''' | |||
s | |||
|'''ɕ''' | |||
x | |||
|'''ʂ''' | |||
sh | |||
|'''h''' | |||
h | |||
|- | |||
|Voiced | |||
|'''v''' | |||
v | |||
| | |||
|'''z''' | |||
z | |||
|'''ʑ''' | |||
r | |||
|'''ʐ''' | |||
zh | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" |Resonant | |||
|Nasal | |||
|'''m''' | |||
m, hm | |||
|'''n''' | |||
n, hn | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|'''ŋ''' | |||
ng, gn | |||
|- | |||
|Liquid | |||
| | |||
|'''l''' | |||
l, lh, hl | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Glide | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|'''j''' | |||
i, y | |||
| | |||
|'''w''' | |||
u, w | |||
|} | |||
=== Finals === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| rowspan="2" |'''Plain Rime''' | |||
| colspan="2" |Front | |||
| colspan="2" |Back | |||
|- | |||
|Flat | |||
|Round | |||
|Flat | |||
|Round | |||
|- | |||
|Close | |||
|'''i''' | |||
i, ee | |||
|'''y''' | |||
u, uu, ue | |||
|'''ɨ''' | |||
z, ze, y | |||
|'''u''' | |||
u, oo, ou | |||
|- | |||
|Middle | |||
|'''e''' | |||
e, ay, ai, eh, er | |||
|'''ø''' | |||
eu, eo, oe, oeu | |||
|'''ə''' | |||
e, o, a | |||
|'''o''' | |||
o, aw, au, oh, or | |||
|- | |||
|Open | |||
|'''ɛ''' | |||
e, ay, ai, eh, er | |||
|'''œ''' | |||
eu, eo, oe, oeu | |||
|'''a''' | |||
a, aa, ah, ar | |||
|'''ɔ''' | |||
o, aw, au, oh, or | |||
|} | |||
As noticeable in this table, the vowels [e ɛ] [ø œ] [o ɔ] are merged in orthography and share the same graphemes, however in spoken Faiten these sounds are distinguished with context disambiguating the graphemes semantic value. For instance <ke> is either pronounced [ke] "fake", [kʰe] (classifier), [kɛ] "family", or [kʰɛ] "cash". | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| colspan="2" |Palatal | |||
| colspan="2" |Labial | |||
|- | |||
|'''i̯a''' | |||
ia, ya | |||
|'''ai̯''' | |||
ae, ay | |||
|'''u̯a''' | |||
oi, oa, war, waa, wah | |||
|'''au̯''' | |||
ao, aw | |||
|- | |||
|'''i̯e''' | |||
ie, ye, iae, yae | |||
|'''ei̯''' | |||
ey, ei, ay, ai | |||
|'''u̯e''' | |||
we, way, wai, oue, oui | |||
|'''eu̯''' | |||
ew, aeo, eow, aio | |||
|- | |||
|'''ɨ̯ə''' | |||
eau, uea, ea | |||
|'''əi̯''' | |||
aoe, aei, oie, eur, eor, uer | |||
|'''u̯ə''' | |||
our, ua, wa | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|'''i̯o''' | |||
iau, io, iao, yau, yao, yo | |||
| | |||
|'''u̯o''' | |||
uo, wo, wau, aou | |||
|'''ou̯''' | |||
ow, ou, aw, au | |||
|- | |||
|'''y̯ø''' | |||
ieu, iue, ieo, yeu, yue, yeo | |||
|'''øy̯''' | |||
eui, eoi, ui, uei, uy, oei | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|'''i̯u''' | |||
iou, iu, you, yoo, yu, ioo | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| colspan="2" |'''Table 2.4: Codas''' | |||
|- | |||
|'''m''' | |||
m, me, mp, mme, lm, chm, gm, mn, mh | |||
|'''p̚''' | |||
p, pe, mp, lp, b, mpe, f, ph, pt, ft | |||
|- | |||
|'''n''' | |||
n, ne, nt, l, lt, hn, nne, ll, le, | |||
|'''t̚''' | |||
t, te, nt, lt, d, tt, th, nte, st, tch | |||
|- | |||
|'''ŋ''' | |||
ng, nn, gne, gn, nh, nc, ngh, nd, hgn | |||
|'''k̚''' | |||
k, ke, que, c, ch, g, nk, lk, ct, ck | |||
|} | |||
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