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Azano (view source)

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=== Orthography ===
=== Orthography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Aa
|Ææ
|Ââ
|Ää
|Bb
|Cc
|Çç
|Dd
|Ee
|Ëë
|Ēē
|Êê
|Ff
|-
|ɐ
|æ
|ɑ
|ɞ
|b
|t͡s
|t͡ʃ
|d
|e
|ɛ
|ə
|ɤ
|f
|-
|Gg
|Ĝĝ
|Ğğ
|Hh
|Ħħ
|Ii
|Īī
|Îî
|Jj
|Kk
|Ll
|Mm
|Nn
|-
|g
|ɢ
|ʕ
|h
|ħ
|i
|ɨ
|ɯ
|j
|k
|l
|m
|n
|-
|Oo
|Ôô
|Öö
|Øø
|Œœ
|Pp
|Qq
|Rr
|Řř
|Ss
|Şş
|Tt
|Uu
|-
|o
|ɔ
|ɵ
|ø
|œ
|p
|q
|r
|ʁ
|s
|ʃ
|t
|u
|-
|Üü
|Vv
|Ww
|Xx
|Yy
|Zz
|Źź
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|ʉ
|v
|w
|χ
|y
|z
|ʒ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
/ʔ/ is never written as it's found between vowels (in syllable boundaries) or before/after vowel letters (only if no consonant precedes/proceeds the vowel).


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
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|-
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Nasal
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Nasal
| style="text-align:center;" | m
| style="text-align:center;" |m
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | n
| style="text-align:center;" |n
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Approximant
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Approximant
| style="text-align:center;" | Liquid
| style="text-align:center;" |Liquid
|
| style="text-align:center;" | r
| style="text-align:center;" | l
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |r
| style="text-align:center;" |l
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |(ɥ)
| style="text-align:center;" |(ɰ)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Glide
| style="text-align:center;" |Glide
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | j
| style="text-align:center;" |j
| style="text-align:center;" | w
| style="text-align:center;" |w
|
|
|
|
Line 57: Line 173:
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plosive
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plosive
| style="text-align:center;" | Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | p
| style="text-align:center;" |p
|
| style="text-align:center;" |t
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | t tˤ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | c
| style="text-align:center;" |k
| style="text-align:center;" | k
| style="text-align:center;" |q
| style="text-align:center;" | q
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ʔ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʔ
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | b
| style="text-align:center;" |b
|
| style="text-align:center;" |d
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | d dˤ
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ɟ
| style="text-align:center;" |g
| style="text-align:center;" | g
| style="text-align:center;" |ɢ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɢ
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡s
| style="text-align:center;" | t͡ʃ
| style="text-align:center;" |t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
Line 91: Line 207:
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Fricative
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Fricative
| style="text-align:center;" | Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" |Tenuis
| style="text-align:center;" | f
| style="text-align:center;" |f
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | s sˤ
| style="text-align:center;" |s
| style="text-align:center;" | ʃ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʃ
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | χ
| style="text-align:center;" |χ
| style="text-align:center;" | ħ
| style="text-align:center;" |ħ
| style="text-align:center;" | h
| style="text-align:center;" |h
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" |Voiced
| style="text-align:center;" | v
| style="text-align:center;" |v
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | z zˤ
| style="text-align:center;" |z
| style="text-align:center;" | ʒ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʒ
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ʁ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʁ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʕ
| style="text-align:center;" |ʕ
|
|
|}
|}
==== Allophony ====
* Phonemes /t͡ʃ ʃ ʒ/ have different realisations depending on the proceeding vowel.
** Before vowels /i e ɛ æ y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ/ palatalisation takes place, therefore [t͡ɕ ɕ ʑ].
** Before vowels /ɨ ə ɐ ɯ ɤ ɑ u o ɔ/ becomes [ʈ͡ʂ ʂ ʐ]
* [ɥ] is an allophone of the palatal approximant /j/ under vowels [y ø œ ʉ ɵ ɞ]
* /w/ is realised as [ɰ] under vowels [ɨ ə ɯ ɤ]


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
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|+Vowel Inventory
|+Vowel Inventory
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Front
! colspan="2" |Centre
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Centre
! colspan="2" |Back
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Back
|-
|-
|Flat
|Flat
Line 130: Line 254:
|-
|-
|Closed
|Closed
|i
| style="text-align:center;" | i
|y
| style="text-align:center;" | y
|ɨ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɨ
|ʉ
| style="text-align:center;" | ʉ
|ɯ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɯ
|u
| style="text-align:center;" | u
|-
|-
|High Mid
|High Mid
|e
| style="text-align:center;" | e
|ø
| style="text-align:center;" | ø
|ə
| style="text-align:center;" | ə
|ɵ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɵ
|ɤ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɤ
|o
| style="text-align:center;" | o
|-
|-
|Low Mid
|Low Mid
|ɛ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɛ
|œ
| style="text-align:center;" | œ
|
|
|ɞ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɞ
|
|
|ɔ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɔ
|-
|-
|Open
|Open
|æ
| style="text-align:center;" | æ
|
|
|ɐ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɐ
|
|
|ɑ
| style="text-align:center;" | ɑ
|
|
|}
|}
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Azano, a language that shares phonotactic similarities with Arabic, adheres to comparable rules for sound arrangement. In Azano, the phonotactic patterns align with those observed in Arabic. Within Azano, an average syllable structure can be described as follows:
Azano, a language that shares phonotactic similarities with Arabic, adheres to comparable rules for sound arrangement. In Azano, the phonotactic patterns align with those observed in Arabic. Within Azano, an average syllable structure can be described as follows:


* C (light)
* V (light)


* CV (light)
* CV (light)
Line 174: Line 295:
* CVVC (super-heavy)
* CVVC (super-heavy)
* CVCC (super-heavy)
* CVCC (super-heavy)
* CVVCC (super-heavy)


The syllable structure of Azano exhibits certain phonotactic restrictions that shape the organization of sounds within words. In Azano, syllables typically cannot commence with a vowel sound or a cluster of consonants. Furthermore, the language generally avoids the occurrence of super-heavy syllables, except in word-final positions. However, an interesting exception arises when a CVV- sequence precedes a geminate consonant, resulting in the formation of non-final CVVC- syllables. While Azano adheres to these core syllable structure principles, loanwords have the potential to introduce variations in its phonotactics. Loanwords, borrowed from other languages and integrated into Azano, may occasionally disregard certain phonotactic rules. For instance, loanwords might permit the presence of initial consonant clusters, which would typically be restricted in native Azano words. Similarly, loanwords may also allow the occurrence of CVVC syllables in non-final positions, even without the presence of geminate consonants. A slight divergence from Arabic phonotactics is observed in Azano, where both consonants and vowels can function as individual syllables. Notably, when a single consonant forms a syllable on its own, only fricatives and sonorants are permitted to be syllabic. These intricate phonotactic patterns shape the unique characteristics of the Azano language and contribute to its linguistic diversity.
A syllable cannot start with a vowel, if no consonant is written then it always starts with the glottal stop.


== Morphology ==<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><!-- Here are some example subcategories:
== Grammar ==
Azano is a fusional language where words use a single inflectional morpheme to denote multiple syntactic/semantc roles of words. Nouns inflect for gender (only nouns, demonstratives and relatives), case, number, person (only in pronouns), and spatial deixis (only in demonstratives). Verbs conjugate for Tense (Present, Imperfect, Future, Preterite, Perfect, Pluperfect, Relative Past and Relative Future), Voice (active voice and passive voice), Person (1st, 2nd and 3rd Person), Number (Singular and Plural) and Mood (Indicative, Subjunctive, Conditional, Imperative).


Nouns
=== Pronouns ===
Adjectives
{| class="wikitable"
Verbs
|+Personal Pronouns
Adverbs
! rowspan="2" |
Particles
! colspan="3" |Singular
Derivational morphology
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | an
| style="text-align:center;" | kä
| style="text-align:center;" | huwa
| style="text-align:center;" | nabt
| style="text-align:center;" | vabt
| style="text-align:center;" | tabt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | æna
| style="text-align:center;" | käval
| style="text-align:center;" | hawa
| style="text-align:center;" | nøş
| style="text-align:center;" | vøş
| style="text-align:center;" | tøş
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | enkâ
| style="text-align:center;" | ağnobal
| style="text-align:center;" | howlat
| style="text-align:center;" | nozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | vozalt
| style="text-align:center;" | tozalt
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | ğena
| style="text-align:center;" | şova
| style="text-align:center;" | hüja
| style="text-align:center;" | nômaħ
| style="text-align:center;" | vômaħ
|tômaħ
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | abena
| style="text-align:center;" | âsbar
| style="text-align:center;" | hidniža
| style="text-align:center;" | neltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | veltfavis
| style="text-align:center;" | teltfavis
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | ala
| style="text-align:center;" | tanbihâ
| style="text-align:center;" | hœylap
| style="text-align:center;" | nyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | vyœ
| style="text-align:center;" | tyœ
|}
A feature noticeable in Azano is that pronouns in the '''accusative case''' can be used reflexively, or intensively. Similar to the English pronouns "myself, yourself, themself, himself, herself, itself".


-->
{| class="wikitable"
|+Possessive Pronouns
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Singular
! colspan="3" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | matus
| style="text-align:center;" | tanos
| style="text-align:center;" | salos
| style="text-align:center;" | notus
| style="text-align:center;" | vonos
| style="text-align:center;" | solus
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | meiri
| style="text-align:center;" | terem
| style="text-align:center;" | salem
| style="text-align:center;" | nori
| style="text-align:center;" | vori
| style="text-align:center;" | sori
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | marius
| style="text-align:center;" | terius
| style="text-align:center;" | sarius
| style="text-align:center;" | naltus
| style="text-align:center;" | valtus
| style="text-align:center;" | saltus
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | mazis
| style="text-align:center;" | tezis
| style="text-align:center;" | sazis
| style="text-align:center;" | naxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | vaxrabut
| style="text-align:center;" | saxrabut
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | med
| style="text-align:center;" | ted
| style="text-align:center;" | sed
| style="text-align:center;" | nod
| style="text-align:center;" | vod
| style="text-align:center;" | sad
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | meia
| style="text-align:center;" | teia
| style="text-align:center;" | seia
| style="text-align:center;" | neiro
| style="text-align:center;" | veiro
| style="text-align:center;" | seiro
|}


== Syntax ==
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+Demonstrative Pronouns
=== Constituent order ===
! rowspan="3" |
 
! colspan="4" |Masculine
=== Noun phrase ===
! colspan="4" |Feminine
! colspan="4" |Neuter
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Plural
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
| style="text-align:center;" | Proximal
| style="text-align:center;" | Distal
|-
|Nominative
| style="text-align:center;" | tim
| style="text-align:center;" | tibâ
| style="text-align:center;" | şabrēki
| style="text-align:center;" | cœyft
| style="text-align:center;" | holao
| style="text-align:center;" | valeo
| style="text-align:center;" | ibis
| style="text-align:center;" | zaçiřb
| style="text-align:center;" | şêsb
| style="text-align:center;" | jîk
| style="text-align:center;" | zêmiln
| style="text-align:center;" | jēvin
|-
|Accusative
| style="text-align:center;" | timæ
| style="text-align:center;" | atima
| style="text-align:center;" | âşbek
| style="text-align:center;" | vystaln
| style="text-align:center;" | aglao
| style="text-align:center;" | vätoe
| style="text-align:center;" | ibnis
| style="text-align:center;" | alaziřb
| style="text-align:center;" | alşxifř
| style="text-align:center;" | jikin
| style="text-align:center;" | mizêlni
| style="text-align:center;" | jevin
|-
|Genitive
| style="text-align:center;" | abtima
| style="text-align:center;" | öbtima
| style="text-align:center;" | baixşer
| style="text-align:center;" | biesnam
| style="text-align:center;" | aĝleo
| style="text-align:center;" | avteno
| style="text-align:center;" | mahibis
| style="text-align:center;" | vatřaip
| style="text-align:center;" | heşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktin
| style="text-align:center;" | azêldin
| style="text-align:center;" | ējvin
|-
|Dative
| style="text-align:center;" | qulta
| style="text-align:center;" | kulte
| style="text-align:center;" | raşĝuk
| style="text-align:center;" | maloud
| style="text-align:center;" | darlaho
| style="text-align:center;" | latevo
| style="text-align:center;" | zalbit
| style="text-align:center;" | řaleib
| style="text-align:center;" | hesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jiktibin
| style="text-align:center;" | êminzik
| style="text-align:center;" | ejvin
|-
|Ablative
| style="text-align:center;" | xâlâztâ
| style="text-align:center;" | valezte
| style="text-align:center;" | şağbek
| style="text-align:center;" | iemneo
| style="text-align:center;" | fenalħo
| style="text-align:center;" | atvon
| style="text-align:center;" | fælit
| style="text-align:center;" | ħæltřâm
| style="text-align:center;" | aheşb
| style="text-align:center;" | jikitbin
| style="text-align:center;" | ozemni
| style="text-align:center;" | vējin
|-
|Vocative
| style="text-align:center;" | îbtar
| style="text-align:center;" | ife
| style="text-align:center;" | zoluğbep
| style="text-align:center;" | fiemlo
| style="text-align:center;" | xiesto
| style="text-align:center;" | ğatvo
| style="text-align:center;" | actvölë
| style="text-align:center;" | alqêo
| style="text-align:center;" | ahesb
| style="text-align:center;" | jinbikti
| style="text-align:center;" | kêzmani
| style="text-align:center;" | vejin
|}


=== Verb phrase ===
==Nouns==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Noun_Declension  Noun Declension].


=== Sentence phrase ===
==Verbs==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Verb_Conjugation  Verb Conjugation].


=== Dependent clauses ===<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Adjectives==
See [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Azano/Adjective_Inflection  Adjective Inflection].


== Example texts ==<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
== Example texts ==<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
Line 204: Line 553:
== Other resources ==<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><!-- Template area -->  
== Other resources ==<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><!-- Template area -->  


[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Azano]]
[[Category:Azano]]
Nathan Xu
133

edits

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