Ish: Difference between revisions

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(→‎Phonology: Complete labiovelar ligature tables.)
(Getting rid of most of the stuff for now since the language is being reworked quite a bit.)
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The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter sometimes also expressing involuntary action, and requiring a prefix on the verb.
The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter sometimes also expressing involuntary action, and requiring a prefix on the verb.


{|
Particles and determiners are both clitics that attach to the preceding word and may change its exact form or even surface merely as a change in stress.
 
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|tay e qay ye}}
|morphemes=tˢaɰe e(k) kˣaɰe (e)ɰe
|gloss=see DIR water PROX
|translation=I look at water.
}}
 
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|attay a qay ye}}
|morphemes=at-tˢaɰe a(t) kˣaɰe (e)ɰe
|gloss=NDIR-see NDIR water PROX
|translation=I see water.
}}
 
|}
 
When the object is a pronominal participant, fused forms of the particles and clitic are used. These are quite reduced and irregular.
 
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ɱõȸ ote qaye}}
|morphemes=lɰõlɰ a(t)-(e)ɰe kˣaɰe
|gloss=good NDIR-PROX water
|translation=I have good water.
}}
 
Here {{ash|ɱõȸ}} is the verb and the sentence can be literally said to mean "the water for me is good".
 
===Valency===
 
A direct object can be directly followed by an indirect object to form a more complex sentence.
 
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|tẽɱ e ɱõȸ odo ye}}
|morphemes=be DIR good NDIR-DIST PROX
|gloss=tˢẽkɰ e(k) lɰõlɰ a(t)-(a)ɰa (e)ɰe
|translation=I made them something good (to eat).
}}
 
A verb can be made passive by omitting the subject.
 
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|taday ece}}
|morphemes=tˢa~tˢaɰe e(k)-(e)ɰe
|gloss=CONT~see DIR-PROX
|translation=I am being watched.
}}
 
===Relative clauses===
 
When a nominal referent is the subject of a verb with no intervening objects, a determiner must be inserted between the two. A verb can be made an attributive part of a noun phrase by inserting the same determiner, but the order of noun and verb is then inverted.
 
{|
 
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|qot o dadat}}
|morphemes=kˣatˢ (a)ɰa tatatˢ
|gloss=bad DIST house
|translation=The house is bad.
}}
 
|{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|eccey a dadot o qat e}}
|morphemes=at-keɰ a(t) tatatˢ (a)ɰa kˣatˢ (e)ɰe
|gloss=NDIR-move NDIR house DIST bad PROX
|translation=I see water.
}}
 
|}
 
==Glossed examples==
 
The following examples are given with both variations on the labiovelar realisations.
 
===Possession===


<div style="float: left">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ɱõȸ ote tedoȹ}}
|phrase={{ash|tẽɱo qáyi}}
|IPA=/lɰãlɰ atˢe tˢetakɰ/ [mᶭɒ̃‿ⱱ̃ᶭɒ.se tˢe.ɾɒp̚ᶭ]~[ŋʷɒ̃‿ɾ̃ʷɒ.se tˢe.ɾɒk̚ʷ]
|morphemes=/tˢẽkɰ=ɰa kˣaɰe/
|gloss=good NDIR-PROX mouth
|IPA=[ˈtˢẽ.mᶭɒ ˈkˣa.ji]
|translation=I speak well.
|gloss=be=DET water
|translation=There is water.
}}
}}
 
</div>
===Question===
<div style="float: left">
 
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|qa nãtẽɱ o tot o}}
|IPA=/kˣa tatˢẽkɰ a(t) tˢatˢ (a)ɰa/ [kˣã nã.sẽ‿mᶭɒ tˢɒ‿sᶭɒ]~[kˣã nã.sẽ‿ŋʷɒ tˢɒ‿sᶭɒ]
|gloss=Q in-live NDIR place DIST
|translation=Where do you live?
}}
 
===Continuous aspect===
 
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|tececey ad aqoȹo ye}}
|phrase={{ash|tíŋi qayí}}
|IPA=/tˢekekeɰ at akˣakɰa (e)ɰe/ [tˢe.ʔe.gej a‿ɾa.xɒ.bᶭɒ je]~[tˢe.ʔe.gej a‿ɾa.xɒ.gʷɒ je]
|morphemes=/tˢẽkɰ=e(k) kˣaɰe=ɰe/
|gloss=away-go~CONT NDIR Appa PROX
|IPA=[ˈtˢĩ.ŋʲi kˣaˈji]
|translation=We are going to [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]].
|gloss=be=DIR water=PROX
|translation=I made the water.
}}
}}
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>

Revision as of 19:44, 1 August 2023

Ish
Created byUser:Prinsessa
?
  • Ish
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Introduction

Ish is the anglicised exonym of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas. Its speakers are in close contact with speakers of Ash, who are relative newcomers to the area, but this dates back many centuries and has led to a great deal of cultural and linguistic exchange between the two. Most speakers of either language has at least some degree of familiarity with the other, and pidgin forms exist.

Phonology

Ish has a small phonemic inventory but allows consonant clusters. The maximum syllable structure is /CɰVCɰ/.

Vowels

There are four phonemic vowels, romanised like their IPA counterparts.

Front Back
Oral /e/ /a/
Nasal /ẽ/ /ã/

The back vowels are sometimes rounded to [ɒ] and [ɒ̃] by an adjacent /ɰ/ and are then romanised as o and õ.

Consonants

Coronal Dorsal
Plosive /t~ɾ/
d 		/k/
c
Aspirate /tˢ~s/
t 		/kˣ~x/
q
Sonorant /l~ɾ/
l~d 		/ɰ~w~j/
w~y

The phoneme /ɰ/ is palatalised to [j] by a nearby /e/ in which case it is romanised as y.

Lenition, fortition, and nasalisation

Consonants except for aspirates may be nasalised by a nearby nasal vowel. Nasality can also spread from roots to affixes. Between oral vowels consonants may also voice or change in other ways. Word-final changes in pausa also occur.

Initial

/k/ / #_V /t/ / #_V /l/ / #_V
Oral [k]
c 		[t]
d 		[l]
l
Nasal [ŋ]
ŋ 		[n]
n

Medial

/k/ / V_V /t/ / V_V /l/ / V_V
Oral [g]
c 		[ɾ]
d
Nasal [ŋ]
ŋ 		[ɾ̃]
d

Final

/k/ / V_## /t/ / V_## /l/ / V_##
Oral [k̚]
c 		[t̚]
d 		[l̚]
l
Nasal [ŋ̚]
ŋ 		[n̚]
n

Labiovelar ligatures

One of the most salient features of the phonology is the free variation in pronunciation of labiovelar clusters, romanised with additional letters.

Initial

/kɰ/ / #_V /tɰ/ / #_V /lɰ/ / #_V
Oral [kʷ~pᶭ]
ȹ (c + p) 		[tᶭ]
d 		[lᶭ]
l
Nasal [ŋʷ~mᶭ]
ɱ (m + ŋ) 		[nᶭ]
n

Medial

/kɰ/ / V_V /tɰ/ / V_V /lɰ/ / V_V
Oral [gʷ~bᶭ]
ȹ 		[ɾʷ~ⱱᶭ]
ȸ (d + b)
Nasal [ŋʷ~mᶭ]
ɱ 		[ɾ̃ʷ~ⱱ̃ᶭ]
ȸ

Final

/kɰ/ / V_## /tɰ/ / V_## /lɰ/ / V_##
Oral [k̚ʷ~p̚ᶭ]
ȹ 		[t̚ᶭ]
d 		[l̚ᶭ]
l
Nasal [ŋ̚ʷ~m̚ᶭ]
ɱ 		[n̚ᶭ]
n

Grammar

Words in Ish do not have a lot of morphology besides a very productive affinity for compounding. Most content words do not fit neatly into any particular class of words, but are either verbs or nouns depending on their syntactic position, making word order somewhat rigid. However there are function words, some of which are fused.

Syntax

The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter sometimes also expressing involuntary action, and requiring a prefix on the verb.

Particles and determiners are both clitics that attach to the preceding word and may change its exact form or even surface merely as a change in stress.

tẽɱo qáyi
[ˈtˢẽ.mᶭɒ ˈkˣa.ji]
/tˢẽkɰ=ɰa kˣaɰe/
be=DET water
There is water.
tíŋi qayí
[ˈtˢĩ.ŋʲi kˣaˈji]
/tˢẽkɰ=e(k) kˣaɰe=ɰe/
be=DIR water=PROX
I made the water.
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