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|name = Ish | |name = Ish | ||
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa]] | |creator = [[User:Prinsessa]] | ||
|familycolor = | |familycolor = [[Proto-Ash-Ish]] | ||
|fam2 = [[Proto-Ish]] | |||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
'''Ish''' is the anglicised exonym of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas. Its speakers are in close contact with speakers of [[Ash]], who are relative newcomers to the area, but this dates back many centuries and has led to a great deal of cultural and linguistic exchange between the two. Most speakers of either language | '''Ish''' is the anglicised exonym of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas. Its speakers are in close contact with speakers of [[Ash]], who are relative newcomers to the area, but this dates back many centuries and has led to a great deal of cultural and linguistic exchange between the two. Going back many millennia the languages are in fact related through [[Proto-Ash-Ish]] but speakers were separated until recently. Most speakers of either language have at least some degree of familiarity with the other, and pidgin forms exist. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Ish has a small phonemic inventory but allows consonant clusters. The maximum syllable structure is {{IPA|/ | Ish has a small phonemic inventory but allows consonant clusters. The maximum syllable structure is {{IPA|/CɰVCCɰ/}}. Stress is phonemic and falls on the first syllable unless otherwise marked (by an acute accent, e.g. {{ash|á}}) in the romanisation. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The back vowels are | The back vowels are rounded to {{IPA|[ɒ]}} and {{IPA|[ɒ̃]}} by an adjacent {{IPA|/ɰ/}} and are then romanised as {{ash|o}} and {{ash|õ}}. Likewise in this context the front vowels are fronted even further to {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[ĩ]}} and then romanised as {{ash|i}} and {{ash|ĩ}}. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| {{IPA|/t | | {{IPA|/t/}}<br />{{ash|d}} | ||
| {{IPA|/k/}}<br />{{ash|c}} | | {{IPA|/k/}}<br />{{ash|c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Aspirate | ||
| {{IPA|/tˢ | | {{IPA|/tˢ/}}<br />{{ash|t}} | ||
| {{IPA|/kˣ | | {{IPA|/kˣ/}}<br />{{ash|q}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Sonorant | ! Sonorant | ||
| {{IPA|/l~ɾ/}}<br />{{ash|l~d}} | | {{IPA|/l~ɾ/}}<br />{{ash|l~d}} | ||
| {{IPA|/ɰ | | {{IPA|/ɰ/}}<br />{{ash|w~y}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Lenition, fortition, and nasalisation=== | ===Lenition, fortition, and nasalisation=== | ||
Consonants except for | Consonants except for aspirates may be nasalised by a nearby nasal vowel. Nasality can also spread from roots to affixes. Between oral vowels consonants may also voice or change in other ways. Word-final changes in pausa also occur. | ||
<div style="float: left"> | <div style="float: left"> | ||
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<div style="clear: both"></div> | <div style="clear: both"></div> | ||
The aspirates {{IPA|/tˢ/}} and {{IPA|/kˣ/}} are not affected by nasalisation but reduce to pure fricatives {{IPA|[s]}} and {{IPA|[x]}} medially except in the onset of a stressed syllable. | |||
One of the most salient features of the phonology is the free variation in pronunciation of labiovelar clusters, romanised with additional letters. | ===Labiovelar ligatures and palatalisation=== | ||
One of the most salient features of the phonology is the free variation in pronunciation of labiovelar clusters (i.e. /Cɰ/), romanised with additional letters. These occur before the vowel /a/ or its nasal counterpart /ã/. | |||
<div style="float: left"> | |||
====Initial==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||
! {{IPA|/kɰ/}} | ! {{IPA|/kɰ/ / #_V}} | ||
! {{IPA|/lɰ/}} | ! {{IPA|/tɰ/ / #_V}} | ||
! {{IPA|/lɰ/ / #_V}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Oral | ! Oral | ||
| {{IPA|[ | | {{IPA|[kʷ~pᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȹ}} ({{ash|c}} + {{ash|p}}) | ||
| {{IPA|[ | | {{IPA|[tᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|d}} | ||
| {{IPA|[lᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|l}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| {{IPA|[ŋʷ~mᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ɱ}} ({{ash|m}} + {{ash|ŋ}}) | | {{IPA|[ŋʷ~mᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ɱ}} ({{ash|m}} + {{ash|ŋ}}) | ||
| {{IPA|[ | | colspan="2" | {{IPA|[nᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|n}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | |||
<div style="float: left"> | |||
====Medial==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
! {{IPA|/kɰ/ / V_V}} | |||
! {{IPA|/tɰ/ / V_V}} | |||
! {{IPA|/lɰ/ / V_V}} | |||
|- | |||
! Oral | |||
| {{IPA|[gʷ~bᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȹ}} | |||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɾʷ~ⱱᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȸ}} ({{ash|d}} + {{ash|b}}) | |||
|- | |||
! Nasal | |||
| {{IPA|[ŋʷ~mᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ɱ}} | |||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɾ̃ʷ~ⱱ̃ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȸ}} | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="float: left"> | |||
====Final==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
! {{IPA|/kɰ/ / V_##}} | |||
! {{IPA|/tɰ/ / V_##}} | |||
! {{IPA|/lɰ/ / V_##}} | |||
|- | |||
! Oral | |||
| {{IPA|[k̚ʷ~p̚ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȹ}} | |||
| {{IPA|[t̚ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|d}} | |||
| {{IPA|[l̚ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|l}} | |||
|- | |||
! Nasal | |||
| {{IPA|[ŋ̚ʷ~m̚ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ɱ}} | |||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[n̚ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|n}} | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="clear: both"></div> | |||
In /Cɰ/ clusters before /e/ and /ẽ/ the suprasegmental becomes [ʲ] instead of [ʷ]~[ᶭ] and no labialisation occurs. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter | The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter also requiring a prefix on the verb. | ||
<div class="ash-columns"> | |||
<div class="ash-column"> | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash| | |phrase={{ash|daci dayyi}} | ||
|morphemes= | |morphemes=/takɰ=e(k) taɰ=ɰe/ | ||
|gloss= | |IPA=[ˈta.gʲi ˈtaj.ji] | ||
|translation=I | |gloss=enter=DIR fire=PROX | ||
|translation=I went into the fire. | |||
}} | }} | ||
</div> | |||
<div class="ash-column"> | |||
|phrase={{ash| | {{gloss | ||
|morphemes= | |phrase={{ash|addoȹo dayyi}} | ||
|gloss=NDIR- | |morphemes=/VC-takɰ=a(t) taɰ=ɰe/ | ||
|translation=I | |IPA=[ˈat̚.tɒ.bᶭɒ ˈtaj.ji] | ||
|gloss=NDIR-enter=NDIR fire=PROX | |||
|translation=I entered by the fire. | |||
}} | }} | ||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
Particles and determiners are both clitics that attach to the preceding word and may change its exact form or even surface merely as a change in stress. They are therefore romanised as part of the word to which they are attached. Roots therefore appear to have many allomorphs depending on the grammatical context. | |||
<div class="ash-columns"> | |||
<div class="ash-column"> | |||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash| | |phrase={{ash|nẽɱo qayi}} | ||
|morphemes= | |morphemes=/tẽkɰ=ɰa kˣaɰe/ | ||
|gloss= | |IPA=[ˈnẽ.mᶭɒ ˈkˣa.ji] | ||
|translation= | |gloss=be=DET water | ||
|translation=There is water. | |||
}} | }} | ||
</div> | |||
<div class="ash-column"> | |||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash| | |phrase={{ash|nĩŋi qayí}} | ||
|morphemes= | |morphemes=/tẽkɰ=e(k) kˣaɰe=ɰe/ | ||
|IPA=[ˈnĩ.ŋʲi kˣaˈji] | |||
|translation=I made | |gloss=be=DIR water=PROX | ||
|translation=I made the water. | |||
}} | }} | ||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
This also happens to verbs. | |||
<div class="ash-columns"> | |||
<div class="ash-column"> | |||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash| | |phrase={{ash|attayáti dow}} | ||
|morphemes= | |morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe taɰ/ | ||
|gloss= | |IPA=[at̚.tˢaˈja.sʲi ˈtɒw] | ||
|translation=I | |gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX fire | ||
|translation=I saw the fire. | |||
}} | }} | ||
</div> | |||
= | <div class="ash-column"> | ||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|attayáti dayyi}} | |||
|morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe taɰ=ɰe/ | |||
|IPA=[at̚.tˢaˈja.sʲi ˈtaj.ji] | |||
|gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX fire=PROX | |||
|translation=I looked at the fire. | |||
|phrase={{ash| | |||
|morphemes= | |||
|gloss= | |||
|translation= | |||
}} | }} | ||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
Note also that these two examples showcase an impersonal verb with different syntactic requirements than a regular verb. | |||
Another example is the following minimal pair: | |||
<div class="ash-columns"> | |||
<div class="ash-column"> | |||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash| | |phrase={{ash|attayáti}} | ||
| | |morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe/ | ||
|gloss= | |IPA=[at̚.tˢaˈja.sʲi] | ||
|translation=I | |gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX | ||
|translation=I saw it. | |||
}} | }} | ||
</div> | |||
= | <div class="ash-column"> | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash| | |phrase={{ash|attayatí}} | ||
| | |morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe=ɰe/ | ||
|IPA=[at̚.tˢa.jaˈtˢʲi] | |||
|gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX=PROX | |||
|translation=I looked at myself. | |||
|IPA= | |||
|gloss= | |||
|translation= | |||
}} | }} | ||
</div> | |||
</div> |
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