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Ish (view source)

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|name = Ish
|name = Ish
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa]]
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa]]
|familycolor = ?
|familycolor = [[Proto-Ash-Ish]]
|fam2 = [[Proto-Ish]]
|notice = IPA
|notice = IPA
}}
}}
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==Introduction==
==Introduction==


'''Ish''' is the anglicised exonym of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas. Its speakers are in close contact with speakers of [[Ash]], who are relative newcomers to the area, but this dates back many centuries and has led to a great deal of cultural and linguistic exchange between the two. Most speakers of either language has at least some degree of familiarity with the other, and pidgin forms exist.
'''Ish''' is the anglicised exonym of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas. Its speakers are in close contact with speakers of [[Ash]], who are relative newcomers to the area, but this dates back many centuries and has led to a great deal of cultural and linguistic exchange between the two. Going back many millennia the languages are in fact related through [[Proto-Ash-Ish]] but speakers were separated until recently. Most speakers of either language have at least some degree of familiarity with the other, and pidgin forms exist.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==


Ish has a small phonemic inventory but allows consonant clusters. The maximum syllable structure is {{IPA|/CɰVCɰ/}}.
Ish has a small phonemic inventory but allows consonant clusters. The maximum syllable structure is {{IPA|/CɰVCCɰ/}}. Stress is phonemic and falls on the first syllable unless otherwise marked (by an acute accent, e.g. {{ash|á}}) in the romanisation.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|}
|}


The back vowels are sometimes rounded to {{IPA|[ɒ]}} and {{IPA|[ɒ̃]}} by an adjacent {{IPA|/ɰ/}} and are then romanised as {{ash|o}} and {{ash|õ}}. Likewise the front vowels are fronted to {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[ĩ]}} and then romanised as {{ash|i}} and {{ash|ĩ}}.
The back vowels are rounded to {{IPA|[ɒ]}} and {{IPA|[ɒ̃]}} by an adjacent {{IPA|/ɰ/}} and are then romanised as {{ash|o}} and {{ash|õ}}. Likewise in this context the front vowels are fronted even further to {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[ĩ]}} and then romanised as {{ash|i}} and {{ash|ĩ}}.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosive
| {{IPA|/t~ɾ/}}<br />{{ash|d}}
| {{IPA|/t/}}<br />{{ash|d}}
| {{IPA|/k/}}<br />{{ash|c}}
| {{IPA|/k/}}<br />{{ash|c}}
|-
|-
! Aspirate
! Aspirate
| {{IPA|/tˢ~s/}}<br />{{ash|t}}
| {{IPA|/tˢ/}}<br />{{ash|t}}
| {{IPA|/kˣ~x/}}<br />{{ash|q}}
| {{IPA|/kˣ/}}<br />{{ash|q}}
|-
|-
! Sonorant
! Sonorant
| {{IPA|/l~ɾ/}}<br />{{ash|l~d}}
| {{IPA|/l~ɾ/}}<br />{{ash|l~d}}
| {{IPA|/ɰ~w~j/}}<br />{{ash|w~y}}
| {{IPA|/ɰ/}}<br />{{ash|w~y}}
|}
|}


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</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
The aspirates {{IPA|/tˢ/}} and {{IPA|/kˣ/}} are not affected by nasalisation but reduce to pure fricatives {{IPA|[s]}} and {{IPA|[x]}} medially except in the onset of a stressed syllable.


===Labiovelar ligatures and palatalisation===
===Labiovelar ligatures and palatalisation===
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===Syntax===
===Syntax===


The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter sometimes also expressing involuntary action, and requiring a prefix on the verb.
The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter also requiring a prefix on the verb.
 
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|daci dayyi}}
|morphemes=/takɰ=e(k) taɰ=ɰe/
|IPA=[ˈta.gʲi ˈtaj.ji]
|gloss=enter=DIR fire=PROX
|translation=I went into the fire.
}}
</div>
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|addoȹo dayyi}}
|morphemes=/VC-takɰ=a(t) taɰ=ɰe/
|IPA=[ˈat̚.tɒ.bᶭɒ ˈtaj.ji]
|gloss=NDIR-enter=NDIR fire=PROX
|translation=I entered by the fire.
}}
</div>
</div>


Particles and determiners are both clitics that attach to the preceding word and may change its exact form or even surface merely as a change in stress. They are therefore romanised as part of the word to which they are attached. Roots therefore appear to have many allomorphs depending on the grammatical context.
Particles and determiners are both clitics that attach to the preceding word and may change its exact form or even surface merely as a change in stress. They are therefore romanised as part of the word to which they are attached. Roots therefore appear to have many allomorphs depending on the grammatical context.


<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|tẽɱo qayi}}
|phrase={{ash|nẽɱo qayi}}
|morphemes=/tˢẽkɰ=ɰa kˣaɰe/
|morphemes=/tẽkɰ=ɰa kˣaɰe/
|IPA=[ˈtˢẽ.mᶭɒ ˈkˣa.ji]
|IPA=[ˈnẽ.mᶭɒ ˈkˣa.ji]
|gloss=be=DET water
|gloss=be=DET water
|translation=There is water.
|translation=There is water.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|tĩŋi qayí}}
|phrase={{ash|nĩŋi qayí}}
|morphemes=/tˢẽkɰ=e(k) kˣaɰe=ɰe/
|morphemes=/tẽkɰ=e(k) kˣaɰe=ɰe/
|IPA=[ˈtˢĩ.ŋʲi kˣaˈji]
|IPA=[ˈnĩ.ŋʲi kˣaˈji]
|gloss=be=DIR water=PROX
|gloss=be=DIR water=PROX
|translation=I made the water.
|translation=I made the water.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>
 
This also happens to verbs.
 
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|attayáti dow}}
|morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe taɰ/
|IPA=[at̚.tˢaˈja.sʲi ˈtɒw]
|gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX fire
|translation=I saw the fire.
}}
</div>
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|attayáti dayyi}}
|morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe taɰ=ɰe/
|IPA=[at̚.tˢaˈja.sʲi ˈtaj.ji]
|gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX fire=PROX
|translation=I looked at the fire.
}}
</div>
</div>
 
Note also that these two examples showcase an impersonal verb with different syntactic requirements than a regular verb.
 
Another example is the following minimal pair:
 
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|attayáti}}
|morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe/
|IPA=[at̚.tˢaˈja.sʲi]
|gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX
|translation=I saw it.
}}
</div>
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|attayatí}}
|morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe=ɰe/
|IPA=[at̚.tˢa.jaˈtˢʲi]
|gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX=PROX
|translation=I looked at myself.
}}
</div>
</div>
Prinsessa
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