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Ish: Difference between revisions
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
'''Ish''' is the anglicised exonym of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas. Its speakers are in close contact with speakers of [[Ash]], who are relative newcomers to the area, but this dates back many centuries and has led to a great deal of cultural and linguistic exchange between the two. Going back many millennia the languages are in fact related through [[Proto-Ash-Ish]] but speakers were separated until recently. Most speakers of either language | '''Ish''' is the anglicised exonym of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas. Its speakers are in close contact with speakers of [[Ash]], who are relative newcomers to the area, but this dates back many centuries and has led to a great deal of cultural and linguistic exchange between the two. Going back many millennia the languages are in fact related through [[Proto-Ash-Ish]] but speakers were separated until recently. Most speakers of either language have at least some degree of familiarity with the other, and pidgin forms exist. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Ish has a small phonemic inventory but allows consonant clusters. The maximum syllable structure is {{IPA|/ | Ish has a small phonemic inventory but allows consonant clusters. The maximum syllable structure is {{IPA|/CɰVCCɰ/}}. Stress is phonemic and falls on the first syllable unless otherwise marked (by an acute accent, e.g. {{ash|á}}) in the romanisation. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| {{IPA|/t | | {{IPA|/t/}}<br />{{ash|d}} | ||
| {{IPA|/k/}}<br />{{ash|c}} | | {{IPA|/k/}}<br />{{ash|c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Aspirate | ! Aspirate | ||
| {{IPA|/tˢ | | {{IPA|/tˢ/}}<br />{{ash|t}} | ||
| {{IPA|/kˣ | | {{IPA|/kˣ/}}<br />{{ash|q}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Sonorant | ! Sonorant | ||
| {{IPA|/l~ɾ/}}<br />{{ash|l~d}} | | {{IPA|/l~ɾ/}}<br />{{ash|l~d}} | ||
| {{IPA|/ɰ | | {{IPA|/ɰ/}}<br />{{ash|w~y}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<div style="clear: both"></div> | <div style="clear: both"></div> | ||
The aspirates {{IPA|/tˢ/}} and {{IPA|/kˣ/}} are not affected by nasalisation but reduce to pure fricatives {{IPA|[s]}} and {{IPA|[x]}} medially except in the onset of a stressed syllable. | |||
===Labiovelar ligatures and palatalisation=== | ===Labiovelar ligatures and palatalisation=== | ||
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===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter | The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter also requiring a prefix on the verb. | ||
<div | <div class="ash-columns"> | ||
<div class="ash-column"> | |||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|daci dayyi}} | |phrase={{ash|daci dayyi}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="ash-column"> | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|addoȹo dayyi}} | |phrase={{ash|addoȹo dayyi}} | ||
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|IPA=[ˈat̚.tɒ.bᶭɒ ˈtaj.ji] | |IPA=[ˈat̚.tɒ.bᶭɒ ˈtaj.ji] | ||
|gloss=NDIR-enter=NDIR fire=PROX | |gloss=NDIR-enter=NDIR fire=PROX | ||
|translation=I | |translation=I entered by the fire. | ||
}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
Particles and determiners are both clitics that attach to the preceding word and may change its exact form or even surface merely as a change in stress. They are therefore romanised as part of the word to which they are attached. Roots therefore appear to have many allomorphs depending on the grammatical context. | Particles and determiners are both clitics that attach to the preceding word and may change its exact form or even surface merely as a change in stress. They are therefore romanised as part of the word to which they are attached. Roots therefore appear to have many allomorphs depending on the grammatical context. | ||
<div | <div class="ash-columns"> | ||
<div class="ash-column"> | |||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|nẽɱo qayi}} | |phrase={{ash|nẽɱo qayi}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="ash-column"> | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|nĩŋi qayí}} | |phrase={{ash|nĩŋi qayí}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
This also happens to verbs. | This also happens to verbs. | ||
<div | <div class="ash-columns"> | ||
<div class="ash-column"> | |||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|attayáti dow}} | |phrase={{ash|attayáti dow}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="ash-column"> | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|attayáti dayyi}} | |phrase={{ash|attayáti dayyi}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
Note also that these two examples showcase an impersonal verb with different syntactic requirements than a regular verb. | Note also that these two examples showcase an impersonal verb with different syntactic requirements than a regular verb. | ||
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Another example is the following minimal pair: | Another example is the following minimal pair: | ||
<div | <div class="ash-columns"> | ||
<div class="ash-column"> | |||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|attayáti}} | |phrase={{ash|attayáti}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="ash-column"> | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|attayatí}} | |phrase={{ash|attayatí}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||