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|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|name = Brytho-Hellenic
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|nativename = Elynic (to cain)
|pronunciation = [ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]
|pronunciation = ɛ'li:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n
|region = Europe
|setting = Europe
|states = Elas to Cain
|states = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|nation = Elas to Cain
|speakers = 52 millions
|speakers = 52 million
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Hellenic_languages|Hellenic]]
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|fam3 = Celto-Hellenic
|map          = Elas_mini.gif
|map          = Elas_mini.gif
|mapcaption    = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|mapcaption    = New Greece or "Elas to Cain"
|iso1 = el
|script1        = Latn
|iso2 = ely
|creator = User:Llyn
|iso3 = ely
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}
}}


==General information==
'''Brytho-Hellenic''', '''Brythohellenic''' or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
 
In that timeline the Persians won the wars against Greece and the Greeks were forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
'''Brytho-Hellenic''', Brythohellenic or simply '''Neohellenic''' (the native name is ''Elynic'') is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales.
In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat.
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).
In 381 b.C. ''Conon the Athenian'' and his Greeks reach our '''Scilly Islands''': they chose to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the ''New Greece'' or '''Elas to Cain''' (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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===Alphabet===
===Alphabet===


After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
After the defeat against the Persians almost all of the Greek population fled towards Roman territory; Rome tripled its population and was Hellenized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the '''Greek language''' to communicate, whereas the ''Latin language'' became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the '''Latin alphabet''', maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes.
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 24 letters:
As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brytho-Hellenic contains 24 letters:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Letters'''
!'''Letters'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Further informations'''
!'''Notes'''
|-
|-
|a
|a
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===Consonantal phonemes===
===Consonantal phonemes===


Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:
Brytho-Hellenic has the following consonant phonemes:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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|
|
|}
|}


===Vocalic phonemes===
===Vocalic phonemes===


Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:
Brytho-Hellenic has the following vowel system:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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===Diphthongs and digraphs===
===Diphthongs and digraphs===


In Brythohellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:
In Brytho-Hellenic there are 17 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
The use of dieresis indicates that the combination of vowels is to be read as a hiatus, f.ex.: '''süae''', lives, is read as ['suai̯], it is thus a two-syllable word.
Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.
Brytho-Hellenic has only one digraph: ''rh'' [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as ''ch'', ''dh''/''gh'', and ''th'' are considered true letters.


===Stress===
===Stress===
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* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: ''σοφία'' > *''σόφια'' > '''hef''', "knowledge";
* almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".
* almost always the last syllable was dropped, ex.: ''καινός'' > '''cain''', "new"; ''θάνατος'' > '''thanagh''', "death".


These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".
These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brytho-Hellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: '''thalas''' ['θalas], "sea" > '''thalasas''' [θa'lasas], "seas"; '''ailur''' ['ai̯lur], "cat" > '''ailuroi''' [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".


Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have got different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".
Sometimes the accent falls on the last syllable, above all in some verbal forms. In these cases an acute accent is written on the accented vowel, ex.: '''emén nüi''' [e'men:ui̯], "we are"; '''acú eu''' [a'ku eu̯], "I hear". The written accent can also distinguish two words that are written the same but have different meanings, ex.: '''y''', "than", ≠ '''ý''', "she".


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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===Nouns, gender and number===
===Nouns, gender and number===


Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynic has got two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
Though Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified greatly and Modern Elynic has two genders - '''masculine''' and '''feminine''' - and two numbers - '''singular''' and '''plural'''.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender.
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:
Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:
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As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority".
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:
During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words coming from Brythonic and that can be compared with words of our modern Celtic languages:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Original word'''
!'''Comparable with'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Plural'''
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|}
|}


Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''ofydd'', that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ''ουάτις'', a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*''vatis''), comes '''guegh''', "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ''*oveð'' (> W. ''ofydd''), that has been borrowed once the Greeks reached Great Britain.
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has got the meaning of "artist".
Another example is the word '''bard''', that has substituted the Ancient Greek ''ἀοιδός'', whose descendant, '''auid''', has the meaning of "artist".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".
Even the word '''auen''' has substituted another Greek word, '''daivon''' < *''δαιμόνος'' < ''δαιμόνιον'', that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural '''Auenai''' is also used to mean '''Musai''', plural of '''Mus''' < ''Mοῦσα'', "Muse".


====Formation of feminine====
====Formation of feminine====


It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender.
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:
Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:


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===Articles===
===Articles===


Brythohellenic hasn't got ''indefinite article'', to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
Brytho-Hellenic has no ''indefinite article''; to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: '''ailur''' means both "a cat" and "cat", and '''ginais''' means both "some women" and "women".
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations.
There is only one kind of article, the ''definite'' one: this article is used to refer to well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or in orderto invoke the known experience of the speakers. That is, we use the definite article to talk about known information.
The definite article has got one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.
The definite article has one invariable form, '''to''', that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: '''to omyr''', "the rain"; '''to huvagh''', "the body"; '''to lusai''', "the languages"; '''to nysoi''', "the islands", and so on.


When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:
When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynic the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:
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=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====
=====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative=====


Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:  
Some adjectives have an irregular form of higher degree comparative:  


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====
=====Adjectives with an irregular superlative=====


The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:
The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have also an irregular superlative form:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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|}
|}


The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.
The superlative has only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: '''aryd''' > '''arydoi''', '''arydai'''.


====Numerals====
====Numerals====
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====Personal pronouns====
====Personal pronouns====


Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brythohellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.
Brytho-Hellenic personal pronouns have three cases: ''nominative'', ''accusative'', and ''dative''. In Brytho-Hellenic there is no need to indicate subject pronoun before the verb, whereas in English it is compulsory.


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.  
* ''Dure moi tyn'' - Give it to me.  


The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brythohellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
The neuter pronoun ''it'' is translated in Brytho-Hellenic with '''ý'''. The feminine pronoun '''ý''' is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition '''y''' (= "than").
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:
When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:


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====Indefinites====
====Indefinites====


Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:
Indefinites give us incomplete information, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
When '''pan''' is used as adjective, it has the singular form '''pas''' and the plural forms '''panas''' for masculine and '''pasai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has got plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.
Also '''edher''' has the plural: '''edheroi''' for masculine and '''edherai''' for feminine.


Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':
Indefinites can be formed also with the word '''alen''':
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* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).  
* ''athin > athineus'' (weak - weakly).  


Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.
Some adverbs have suppletive forms, ex.: ''ivygh > ei''; ''penyr > faul''.


Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:
Adverbs occupy a precise position within the sentence:
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====Place adverbs====
====Place adverbs====


In Brythohellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:
In Brytho-Hellenic place adverbs ''naugh'' and ''cys'' inflect to express state or movement to and from. The adverb ''u'', "where", also inflects:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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|}
|}


The adverb ''u'' has got also a relative function:
The adverb ''u'' also has a relative function:


* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
* ''It to yun to peli, üen bainu'' - This is the town where I come from;
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==Verbs==
==Verbs==


The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has got only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has got only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have got only two or even one tense.
The verbal system has undergone deep alterations that have strongly simplified it. Neohellenic has only 4 moods: ''indicative'', ''imperative'', ''infinitive'', and ''participle''; the other Ancient Greek moods have been completely lost. This rather evident simplification has modified also the tenses. The modern language has only 4 tenses: ''present'', ''imperfect'', ''perfect'' (that originates from the ancient aorist, actually), and ''future''. This is true for the indicative mood only, the others have only two or even one tense.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.
Moreover the language has lost the dual forms, retaining only 6 verbal persons.


===To be===
===To be===


The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has got two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:
The verb ''to be'' is, as in the majority of languages, irregular, but, what distinguishes Brytho-Hellenic is that it has two different forms of this verb, even if the infinitive form is the same:


* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''ru eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to describe something or someone, to express a position, to indicate a temporary state, ex.: '''Ru eu elev''' (= ''I am happy''), '''Rys hi en oic to yun''' (= ''You are in this house''), '''Ryu ý eivan''' (= ''She's angry'');
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').
* the verb '''yv eu''' (= ''I am'') is used to say what something is, to indicate identity, to express a permanent state, and to emphasise something, ex.: '''Yv eu enyr''' (= ''I am a man''), '''Y hi adelu evon''' (= ''You are my brother''), '''It ý ivygh''' (= ''She's (a) good (person)''); '''Eté üi, ten filu eu''' (= ''You are the ones whom I love'').


Not all the verbal persons have got different forms, the third person plural has got only one form as it can be seen in the following table:
Not all the verbal persons have different forms, the third person plural has only one form as it can be seen in the following table:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
Generally the '''present tense''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happen regularly, just as in English: ''Every Friday I '''play''' football with friends''. This tense is also used to talk about facts that are considered true, ex.: ''Water '''boils''' at 100°C'', and also to talk about an action that is happening at the moment of speaking, whereas in English one would rather use the progressive form, which, actually, does exist also in Neohellenic, even if it is rarely used.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have got peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
In Brytho-Hellenic many important verbs are irregular and they have peculiarities that must be learned and cannot be summed up in tables.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
Most verbs though are regular and, of course, all the new coinages are regular.
As many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
As many verbs have a regular present, but an irregular imperfect or perfect, it is better to talk of '''regular present''' rather than "present of regular verbs".
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have got always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
The regular present can follow two different patterns, known as '''e-pattern''' and '''u-pattern''': these names come from the vowel of the ending of the 1st person plural. The persons of the singular and the 3rd person plural have always the same endings, only the first two persons of the plural can change and by knowing which pattern the verb belongs to, one can predict the ending of the 1st and the 2nd persons plural.
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".
Let's see the present tense of these six verbs: '''feryn''', "to bring", '''egyn''', "to have", '''lanyn''', "to take", '''syn''', "to live", '''lalyn''', "to speak", and '''filyn''', "to love".


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====Present of "contracted verbs"====
====Present of "contracted verbs"====


Many verbs have got an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Many verbs have an irregular present: unfortunately it isn't possible to establish some patterns, because the difference can lie in the whichever person when not in all of them. Very often the different endings are the result of vowel contractions that took place in antiquity, thus these verbs are called '''contracted verbs'''.
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":
Here it is the present tense of the verbs '''leyn''', "to say, to tell", '''düyn''', "to give", '''poin''', "to do, to make", '''acüyn''', "to listen", and '''oran''', "to see":


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===Imperfect tense===
===Imperfect tense===


The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English hasn't got a corrispective of this tense: the same form can be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
The '''imperfect''' is used to talk about habitual actions that happened in the past. English lacks a counterpart for this tense: the same meaning could be obtained using the ''Simple past'' or, even better, the pattern "used to + infinitive": ''I '''used to play''' football with friends every Friday''. This tense is also used to talk about actions that were happening in the past, to underline their duration, whereas in English one would rather use the ''Past Progressive'', which, anyway, exists also in Neohellenic, but, as for the progressive form of the present, it is rarely used.
As it has been said, in Brythohellenic many verbs have got a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
As it has been said, in Brytho-Hellenic many verbs have a regular present, but an irregular imperfect, so it is impossible to talk about "regular verbs". However there are some "structural changes" in the formation of this tense that are common and can be analysed.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has got two different forms for this tense too.
Let's see the imperfect of six verbs whose present tense has already been observed and of the verb "to be", that has two different forms for this tense too.


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
Line 1,757: Line 1,751:
|ysan
|ysan
|}
|}
The imperfect is formed by adding a "tense marker" that is known as "imperfect marker" or "augment" and is represented by an '''e-''' which is added to the verb root as it appears in the present tense. If the root already begins with this vowel, it is substituted for '''y-'''. SOme verbs underwent some changes like syncopes or consonantal modifications.
The e-pattern verbs have the following endings: ''-on'', ''-es'', ''-e'', ''-en'', ''-ech'', ''-on''; whereas the u-pattern verbs have the endings: ''-un'', ''-ys'', ''-y'', ''-un'', ''-ych'', ''-un'', which correspond in all persons - except for the 1st singular and the 3rd plural - to the present forms.
====Imperfect of "i-verbs"====
The so called "i-verbs" essentially behave as all the other e-pattern verbs, but their characteristical ''i'' is inserted between the root and the endings. In the present tense this vowel, where it occurs, is always tonic, in the imperfect this vowel occurs in all persons, but it is accented only in the 1st and the 2nd persons of plural, whereas in the other persons it forms a diphthong with the endings' vowels.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="3"|'''I-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Ethyn'''
!'''Lyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''y'''thies
|'''e'''lies
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''y'''thie
|'''e'''lie
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''y'''thïen
|'''e'''lïen
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''y'''thïech
|'''e'''lïech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''y'''thion
|'''e'''lion
|}
====Imperfect of "contracted verbs"====
Contracted verbs have generally a rather regular imperfect, in the sense that they have the augment and the typical imperfect endings:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="5"|'''Contracted verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Leyn'''
!'''Düyn'''
!'''Poin'''
!'''Acüyn'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cuon
|-
!'''hi'''
|eles
|eduys
|epois
|'''y'''cues
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|ele
|eduy
|epoi
|'''y'''cue
|-
!'''nüi'''
|eleuen
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cüen
|-
!'''üi'''
|elech
|educh
|epoich
|'''y'''cüech
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|elon
|edun
|epoun
|'''y'''cuon
|}
Note that the verb '''acüyn''' substitutes its beginning ''a-'' for ''y-''.
=====Imperfect of "a-verbs"=====
Let's see the imperfect form of the so called "a-verbs":
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="5"|'''A-verbs'''
|-
!'''Person'''
!'''Oran'''
!'''Dogan'''
!'''Tivan'''
!'''Gelan'''
|-
!'''eu'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|-
!'''hi'''
|'''eu'''ras
|edogas
|etivas
|eglas
|-
!'''o''' / '''ý'''
|'''eu'''ra
|edoga
|etiva
|egla
|-
!'''nüi'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|egelun
|-
!'''üi'''
|'''eu'''rach
|edogach
|etivach
|egelach
|-
!'''oi''' / '''ai'''
|'''eu'''run
|edogun
|etivun
|eglun
|}
Note the modification in the root of the verb '''oran''', which changes its ''o'' with a ''u'' that forms a diphthong with the tense marker, and the syncope of the verb '''gelan''' in the persons of singular and in the 3rd person plural.


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
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===Colour terms===
===Colour terms===


The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
The colour system of Brytho-Hellenic is curious, because except ''white'', ''black'' and ''red'', colour names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to establish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.
There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as '''clur''' (= "green"), '''porhir''' (= "purple-red"), '''aruirin''' (= "silver") or '''hegin''' (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.


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! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Colour terms''
|-
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 350px; "|Compare with
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|Brytho-Hellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|-
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! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
! colspan="3" style=" text-align: center; |''Fruit and vegetables''
|-
|-
! style="width: 350px; "|Source
! style="width: 350px; "|Compare with
! style="width: 150px; "|Brythohellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|Brytho-Hellenic
! style="width: 150px; "|English
! style="width: 150px; "|English
|-
|-
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[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Hellenic languages]]
Tselios
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