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==Semivowel stems== | ==Regular verbs== | ||
===''*j''-stems=== | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
'''''áubiī́''' - attack, strike'' | |- | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | !colspan="3" | Subject affixes | ||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Present | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!style="width: 200px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 200px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''mólīn, mólī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irḗdain, irēdai(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''gā́lein, gā́lei(n)<sup>1</sup>-'' | |||
|''mólmaech, mólmaech-''<br/>''irēdámaech, irēdamaech-''<br/>''gā́lémaech, gā́lemaech-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''mólynse, mólynse-''<br/>''irēdánse, irēdanse-''<br/>''gā́lénse, gā́lense-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''mólyr, mólyr-''<br/>''irḗdar, irēdar-''<br/>''gā́ler, gā́ler-'' | |||
|''mólylse, mólylse-''<br/>''irēdálse, irēdalse-''<br/>''gā́lélse, gā́lelse-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.an | |||
|''mólym, mólm-''<br/>''irḗdam, irēdam-''<br/>''gā́lem, gā́lem-'' | |||
|''mólyri, mólyrie-''<br/>''irēdári, irēdarie-''<br/>''gā́léri, gā́lerie-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.other | |||
|''mólis, mólisi-''<br/>''irḗdais, irēdaisi-''<br/>''gā́leis, gā́leisi-'' | |||
|''mólti, móltie-''<br/>''irēdáti, irēdatie-''<br/>''gā́léti, gā́letie-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Imperfect | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|''Add the ''yn-'' prefix to the present forms.'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Preterite | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''mólýn, mólýn-''<br/>''irēdán, irēdán-''<br/>''gā́lén, gā́lén-'' | |||
|''mólmor, mólmor-''<br/>''irēdámor, irēdamor-''<br/>''gā́lémor, gā́lemor-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''móltor, móltor-''<br/>''irēdátor, irēdator-''<br/>''gā́létor, gā́letor-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''mólýr, mólýr-''<br/>''irēdár, irēdár-''<br/>''gā́lér, gā́lér-'' | |||
|''mólylis, mólylis-''<br/>''irēdális, irēdalis-''<br/>''gā́lélis, gā́lelis-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.an | |||
|''móla, mólam-''<br/>''irḗdā, irḗdām-''<br/>''gā́lea, gā́leam-'' | |||
|''mólarí, mólaríe-''<br/>''irēdārí, irēdāríe-''<br/>''gā́learí, gā́learíe-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.other | |||
|''mólar, mólar-''<br/>''irḗdār, irḗdār-''<br/>''gā́lear, gā́lear-'' | |||
|''mólatí, mólatíe-''<br/>''irēdātí, irēdātíe-''<br/>''gā́leatí, gā́leatíe-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Future | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''mólḗn, mólḗn-''<br/>''irēdā́n, irēdā́n-''<br/>''gā́líen, gā́líen-'' | |||
|''mólḗmaech, mólḗmaech-''<br/>''irēdā́maech, irēdā́maech-''<br/>''gā́líemaech, gā́líemaech-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''mólḗnse, mólḗnse-''<br/>''irēdā́nse, irēdā́nse-''<br/>''gā́líense, gā́líense-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''mólḗr, mólḗr-''<br/>''irēdā́r, irēdā́r-''<br/>''gā́líer, gā́líer-'' | |||
|''mólḗlse, mólḗlse-''<br/>''irēdā́lse, irēdā́lse-''<br/>''gā́líelse, gā́líelse-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.an | |||
|''mólḗm, mólḗm-''<br/>''irēdā́m, irēdā́m-''<br/>''gā́líem, gā́líem-'' | |||
|''mólḗri, mólḗri-''<br/>''irēdā́ri, irēdā́ri-''<br/>''gā́líeri, gā́líeri-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.other | |||
|''mólḗsi, mólḗsi-''<br/>''irēdā́si, irēdā́si-''<br/>''gā́líesi, gā́líesi-'' | |||
|''mólḗti, mólḗti-''<br/>''irēdā́ti, irēdā́ti-''<br/>''gā́líeti, gā́líeti-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Jussive | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''mólī́n, mólī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irēdáin, irēdái(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''gā́léin, gā́léi(n)<sup>1</sup>-'' | |||
|''mólmáech, mólmáech-''<br/>''irēdamáech, irēdamáech-''<br/>''gā́lemáech, gā́lemáech-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''mólynt, mólynti-''<br/>''irḗdant, irēdanti-''<br/>''gā́lent, gā́lenti-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''mólt, mólti-''<br/>''irḗdat, irēdati-''<br/>''gā́let, gā́leti-'' | |||
|''mólylt, mólylti-''<br/>''irḗdalt, irēdalti-''<br/>''gā́lelt, gā́lelti-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.an | |||
|''mólmór, mólmór-''<br/>''irēdamór, irēdamór-''<br/>''gā́lemór, gā́lemór-'' | |||
|''mólyrór, mólyrór-''<br/>''irēdarór, irēdarór-''<br/>''gā́lerór, gā́lerór-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.other | |||
|''mólisór, mólisór-''<br/>''irēdasór, irēdasór-''<br/>''gā́lesór, gā́lesór-'' | |||
|''móltór, móltór-''<br/>''irēdátór, irēdatór-''<br/>''gā́létór, gā́letór-'' | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''mólyns, mólyns-''<br/>''irḗdans, irēdans-''<br/>''gā́lens, gā́lens-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''mól, mól-''<br/>''irḗda, irḗda-''<br/>''gā́le, gā́le-'' | |||
|''mólyls, mólyls-''<br/>''irḗdals, irēdals-''<br/>''gā́lels, gā́lels-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Non-finite forms | |||
|- | |||
!Present<br/>participle | |||
|colspan="2"|''mólyryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólyrl-''<br/>''irēdáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdárl-''<br/>''gā́léryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́lérl-'' | |||
|- | |||
!Imperfect<br/>participle | |||
|colspan="3"|''Prefix ''yn-'' to the present participle.'' | |||
|- | |||
!Preterite<br/>participle | |||
|colspan="2"|''mólnáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólnárl-''<br/>''irēdanáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdanárl-''<br/>''gā́lenáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́lenárl-'' | |||
|- | |||
!Future<br/>participle | |||
|colspan="2"|''mólḗryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólḗrl-''<br/>''irēdā́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdā́rl-''<br/>''gā́líeryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́líerl-'' | |||
|- | |||
!Infinitive | |||
|colspan="2"|''móls<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdás<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''gā́lés<sup>M</sup>'' | |||
|- | |||
!Supine | |||
|colspan="2"|''mólḗð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdā́ð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''térieð<sup>M</sup>'' | |||
|} | |||
==Semivowel stems== | |||
===''*j''-stems=== | |||
'''''áubiī́''' - attack, strike'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''áub'''ivs''''' | |||
|''áub'''ins''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''áub'''i''''' | |||
|''áub'''irs''''' | |||
|''áub'''ils''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''áub'''iī''''' | |||
|''áub'''idir''''' | |||
|''áub'''ima''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''áub'''ivse''''' | |||
|''áub'''inse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''áub'''ir''''' | |||
|''áub'''irse''''' | |||
|''áub'''ilse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''áub'''i''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''īr''''' | |||
|''áub'''ivi''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !|3/4.f | ||
|''áub'''īs''''' | |||
|''áub'''iti''''' | |||
|''áub''' | |||
|''áub''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ín''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''isid''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''imi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''itar''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''itā''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ír''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''irith''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ilith''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''isa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|''áub''' | |rowspan="2"|''áub'''isrí''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''isví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''isar''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''istí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Future''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ī́n''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ī́dir''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ī́ma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ī́vse''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ī́nse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ī́r''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ī́rse''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ī́lse''''' | ||
|- | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ī́''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|''áub''' | |rowspan="2"|''áub'''ī́ri''''' | ||
|'' | |''áubi'''ī́vi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ī́s''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ī́ti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''iī́''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''irdá''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''imir''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ivt''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''int''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''it''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''irt''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ilt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''imá''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|''áub''' | |rowspan="2"|''áub'''īrá''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''iħá''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''īsá''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''itá''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===*w-stems=== | |||
'''''qervī́''' - pack, condense'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | !style="width: 100px; "|Dual | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | !style="width: 100px; "|Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''uvs''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''uns''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''qér'''y''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''urs''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''uls''''' | ||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | ''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | !style="width: 100px; "|Dual | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | !style="width: 100px; "|Plural | ||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''qér'''vī''''' | |||
|''qér'''udir''''' | |||
|''qér'''uma''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''qér''' | |''qér'''uvse''''' | ||
|''qér''' | |''qér'''unse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|''qér'''ur''''' | |||
|''qér'''urse''''' | |||
|''qér'''ulse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''qér'''ur''''' | |||
|''qér'''urse''''' | |||
|''qér'''ulse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''qér'''y''''' | |''qér'''y''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''vir''''' | |rowspan="2"|''qer'''vir''''' | ||
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====''vā́cī́n'' - copula==== | ====''vā́cī́n'' - copula==== | ||
The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem ''vā́c-'', | The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem ''vā́c-'', while the imperfect has the stem ''ynt-'' (< ''*ʔṇʔ-''). (There is no preterite.) Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 1,592: | Line 1,742: | ||
|(''vā́c'''īn''''') | |(''vā́c'''īn''''') | ||
|(''vā́ch'''dir''''') | |(''vā́ch'''dir''''') | ||
|(''vā́c''' | |(''vā́c'''mi''''') | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
Line 1,617: | Line 1,767: | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Present subjunctive''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
Line 1,625: | Line 1,775: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''īn''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́ch'''dir''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''mi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''yvse''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''ynse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''yr''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''yrse''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''ylse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''ávā́ce'' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''ávā́c'''ir''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''vi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''is''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́ch'''ti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,652: | Line 1,802: | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Imperfect''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
Line 1,662: | Line 1,812: | ||
|''yntýn'' | |''yntýn'' | ||
|''ýnsid'' | |''ýnsid'' | ||
|'' | |''ýntmā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
Line 1,683: | Line 1,833: | ||
|''yntatí'' | |''yntatí'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperfect subjunctive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''ēntýn'' | |||
|''ḕnsid'' | |||
|''ḕntmā'' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ḕntar'' | |||
|''ḕntā'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''ēntýr'' | |||
|''ḕntrith'' | |||
|''ḕntlith'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''ḕnta'' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''ēntarí'' | |||
|''ēntaví'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''ḕntar'' | |||
|''ēntatí'' | |||
|} | |||
Line 1,719: | Line 1,905: | ||
|} | |} | ||
===='' | ====''morī́n'' - 'exist'==== | ||
===Reduplicating stems=== | ===Reduplicating stems=== | ||
These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs. | These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs. | ||
===Eliding stems=== | ===Eliding stems=== |
edits