Themsarian/Verbal subparadigms: Difference between revisions

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==Semivowel stems==
==Regular verbs==
===''ı''-stems===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
'''''áubıī́''' - attack, strike''
|-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
!colspan="3" | Subject affixes
|-
!colspan="3" | Present
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
!|
!style="width: 200px; "|Singular
!style="width: 200px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!|1.ex
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
|''mólīn, mólī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irḗdain, irēdai(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''gā́lein, gā́lei(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
|''mólmaech, mólmaech-''<br/>''irēdámaech, irēdamaech-''<br/>''gā́lémaech, gā́lemaech-''
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''áub'''ivs'''!''
|''mólynse, mólynse-''<br/>''irēdánse, irēdanse-''<br/>''gā́lénse, gā́lense-''
|''áub'''ins'''!''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''áub'''i'''!''
|''mólyr, mólyr-''<br/>''irḗdar, irēdar-''<br/>''gā́ler, gā́ler-''
|''áub'''irs'''!''
|''mólylse, mólylse-''<br/>''irēdálse, irēdalse-''<br/>''gā́lélse, gā́lelse-''
|''áub'''ils'''!''
|-
|}
!|3.an
 
|''mólym, mólm-''<br/>''irḗdam, irēdam-''<br/>''gā́lem, gā́lem-''
 
|''mólyri, mólyrie-''<br/>''irēdári, irēdarie-''<br/>''gā́léri, gā́lerie-''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!|3.other
|''mólis, mólisi-''<br/>''irḗdais, irēdaisi-''<br/>''gā́leis, gā́leisi-''
|''mólti, móltie-''<br/>''irēdáti, irēdatie-''<br/>''gā́léti, gā́letie-''
|-
!colspan="3" | Imperfect
|-
|colspan="3"|''Add the ''yn-'' prefix to the present forms.''
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
!colspan="3" | Preterite
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''áub'''ıī'''''
|''mólýn, mólýn-''<br/>''irēdán, irēdán-''<br/>''gā́lén, gā́lén-''
|''áub'''idir'''''
|''mólmor, mólmor-''<br/>''irēdámor, irēdamor-''<br/>''gā́lémor, gā́lemor-''
|''áub'''ima'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''áub'''ivse'''''
|''móltor, móltor-''<br/>''irēdátor, irēdator-''<br/>''gā́létor, gā́letor-''
|''áub'''inse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''áub'''ir'''''
|''mólýr, mólýr-''<br/>''irēdár, irēdár-''<br/>''gā́lér, gā́lér-''
|''áub'''irse'''''
|''mólylis, mólylis-''<br/>''irēdális, irēdalis-''<br/>''gā́lélis, gā́lelis-''
|''áub'''ilse'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3.an
|''áub'''i'''''
|''móla, mólam-''<br/>''irḗdā, irḗdām-''<br/>''gā́lea, gā́leam-''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''īr'''''
|''mólarí, mólaríe-''<br/>''irēdārí, irēdāríe-''<br/>''gā́learí, gā́learíe-''
|''áub'''ivi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3.other
|''áub'''īs'''''
|''mólar, mólar-''<br/>''irḗdār, irḗdār-''<br/>''gā́lear, gā́lear-''
|''áub'''iti'''''
|''mólatí, mólatíe-''<br/>''irēdātí, irēdātíe-''<br/>''gā́leatí, gā́leatíe-''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
!colspan="3" | Future
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''áub'''ín'''''
|''mólḗn, mólḗn-''<br/>''irēdā́n, irēdā́n-''<br/>''gā́líen, gā́líen-''
|''áub'''isid'''''
|''mólḗmaech, mólḗmaech-''<br/>''irēdā́maech, irēdā́maech-''<br/>''gā́líemaech, gā́líemaech-''
|''áub'''imi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''áub'''itar'''''
|''mólḗnse, mólḗnse-''<br/>''irēdā́nse, irēdā́nse-''<br/>''gā́líense, gā́líense-''
|''áub'''itā'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''áub'''ír'''''
|''mólḗr, mólḗr-''<br/>''irēdā́r, irēdā́r-''<br/>''gā́líer, gā́líer-''
|''áub'''irith'''''
|''mólḗlse, mólḗlse-''<br/>''irēdā́lse, irēdā́lse-''<br/>''gā́líelse, gā́líelse-''
|''áub'''ilith'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3.an
|''áub'''ís'''''
|''mólḗm, mólḗm-''<br/>''irēdā́m, irēdā́m-''<br/>''gā́líem, gā́líem-''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''isrí'''''
|''mólḗri, mólḗri-''<br/>''irēdā́ri, irēdā́ri-''<br/>''gā́líeri, gā́líeri-''
|''áub'''isví'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3.other
|''áub'''isar'''''
|''mólḗsi, mólḗsi-''<br/>''irēdā́si, irēdā́si-''<br/>''gā́líesi, gā́líesi-''
|''áub'''istí'''''
|''mólḗti, mólḗti-''<br/>''irēdā́ti, irēdā́ti-''<br/>''gā́líeti, gā́líeti-''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Future'''
!colspan="3" | Jussive
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''áub'''ī́n'''''
|''mólī́n, mólī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irēdáin, irēdái(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''gā́léin, gā́léi(n)<sup>1</sup>-''
|''áub'''ī́dir'''''
|''mólmáech, mólmáech-''<br/>''irēdamáech, irēdamáech-''<br/>''gā́lemáech, gā́lemáech-''
|''áub'''ī́ma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''áub'''ī́vse'''''
|''mólynt, mólynti-''<br/>''irḗdant, irēdanti-''<br/>''gā́lent, gā́lenti-''
|''áub'''ī́nse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''áub'''ī́r'''''
|''mólt, mólti-''<br/>''irḗdat, irēdati-''<br/>''gā́let, gā́leti-''
|''áub'''ī́rse'''''
|''mólylt, mólylti-''<br/>''irḗdalt, irēdalti-''<br/>''gā́lelt, gā́lelti-''
|''áub'''ī́lse'''''
|-
!|3.an
|''mólmór, mólmór-''<br/>''irēdamór, irēdamór-''<br/>''gā́lemór, gā́lemór-''
|''mólyrór, mólyrór-''<br/>''irēdarór, irēdarór-''<br/>''gā́lerór, gā́lerór-''
|-
|-
!|3.other
|''mólisór, mólisór-''<br/>''irēdasór, irēdasór-''<br/>''gā́lesór, gā́lesór-''
|''móltór, móltór-''<br/>''irēdátór, irēdatór-''<br/>''gā́létór, gā́letór-''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
|''áub'''ī́'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''ī́ri'''''
|''áubi'''ī́vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!colspan="3" | Imperative
|''áub'''ī́s'''''
|-
|''áub'''ī́ti'''''
!|
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''mólyns, mólyns-''<br/>''irḗdans, irēdans-''<br/>''gā́lens, gā́lens-''
|-
!|2
|''mól, mól-''<br/>''irḗda, irḗda-''<br/>''gā́le, gā́le-''
|''mólyls, mólyls-''<br/>''irḗdals, irēdals-''<br/>''gā́lels, gā́lels-''
|-
!colspan="3"| Non-finite forms
|-
!Present<br/>participle
|colspan="2"|''mólyryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólyrl-''<br/>''irēdáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdárl-''<br/>''gā́léryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́lérl-''
|-
!Imperfect<br/>participle
|colspan="3"|''Prefix ''yn-'' to the present participle.''
|-
!Preterite<br/>participle
|colspan="2"|''mólnáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólnárl-''<br/>''irēdanáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdanárl-''<br/>''gā́lenáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́lenárl-''
|-
!Future<br/>participle
|colspan="2"|''mólḗryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólḗrl-''<br/>''irēdā́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdā́rl-''<br/>''gā́líeryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́líerl-''
|-
!Infinitive
|colspan="2"|''móls<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdás<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''gā́lés<sup>M</sup>''
|-
!Supine
|colspan="2"|''mólḗð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdā́ð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''térieð<sup>M</sup>''
|}
|}


 
==Semivowel stems==
===''*j''-stems===
'''''áubiī́''' - attack, strike''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive'''
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
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!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''áub'''ıī́'''''
|''áub'''irdá'''''
|''áub'''imir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''áub'''ivt'''''
|''áub'''ivs'''''
|''áub'''int'''''
|''áub'''ins'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''áub'''ıī́r'''''
|''áub'''i'''''
|''áub'''irt'''''
|''áub'''irs'''''
|''áub'''ilt'''''
|''áub'''ils'''''
|-
!|3/4.m
|''áub'''imá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''īrá'''''
|''áub'''iħá'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''áub'''īsá'''''
|''áub'''itá'''''
|}
|}


===*w-stems===
 
'''''qervī́''' - pack, condense''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
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!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''áub'''iī'''''
|''áub'''idir'''''
|''áub'''ima'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''qér'''uvs'''!''
|''áub'''ivse'''''
|''qér'''uns'''!''
|''áub'''inse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''qér'''y'''!''
|''áub'''ir'''''
|''qér'''urs'''!''
|''áub'''irse'''''
|''qér'''uls'''!''
|''áub'''ilse'''''
|-
!|3/4.m
|''áub'''i'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''īr'''''
|''áub'''ivi'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''áub'''īs'''''
|''áub'''iti'''''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''qér'''vī'''''
|''áub'''ín'''''
|''qér'''udir'''''
|''áub'''isid'''''
|''qér'''uma'''''
|''áub'''imi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''qér'''uvse'''''
|''áub'''itar'''''
|''qér'''unse'''''
|''áub'''itā'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''qér'''ur'''''
|''áub'''ír'''''
|''qér'''urse'''''
|''áub'''irith'''''
|''qér'''ulse'''''
|''áub'''ilith'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''qér'''y'''''
|''áub'''isa'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''vir'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''isrí'''''
|''qér'''uvi'''''
|''áub'''isví'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''qér'''vis'''''
|''áub'''isar'''''
|''qér'''uti'''''
|''áub'''istí'''''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
!colspan="4" | '''Future'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''qer'''ún'''''
|''áub'''ī́n'''''
|''qér'''usid'''''
|''áub'''ī́dir'''''
|''qér'''umi'''''
|''áub'''ī́ma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''qér'''utar'''''
|''áub'''ī́vse'''''
|''qér'''utā'''''
|''áub'''ī́nse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''qer'''úr'''''
|''áub'''ī́r'''''
|''qér'''urith'''''
|''áub'''ī́rse'''''
|''qér'''ulith'''''
|''áub'''ī́lse'''''
|-
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''qer'''ús'''''
|''áub'''ī́'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''usrí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''ī́ri'''''
|''qer'''usví'''''
|''áubi'''ī́vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''qér'''usar'''''
|''áub'''ī́s'''''
|''qer'''ustí'''''
|''áub'''ī́ti'''''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Future'''
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
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|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''qer'''vḗn'''''
|''áub'''iī́'''''
|''qer'''vḗdir'''''
|''áub'''irdá'''''
|''qer'''vḗma'''''
|''áub'''imir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''qer'''vḗvse'''''
|''áub'''ivt'''''
|''qer'''vḗnse'''''
|''áub'''int'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''qer'''vḗr'''''
|''áub'''it'''''
|''qer'''vḗrse'''''
|''áub'''irt'''''
|''qer'''vḗlse'''''
|''áub'''ilt'''''
|-
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''qer'''vḗ'''''
|''áub'''imá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''vḗri'''''
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''īrá'''''
|''qer'''vḗvi'''''
|''áub'''iħá'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''qerv'''éis'''''
|''áub'''īsá'''''
|''qerv'''ḗti'''''
|''áub'''itá'''''
|}
|}


 
===*w-stems===
'''''qervī́''' - pack, condense''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive'''
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
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!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''qerv'''ī́'''''
|''qer'''urdá'''''
|''qér'''umir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''qér'''uvt'''''
|''qér'''uvs'''''
|''qér'''unt'''''
|''qér'''uns'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''qerv'''ī́r'''''
|''qér'''y'''''
|''qér'''urt'''''
|''qér'''urs'''''
|''qér'''ult'''''
|''qér'''uls'''''
|-
|}
!|3/4.m
|''qer'''umá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''virá'''''
|''qer'''uħá'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''qer'''visá'''''
|''qer'''utá'''''
|}


==Labial obstruent stems==
''-vi, -vie-'' "dissimilates" to ''-ħi, -ħie-''


'''''duobī́''' - to be assembled''
==Coronal obstruent stems==
===*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems===
{*t *d *tʰ *s}
*> ''s'' / _t<br/>
*> ''r'' / _d<br/>
'''''qvothī́''' - shout''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 347: Line 345:
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.ex
|''qér'''vī'''''
|''qér'''udir'''''
|''qér'''uma'''''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''qvóth'''yvs'''!''
|''qér'''uvse'''''
|''qvóth'''yns'''!''
|''qér'''unse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''qvóth'''!''
|''qér'''ur'''''
|''qvóth'''yrs'''!''
|''qér'''urse'''''
|''qvóth'''yls'''!''
|''qér'''ulse'''''
|-
!|3/4.m
|''qér'''y'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''vir'''''
|''qér'''uvi'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''qér'''vis'''''
|''qér'''uti'''''
|}
|}


Line 361: Line 373:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 369: Line 381:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''qvóth'''ī'''''
|''qer'''ún'''''
|''qvó'''rdir'''''
|''qér'''usid'''''
|''qvóth'''ma'''''
|''qér'''umi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''qvóth'''yvse'''''
|''qér'''utar'''''
|''qvóth'''ynse'''''
|''qér'''utā'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''qvóth'''yr'''''
|''qer'''úr'''''
|''qvóth'''yrse'''''
|''qér'''urith'''''
|''qvóth'''ylse'''''
|''qér'''ulith'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''qvóth'''e'''''
|''qér'''usa'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qvóth'''ir'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''usrí'''''
|''qvóth'''vi'''''
|''qer'''usví'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''qvóth'''is'''''
|''qér'''usar'''''
|''qvó'''sti'''''
|''qer'''ustí'''''
|}
|}


Line 396: Line 408:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
!colspan="4" | '''Future'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 404: Line 416:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''qvoth'''ýn'''''
|''qer'''vḗn'''''
|''qvó'''ssid'''''
|''qer'''vḗdir'''''
|''qvóth'''mi'''''
|''qer'''vḗma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''qvó'''star'''''
|''qer'''vḗvse'''''
|''qvó'''stā'''''
|''qer'''vḗnse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''qvoth'''ýr'''''
|''qer'''vḗr'''''
|''qvóth'''rith'''''
|''qer'''vḗrse'''''
|''qvóth'''lith'''''
|''qer'''vḗlse'''''
|-
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''qvó'''ss'''''
|''qer'''vḗ'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qvo'''srí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''vḗri'''''
|''qvo'''sví'''''
|''qer'''vḗvi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''qvó'''ssar'''''
|''qerv'''éis'''''
|''qvo'''stí'''''
|''qerv'''ḗti'''''
|}
|}


Line 439: Line 452:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''qvoth'''ī́'''''
|''qerv'''ī́'''''
|''qvoth'''yrdá'''''
|''qer'''urdá'''''
|''qvóth'''mir'''''
|''qér'''umir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''qvóth'''yvt'''''
|''qér'''uvt'''''
|''qvóth'''ynt'''''
|''qér'''unt'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''qvoth'''ī́r'''''
|''qér'''ut'''''
|''qvóth'''yrt'''''
|''qér'''urt'''''
|''qvóth'''ylt'''''
|''qér'''ult'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''qvoth'''má'''''
|''qer'''umá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qvoth'''irá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''virá'''''
|''qvoth'''ħá'''''
|''qer'''uħá'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''qvoth'''isá'''''
|''qer'''visá'''''
|''qvo'''stá'''''
|''qer'''utá'''''
|}
|}


===*z-stems===
==Labial obstruent stems==
'''''fáerī́''' - interlock, jam''
''-vi, -vie-'' "dissimilates" to ''-ħi, -ħie-''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
 
|-
'''''duobī́''' - to be assembled''
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
 
==Coronal obstruent stems==
===*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems===
{*t *d *tʰ *s}
*> ''s'' / _t<br/>
*> ''r'' / _d<br/>
 
'''''qvothī́''' - shout''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 476: Line 499:
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''fáér'''yvs'''!''
|''qvóth'''yvs'''''
|''fáér'''yns'''!''
|''qvóth'''yns'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''fáér'''!''
|''qvóth'''''
|''fáér'''yrs'''!''
|''qvóth'''yrs'''''
|''fáér'''yls'''!''
|''qvóth'''yls'''''
|}
|}


Line 496: Line 519:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''fáér'''ī'''''
|''qvóth'''ī'''''
|''fáér'''dir'''''
|''qvó'''rdir'''''
|''fáér'''ma'''''
|''qvóth'''ma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''fáér'''yvse'''''
|''qvóth'''yvse'''''
|''fáér'''ynse'''''
|''qvóth'''ynse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''fáér'''yr'''''
|''qvóth'''yr'''''
|''fáér'''yrse'''''
|''qvóth'''yrse'''''
|''fáér'''ylse'''''
|''qvóth'''ylse'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''fáér'''e'''''
|''qvóth'''e'''''
|rowspan="2"|''fáer'''ir'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qvóth'''ir'''''
|''fáér'''vi'''''
|''qvóth'''vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''fáér'''is'''''
|''qvóth'''is'''''
|''fáé'''sti'''''
|''qvó'''sti'''''
|}
|}


Line 531: Line 554:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''fáer'''ýn'''''
|''qvoth'''ýn'''''
|''fáé'''ssid'''''
|''qvó'''ssid'''''
|''fáér'''mi'''''
|''qvóth'''mi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''fáé'''star'''''
|''qvó'''star'''''
|''fáé'''stā'''''
|''qvó'''stā'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''fáer'''ýr'''''
|''qvoth'''ýr'''''
|''fáér'''rith'''''
|''qvóth'''rith'''''
|''fáer'''lith'''''
|''qvóth'''lith'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''fáe'''ss'''''
|''qvó'''ssa'''''
|rowspan="2"|''fáe'''srí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qvo'''srí'''''
|''fáe'''sví'''''
|''qvo'''sví'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''fáé'''ssar'''''
|''qvó'''ssar'''''
|''fáe'''stí'''''
|''qvo'''stí'''''
|}
|}




Line 567: Line 589:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''fáer'''ī́'''''
|''qvoth'''ī́'''''
|''fáer'''yrdá'''''
|''qvoth'''yrdá'''''
|''fáér'''mir'''''
|''qvóth'''mir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''fáér'''yvt'''''
|''qvóth'''yvt'''''
|''fáér'''ynt'''''
|''qvóth'''ynt'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''fáer'''ī́r'''''
|''qvóth'''yt'''''
|''fáér'''yrt'''''
|''qvóth'''yrt'''''
|''fáér'''ylt'''''
|''qvóth'''ylt'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''fáer'''má'''''
|''qvoth'''má'''''
|rowspan="2"|''fáer'''irá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''qvoth'''irá'''''
|''fáer'''ħá'''''
|''qvoth'''ħá'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''fáer'''isá'''''
|''qvoth'''isá'''''
|''fáe'''stá'''''<br/>
|''qvo'''stá'''''
|}
|}


===*ʒ-stems===
===*z-stems===
'''''néuzī́''''' - ''pound, stamp''
'''''fáerī́''' - interlock, jam''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
Line 604: Line 626:
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''néur'''yvs'''!''
|''fáér'''yvs'''''
|''néuz'''yns'''!''
|''fáér'''yns'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''néuz'''!''
|''fáér'''''
|''néuz'''yrs'''!''
|''fáér'''yrs'''''
|''néuz'''yls'''!''
|''fáér'''yls'''''
|}
|}


Line 624: Line 646:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''néuz'''ī'''''
|''fáér'''ī'''''
|''néur'''dir'''''
|''fáér'''dir'''''
|''néur'''ma'''''
|''fáér'''ma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''néur'''yvse'''''
|''fáér'''yvse'''''
|''néuz'''ynse'''''
|''fáér'''ynse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''néuz'''yr'''''
|''fáér'''yr'''''
|''néuz'''yrse'''''
|''fáér'''yrse'''''
|''néuz'''ylse'''''
|''fáér'''ylse'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''néuz'''e'''''
|''fáér'''e'''''
|rowspan="2"|''néuz'''ir'''''
|rowspan="2"|''fáer'''ir'''''
|''néuz'''vi'''''
|''fáér'''vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''néuz'''is'''''
|''fáér'''is'''''
|''néus'''ti'''''
|''fáé'''sti'''''
|}
|}


Line 659: Line 681:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''néuz'''ýn'''''
|''fáer'''ýn'''''
|''néu'''ssid'''''
|''fáé'''ssid'''''
|''néur'''mi'''''
|''fáér'''mi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''néu'''star'''''
|''fáé'''star'''''
|''néu'''stā'''''
|''fáé'''stā'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''néuz'''ýr'''''
|''fáer'''ýr'''''
|''néur'''rith'''''
|''fáér'''rith'''''
|''néur'''lith'''''
|''fáer'''lith'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''néu'''ss'''''
|''fáé'''ssa'''''
|rowspan="2"|''néu'''srí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''fáe'''srí'''''
|''néu'''sví'''''
|''fáe'''sví'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''néu'''ssar'''''
|''fáé'''ssar'''''
|''néu'''stí'''''
|''fáe'''stí'''''
|}
|}


Line 695: Line 717:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''néuz'''ī́'''''
|''fáer'''ī́'''''
|''néuz'''yrdá'''''
|''fáer'''yrdá'''''
|''néur'''mir'''''
|''fáér'''mir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''néur'''yvt'''''
|''fáér'''yvt'''''
|''néuz'''ynt'''''
|''fáér'''ynt'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''néuz'''ī́r'''''
|''fáer'''yt'''''
|''néuz'''yrt'''''
|''fáér'''yrt'''''
|''néuz'''ylt'''''
|''fáér'''ylt'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''néur'''má'''''
|''fáer'''má'''''
|rowspan="2"|''néuz'''irá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''fáer'''irá'''''
|''néur'''ħá'''''
|''fáer'''ħá'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''néuz'''isá'''''
|''fáer'''isá'''''
|''néu'''stá'''''<br/>
|''fáe'''stá'''''<br/>
|}
|}


==*ç- and *ƶ-stems==
===*ʒ-stems===
{*ç, *ƶ}
'''''néuzī́''''' - ''pound, stamp''
*> ''ch'' / _*C[+coronal +plosive]
*> ''s'' / _*C[+coronal +fricative/affricate]
*> [ː~] / _{''*ç'', ''*ƶ''}
*> ''th, ð'' otherwise
 
'''''rȳthī́''' - classify, categorize''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
Line 739: Line 754:
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''rȳ̌th'''yvs'''!''
|''néur'''yvs'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yns'''!''
|''néuz'''yns'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''rȳ̌th'''!''
|''néuz'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yrs'''!''
|''néuz'''yrs'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yls'''!''
|''néuz'''yls'''''
|}
|}


Line 759: Line 774:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''rȳ̌th'''ī'''''
|''néuz'''ī'''''
|''rȳ̌ch'''dir'''''
|''néur'''dir'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ma'''''
|''néur'''ma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''rȳ̌th'''yvse'''''
|''néur'''yvse'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ynse'''''
|''néuz'''ynse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''rȳ̌th'''yr'''''
|''néuz'''yr'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yrse'''''
|''néuz'''yrse'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ylse'''''
|''néuz'''ylse'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''rȳ̌th'''e'''''
|''néuz'''e'''''
|rowspan="2"|''rȳ̌th'''ir'''''
|rowspan="2"|''néuz'''ir'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''vi'''''
|''néuz'''vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''rȳ̌th'''is'''''
|''néuz'''is'''''
|''rȳ̌ch'''ti'''''
|''néus'''ti'''''
|}
|}


Line 786: Line 801:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Past perchective'''
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 794: Line 809:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''rȳth'''ýn'''''
|''néuz'''ýn'''''
|''rȳ̌'''ssid'''''
|''néu'''ssid'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''mi'''''
|''néur'''mi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''rȳ̌ch'''tar'''''
|''néu'''star'''''
|''rȳ̌ch'''tā'''''
|''néu'''stā'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''rȳth'''ýr'''''
|''néuz'''ýr'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''rith'''''
|''néur'''rith'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''lith'''''
|''néur'''lith'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''rȳ̌'''ss'''''
|''néu'''ssa'''''
|rowspan="2"|''rȳ'''srí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''néu'''srí'''''
|''rȳ'''sví'''''
|''néu'''sví'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''rȳ̌'''ssar'''''
|''néu'''ssar'''''
|''rȳ'''stí'''''
|''néu'''stí'''''
|}
|}




Line 829: Line 845:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''rȳth'''ī́'''''
|''néuz'''ī́'''''
|''rȳth'''yrdá'''''
|''néuz'''yrdá'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''mir'''''
|''néur'''mir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''rȳ̌th'''yvt'''''
|''néur'''yvt'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ynt'''''
|''néuz'''ynt'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''rȳth'''ī́r'''''
|''néuz'''yt'''
|''rȳ̌th'''yrt'''''
|''néuz'''yrt'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ylt'''''
|''néuz'''ylt'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''rȳth'''má'''''
|''néur'''má'''''
|rowspan="2"|''rȳth'''irá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''néuz'''irá'''''
|''rȳth'''ħá'''''
|''néur'''ħá'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''rȳth'''isá'''''
|''néuz'''isá'''''
|''rȳ'''chtá'''''
|''néu'''stá'''''<br/>
|}
|}


==Velar stems==
==*ç- and *ƶ-stems==
C[+plosive, +velar] > ''ch'' / _''d/t/ŧ''<br/>
{*ç, *ƶ}
''g'' > ''c'' / _C[-voiced]
*> ''ch'' / _*C[+coronal +plosive]
*> ''s'' / _*C[+coronal +fricative/affricate]
*> [ː~] / _{''*ç'', ''*ƶ''}
*> ''th, ð'' otherwise


'''''uogī́''' - err, miss''
'''''rȳthī́''' - classify, categorize''


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
Line 870: Line 889:
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ǔog'''yvs'''!''
|''rȳ̌th'''yvs'''''
|''ǔog'''yns'''!''
|''rȳ̌th'''yns'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''ǔog'''!''
|''rȳ̌th'''''
|''ǔog'''yrs'''!''
|''rȳ̌th'''yrs'''''
|''ǔog'''yls'''!''
|''rȳ̌th'''yls'''''
|}
|}


Line 890: Line 909:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''ǔog'''ī'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ī'''''
|''ǔoch'''dir'''''
|''rȳ̌ch'''dir'''''
|''ǔog'''ma'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ǔog'''yvse'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yvse'''''
|''ǔog'''ynse'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ynse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''ǔog'''yr'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yr'''''
|''ǔog'''yrse'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yrse'''''
|''ǔog'''ylse'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ylse'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''ǔog'''e'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''e'''''
|rowspan="2"|''ǔog'''ir'''''
|rowspan="2"|''rȳ̌th'''ir'''''
|''ǔog'''vi'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''ǔog'''is'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''is'''''
|''ǔoch'''ti'''''
|''rȳ̌ch'''ti'''''
|}
|}


Line 917: Line 936:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
!colspan="4" | '''Past perchective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 925: Line 944:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''uog'''ýn'''''
|''rȳth'''ýn'''''
|''ǔoc'''sid'''''
|''rȳ̌'''ssid'''''
|''ǔog'''mi'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''mi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ǔoch'''tar'''''
|''rȳ̌ch'''tar'''''
|''ǔoch'''tā'''''
|''rȳ̌ch'''tā'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''uog'''ýr'''''
|''rȳth'''ýr'''''
|''ǔog'''rith'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''rith'''''
|''ǔog'''lith'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''lith'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''ǔoc'''s'''''
|''rȳ̌'''ssa'''''
|rowspan="2"|''uoc'''srí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''rȳ'''srí'''''
|''uoc'''sví'''''
|''rȳ'''sví'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''ǔoc'''sar'''''
|''rȳ̌'''ssar'''''
|''uoc'''stí'''''
|''rȳ'''stí'''''
|}
|}




Line 961: Line 979:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''uog'''ī́'''''
|''rȳth'''ī́'''''
|''uog'''yrdá'''''
|''rȳth'''yrdá'''''
|''ǔog'''mir'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''mir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ǔog'''yvt'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yvt'''''
|''ǔog'''ynt'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ynt'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''uog'''ī́r'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yt'''''
|''uog'''yrt'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''yrt'''''
|''ǔog'''ylt'''''
|''rȳ̌th'''ylt'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''uog'''má'''''
|''rȳth'''má'''''
|rowspan="2"|''uog'''irá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''rȳth'''irá'''''
|''uog'''ħá'''''
|''rȳth'''ħá'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''uog'''isá'''''
|''rȳth'''isá'''''
|''uoch'''tá'''''<br/>
|''rȳ'''chtá'''''
|}
|}


==Guttural stems==
==Velar stems==
===Radical stems===
C[+plosive, +velar] > ''ch'' / _''d/t/ŧ''<br/>
====*q-stems====
''g'' > ''c'' / _C[-voiced]
====*ʁ-stems====
====*qʰ-stems====
===*ʔ-stems===
<nowiki>*</nowiki>ʔ
*> [ː~] / V_CV
*> [~ː] / V_CC


'''''hēseī́''' - feel, emote''
'''''uogī́''' - err, miss''


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
Line 1,008: Line 1,020:
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''hēsḗ'''vs'''!''
|''ǔog'''yvs'''''
|''hēsḗ'''ns'''!''
|''ǔog'''yns'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hēsé!''
|''ǔog'''''
|''hēsḗ'''rs'''!''
|''ǔog'''yrs'''''
|''hēsḗ'''ls'''!''
|''ǔog'''yls'''''
|}
|}


Line 1,028: Line 1,040:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''hēsé'''ī'''''
|''ǔog'''ī'''''
|''hēsé'''ddir'''''
|''ǔoch'''dir'''''
|''hēsé'''mma'''''
|''ǔog'''ma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''hēsḗ'''vse'''''
|''ǔog'''yvse'''''
|''hēsḗ'''nse'''''
|''ǔog'''ynse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hēsé'''yr'''''
|''ǔog'''yr'''''
|''hēs'''ḗrse'''''
|''ǔog'''yrse'''''
|''hēs'''ḗlse'''''
|''ǔog'''ylse'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''hēs'''é'''''
|''ǔog'''e'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hēsé'''ìr'''''
|rowspan="2"|''ǔog'''ir'''''
|''hēsé'''vvi'''''
|''ǔog'''vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''hēsé'''ìs'''''
|''ǔog'''is'''''
|''hēsé'''tti'''''
|''ǔoch'''ti'''''
|}
|}


Line 1,063: Line 1,075:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''hēse'''ýn'''''
|''uog'''ýn'''''
|''hēsé'''ssid'''''
|''ǔoc'''sid'''''
|''hēsé'''mmi'''''
|''ǔog'''mi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''hēsé'''ttar'''''
|''ǔoch'''tar'''''
|''hēsé'''ttā'''''
|''ǔoch'''tā'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hēse'''ýr'''''
|''uog'''ýr'''''
|''hēsé'''rrith'''''
|''ǔog'''rith'''''
|''hēsé'''llith'''''
|''ǔog'''lith'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''hēsé'''ss'''''
|''ǔoc'''sa'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hēsē'''srí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''uoc'''srí'''''
|''hēsē'''sví'''''
|''uoc'''sví'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''hēsé'''ssar'''''
|''ǔoc'''sar'''''
|''hēsē'''stí'''''
|''uoc'''stí'''''
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Future'''
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 1,098: Line 1,111:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''hēse'''ḗn'''''
|''uog'''ī́'''''
|''hēse'''ḗdir'''''
|''uog'''yrdá'''''
|''hēse'''ḗma'''''
|''ǔog'''mir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''hēse'''ḗvse'''''
|''ǔog'''yvt'''''
|''hēse'''ḗnse'''''
|''ǔog'''ynt'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hēse'''ḗr'''''
|''ǔog'''yt'''''
|''hēse'''ḗrse'''''
|''ǔog'''yrt'''''
|''hēse'''ḗlse'''''
|''ǔog'''ylt'''''
|-
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''hēse'''ḗ'''''
|''uog'''má'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hēse'''ḗri'''''
|rowspan="2"|''uog'''irá'''''
|''hēse'''ḗvi'''''
|''uog'''ħá'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''hḗse'''éis'''''
|''uog'''isá'''''
|''hḗse'''ḗti'''''
|''uoch'''tá'''''<br/>
|}
|}


 
==Guttural stems==
===Radical stems===
====*q-stems====
====*ʁ-stems====
====*qʰ-stems====
===*ʔ-stems===
<nowiki>*</nowiki>ʔ
*> [ː~] / V_CV
*> [~ː] / V_CC
 
'''''hēseī́''' - feel, emote''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive'''
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 1,132: Line 1,155:
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''hēse'''ī́'''''
|''hēsē'''rdá'''''
|''hēsé'''mmir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''hēsḗ'''vt'''''
|''hēsḗ'''vs'''''
|''hēsḗ'''nt'''''
|''hēsḗ'''ns'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hēse'''ī́r'''''
|''hēsé''
|''hēsḗ'''rt'''''
|''hēsḗ'''rs'''''
|''hēsḗ'''lt'''''
|''hēsḗ'''ls'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
|''hēse'''mmá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hēse'''ìrá'''''
|''hēsē'''ħá'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''hēse'''ìsá'''''
|''hēse'''ttá'''''
|}
 
====*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems====
''*{m, n, l, r}ʔ''
*> ''mp'', ''{n, l, r}t''
*> ''m'' / _C[+labial +obstruent], ''{n, l, r}'' / _C[+coronal +obstruent]
 
'''''híltī́''' - imply, make transparent''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 1,172: Line 1,176:
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''hēsé'''ī'''''
|''hēsé'''ddir'''''
|''hēsé'''mma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''hílty'''vs'''!''
|''hēsḗ'''vse'''''
|''hílty'''ns'''!''
|''hēsḗ'''nse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hílt!''
|''hēsé'''yr'''''
|''hílty'''rs'''!''
|''hēs'''ḗrse'''''
|''hílty'''ls'''!''
|''hēs'''ḗlse'''''
|}
|-
!|3/4.m
|''hēs'''é'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hēsé'''ìr'''''
|''hēsé'''vvi'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''hēsé'''ìs'''''
|''hēsé'''tti'''''
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 1,195: Line 1,213:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''hílt'''ī'''''
|''hēse'''ýn'''''
|''híl'''dir'''''
|''hēsé'''ssid'''''
|''hílt'''ma'''''
|''hēsé'''mmi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''hílty'''vse'''''
|''hēsé'''ttar'''''
|''hílty'''nse'''''
|''hēsé'''ttā'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hílty'''r'''''
|''hēse'''ýr'''''
|''hílty'''rse'''''
|''hēsé'''rrith'''''
|''hílty'''lse'''''
|''hēsé'''llith'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''hílt'''e'''''
|''hēsé'''ssa'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hílt'''ir'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hēsē'''srí'''''
|''hílt'''vi'''''
|''hēsē'''sví'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''hílt'''is'''''
|''hēsé'''ssar'''''
|''híl'''ti'''''
|''hēsē'''stí'''''
|}
|}


Line 1,222: Line 1,240:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
!colspan="4" | '''Future'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 1,230: Line 1,248:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''hílt'''ýn'''''
|''hēse'''ḗn'''''
|''híl'''sid'''''
|''hēse'''ḗdir'''''
|''hílt'''mi'''''
|''hēse'''ḗma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''híl'''tar'''''
|''hēse'''ḗvse'''''
|''híl'''tā'''''
|''hēse'''ḗnse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hílt'''ýr'''''
|''hēse'''ḗr'''''
|''hílt'''rith'''''
|''hēse'''ḗrse'''''
|''hílt'''lith'''''
|''hēse'''ḗlse'''''
|-
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''híl'''s'''''
|''hēse'''ḗ'''''
|rowspan="2"|''híl'''srí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hēse'''ḗri'''''
|''híl'''sví'''''
|''hēse'''ḗvi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''híl'''sar'''''
|''hḗse'''éis'''''
|''híl'''stí'''''
|''hḗse'''ḗti'''''
|}
|}


Line 1,265: Line 1,284:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''hílt'''ī́'''''
|''hēse'''ī́'''''
|''hílty'''rdá'''''
|''hēsē'''rdá'''''
|''hílt'''mir'''''
|''hēsé'''mmir'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''hílty'''vt'''''
|''hēsḗ'''vt'''''
|''hílty'''nt'''''
|''hēsḗ'''nt'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''hílt'''ī́r'''''
|''hēsḗ'''t'''''
|''hílty'''rt'''''
|''hēsḗ'''rt'''''
|''hílty'''lt'''''
|''hēsḗ'''lt'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''hílt'''má'''''
|''hēse'''mmá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hílt'''irá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hēse'''ìrá'''''
|''hílt'''ħá'''''
|''hēsē'''ħá'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''hílt'''isá'''''
|''hēse'''ìsá'''''
|''híl'''tá'''''
|''hēse'''ttá'''''
|}
|}


===''h''-stems===
====*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems====
====*{m, n, l, r}h-stems====
''*{m, n, l, r}ʔ''
''*{m, n, l, r}h''
*> ''mp'', ''{n, l, r}t''
*> ''mf'', ''{n, l, r}th''
*> ''m'' / _C[+labial +obstruent], ''{n, l, r}'' / _C[+coronal +obstruent]
*> ''m'' / _C[+labial +obstruent], ''{n, l, r}'' / _C[+coronal +obstruent]


 
'''''híltī́''' - imply, make transparent''
'''''inthī́''' - lie (be in a supine position)''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
Line 1,308: Line 1,325:
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ínthy'''vs'''!''
|''hílty'''vs'''''
|''ínthy'''ns'''!''
|''hílty'''ns'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''ínth!''
|''hílt''
|''ínthy'''rs'''!''
|''hílty'''rs'''''
|''ínthy'''ls'''!''
|''hílty'''ls'''''
|}
|}


Line 1,328: Line 1,345:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''ínth'''ī'''''
|''hílt'''ī'''''
|''ín'''dir'''''
|''híl'''dir'''''
|''ínth'''ma'''''
|''hílt'''ma'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ínthy'''vse'''''
|''hílty'''vse'''''
|''ínthy'''nse'''''
|''hílty'''nse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''ínthy'''r'''''
|''hílty'''r'''''
|''ínthy'''rse'''''
|''hílty'''rse'''''
|''ínthy'''lse'''''
|''hílty'''lse'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''ínth'''e'''''
|''hílt'''e'''''
|rowspan="2"|''ínth'''ir'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hílt'''ir'''''
|''ínth'''vi'''''
|''hílt'''vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''ínth'''is'''''
|''hílt'''is'''''
|''ín'''ti'''''
|''híl'''ti'''''
|}
|}


Line 1,363: Line 1,380:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''inth'''ýn'''''
|''hílt'''ýn'''''
|''ín'''sid'''''
|''híl'''sid'''''
|''ínth'''mi'''''
|''hílt'''mi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ín'''tar'''''
|''híl'''tar'''''
|''ín'''tā'''''
|''híl'''tā'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''inth'''ýr'''''
|''hílt'''ýr'''''
|''ínth'''rith'''''
|''hílt'''rith'''''
|''ínth'''lith'''''
|''hílt'''lith'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''ín'''s'''''
|''híl'''sa'''''
|rowspan="2"|''in'''srí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''híl'''srí'''''
|''in'''sví'''''
|''híl'''sví'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''ín'''sar'''''
|''híl'''sar'''''
|''in'''stí'''''
|''híl'''stí'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''hílt'''ī́'''''
|''hílty'''rdá'''''
|''hílt'''mir'''''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''hílty'''vt'''''
|''hílty'''nt'''''
|-
!|2
|''hílt'''yt'''''
|''hílty'''rt'''''
|''hílty'''lt'''''
|-
!|3/4.m
|''hílt'''má'''''
|rowspan="2"|''hílt'''irá'''''
|''hílt'''ħá'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''hílt'''isá'''''
|''híl'''tá'''''
|}
 
===''h''-stems===
<nowiki>*</nowiki>h
*> [ː~] / V_C[+fricative]V
*> [~ː] / V_C[otherwise]
 
'''''bohī́''' - measure''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''bō̌'''vs'''''
|''bō̌'''ns'''''
|-
!|2
|''bō̌''
|''bō̌'''rs'''''
|''bō̌'''ls'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''bóh'''ī'''''
|''bō̌'''dir'''''
|''bō̌'''ma'''''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''bō̌'''vse'''''
|''bō̌'''nse'''''
|-
!|2
|''bóh'''yr'''''
|''bō̌'''rse'''''
|''bō̌'''lse'''''
|-
!|3/4.m
|''bóh'''e'''''
|rowspan="2"|''bóh'''ir'''''
|''bō̌'''vi'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''bóh'''is'''''
|''bō̌'''ti'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''boh'''ýn'''''
|''bó'''ssid'''''
|''bō̌'''mi'''''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''bō̌'''tar'''''
|''bō̌'''tā'''''
|-
!|2
|''boh'''ýr'''''
|''bō̌'''rith'''''
|''bō̌'''lith'''''
|-
!|3/4.m
|''bó'''ssa'''''
|rowspan="2"|''bō'''srí'''''
|''bō'''sví'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''bó'''ssar'''''
|''bō'''stí'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''boh'''ī́'''''
|''bō̌'''rdá'''''
|''bō̌'''mir'''''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''bō̌'''vt'''''
|''bō̌'''nt'''''
|-
!|2
|''bō̌'''t'''''
|''bō̌'''rt'''''
|''bō̌'''lt'''''
|-
!|3/4.m
|''bō'''má'''''
|rowspan="2"|''boh'''irá'''''
|''bō'''ħá'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''boh'''isá'''''
|''bō'''tá'''''
|}
 
====*{m, n, l, r}h-stems====
''*{m, n, l, r}h''
*> ''mf'', ''{n, l, r}th''
*> ''m'' / _C[+labial +obstruent], ''{n, l, r}'' / _C[+coronal +obstruent]
 
 
'''''inthī́''' - lie (be in a supine position)''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''ínthy'''vs'''''
|''ínthy'''ns'''''
|-
!|2
|''ínth''
|''ínthy'''rs'''''
|''ínthy'''ls'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''ínth'''ī'''''
|''ín'''dir'''''
|''ínth'''ma'''''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''ínthy'''vse'''''
|''ínthy'''nse'''''
|-
!|2
|''ínthy'''r'''''
|''ínthy'''rse'''''
|''ínthy'''lse'''''
|-
!|3/4.m
|''ínth'''e'''''
|rowspan="2"|''ínth'''ir'''''
|''ínth'''vi'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''ínth'''is'''''
|''ín'''ti'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''inth'''ýn'''''
|''ín'''sid'''''
|''ínth'''mi'''''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''ín'''tar'''''
|''ín'''tā'''''
|-
!|2
|''inth'''ýr'''''
|''ínth'''rith'''''
|''ínth'''lith'''''
|-
!|3/4.m
|''ín'''sa'''''
|rowspan="2"|''in'''srí'''''
|''in'''sví'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''ín'''sar'''''
|''in'''stí'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|''inth'''ī́'''''
|''inthy'''rdá'''''
|''ínth'''mir'''''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''ínthy'''vt'''''
|''ínthy'''nt'''''
|-
!|2
|''ínth'''yt'''''
|''ínthy'''rt'''''
|''ínthy'''lt'''''
|-
!|3/4.m
|''inth'''má'''''
|rowspan="2"|''inth'''irá'''''
|''inth'''ħá'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|''inth'''isá'''''
|''in'''tá'''''
|}
 
==Irregular verbs==
===Suppletive verbs===
Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.
 
====''vā́cī́n'' - copula====
The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem ''vā́c-'', while the imperfect has the stem ''ynt-'' (< ''*ʔṇʔ-''). (There is no preterite.) Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''vā́c'''yvs'''''
|''vā́c'''yns'''''
|-
!|2
|''vā́c''
|''vā́c'''yrs'''''
|''vā́c'''yls'''''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|(''vā́c'''īn''''')
|(''vā́ch'''dir''''')
|(''vā́c'''mi''''')
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|(''vā́c'''yvse''''')
|(''vā́c'''ynse''''')
|-
!|2
|(''vā́c'''yr''''')
|(''vā́c'''yrse''''')
|(''vā́c'''ylse''''')
|-
!|3/4.m
|(''vā́ce'')
|rowspan="2"|(''vā́c'''ir''''')
|(''vā́c'''vi''''')
|-
!|3/4.f
|(''vā́c'''is''''')
|(''vā́ch'''ti''''')
|}
|}


Line 1,390: Line 1,767:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive'''
!colspan="4" | '''Present subjunctive'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 1,398: Line 1,775:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''inth'''ī́'''''
|''ávā́c'''īn'''''
|''inthy'''rdá'''''
|''ávā́ch'''dir'''''
|''ínth'''mir'''''
|''ávā́c'''mi'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ínthy'''vt'''''
|''ávā́c'''yvse'''''
|''ínthy'''nt'''''
|''ávā́c'''ynse'''''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''inth'''ī́r'''''
|''ávā́c'''yr'''''
|''ínthy'''rt'''''
|''ávā́c'''yrse'''''
|''ínthy'''lt'''''
|''ávā́c'''ylse'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''inth'''má'''''
|''ávā́ce''
|rowspan="2"|''inth'''irá'''''
|rowspan="2"|''ávā́c'''ir'''''
|''inth'''ħá'''''
|''ávā́c'''vi'''''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''inth'''isá'''''
|''ávā́c'''is'''''
|''in'''tá'''''
|''ávā́ch'''ti'''''
|}
|}


==Irregular verbs==
===Suppletive verbs===
Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.


====''vā́cī́'' - copula====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative'''
!colspan="4" | '''Imperfect'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''vā́c'''yvs'''!''
|''vā́c'''yns'''!''
|-
!|2
|''vâc!''
|''vā́c'''yrs'''!''
|''vā́c'''yls'''!''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Present'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 1,458: Line 1,810:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|(''vā́c'''ī''''')
|''yntýn''
|(''vā́ch'''dir''''')
|''ýnsid''
|(''vā́c'''ma''''')
|''ýntmā''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|(''vā́c'''yvse''''')
|''ýntar''
|(''vā́c'''ynse''''')
|''ýntā''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|(''vā́c'''yr''''')
|''yntýr''
|(''vā́c'''yrse''''')
|''ýntrith''
|(''vā́c'''ylse''''')
|''ýntlith''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|(''vā́ce'')
|''ýnta''
|rowspan="2"|(''vā́c'''ir''''')
|rowspan="2"|''yntarí''
|(''vā́c'''vi''''')
|''yntaví''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|(''vā́c'''is''''')
|''ýntar''
|(''vā́ch'''ti''''')
|''yntatí''
|}
|}


Line 1,485: Line 1,837:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
!colspan="4" | '''Imperfect subjunctive'''
|-
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 50px; "|
Line 1,493: Line 1,845:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''ð'''ín'''''
|''ēntýn''
|''ð'''írid'''''
|''ḕnsid''
|''ð'''ími'''''
|''ḕntmā''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-''
|''ð'''ítar'''''
|''ḕntar''
|''ð'''ítā'''''
|''ḕntā''
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''ð'''ír'''''
|''ēntýr''
|''ð'''írith'''''
|''ḕntrith''
|''ð'''ílith'''''
|''ḕntlith''
|-
|-
!|3/4.m
!|3/4.m
|''ð'''ís'''''
|''ḕnta''
|rowspan="2"|''ð'''isrí'''''
|rowspan="2"|''ēntarí''
|''ð'''isví'''''
|''ēntaví''
|-
|-
!|3/4.f
!|3/4.f
|''ð'''ísar'''''
|''ḕntar''
|''ð'''istí'''''
|''ēntatí''
|}
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective'''
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|'''''yn'''ð'''ín'''''
|'''''yn'''ð'''írid'''''
|'''''yn'''ð'''ími'''''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|'''''yn'''ð'''ítar'''''
|'''''yn'''ð'''ítā'''''
|-
!|2
|'''''yn'''ð'''ír'''''
|'''''yn'''ð'''írith'''''
|'''''yn'''ð'''ílith'''''
|-
!|3/4.m
|'''''yn'''ð'''ís'''''
|rowspan="2"|'''''yn'''ð'''isrí'''''
|'''''yn'''ð'''isví'''''
|-
!|3/4.f
|'''''yn'''ð'''ísar'''''
|'''''yn'''ð'''istí'''''
|}




Line 1,563: Line 1,881:
|-
|-
!|1.ex
!|1.ex
|''vā́c'''ī́'''''
|''vā́c'''ī́n'''''
|''vā́c'''yrdá'''''
|''vā́ch'''dír'''''
|''vā́c'''mir'''''
|''vā́c'''mí'''''
|-
|-
!|1.in
!|1.in
Line 1,573: Line 1,891:
|-
|-
!|2
!|2
|''vā́c'''ī́r'''''
|''vā́c'''yt'''''
|''vā́c'''yrt'''''
|''vā́c'''yrt'''''
|''vā́c'''ylt'''''
|''vā́c'''ylt'''''
Line 1,587: Line 1,905:
|}
|}


====''morī́'' - 'exist'====
====''morī́n'' - 'exist'====


===Reduplicating stems===
===Reduplicating stems===
These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.
These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.
===Eliding stems===
===Eliding stems===

Latest revision as of 02:26, 27 March 2015

Regular verbs

Subject affixes
Present
Singular Plural
1.ex mólīn, mólī(n)1-
irḗdain, irēdai(n)1-
gā́lein, gā́lei(n)1- 		mólmaech, mólmaech-
irēdámaech, irēdamaech-
gā́lémaech, gā́lemaech-
1.in - mólynse, mólynse-
irēdánse, irēdanse-
gā́lénse, gā́lense-
2 mólyr, mólyr-
irḗdar, irēdar-
gā́ler, gā́ler- 		mólylse, mólylse-
irēdálse, irēdalse-
gā́lélse, gā́lelse-
3.an mólym, mólm-
irḗdam, irēdam-
gā́lem, gā́lem- 		mólyri, mólyrie-
irēdári, irēdarie-
gā́léri, gā́lerie-
3.other mólis, mólisi-
irḗdais, irēdaisi-
gā́leis, gā́leisi- 		mólti, móltie-
irēdáti, irēdatie-
gā́léti, gā́letie-
Imperfect
Add the yn- prefix to the present forms.
Preterite
Singular Plural
1.ex mólýn, mólýn-
irēdán, irēdán-
gā́lén, gā́lén- 		mólmor, mólmor-
irēdámor, irēdamor-
gā́lémor, gā́lemor-
1.in - móltor, móltor-
irēdátor, irēdator-
gā́létor, gā́letor-
2 mólýr, mólýr-
irēdár, irēdár-
gā́lér, gā́lér- 		mólylis, mólylis-
irēdális, irēdalis-
gā́lélis, gā́lelis-
3.an móla, mólam-
irḗdā, irḗdām-
gā́lea, gā́leam- 		mólarí, mólaríe-
irēdārí, irēdāríe-
gā́learí, gā́learíe-
3.other mólar, mólar-
irḗdār, irḗdār-
gā́lear, gā́lear- 		mólatí, mólatíe-
irēdātí, irēdātíe-
gā́leatí, gā́leatíe-
Future
Singular Plural
1.ex mólḗn, mólḗn-
irēdā́n, irēdā́n-
gā́líen, gā́líen- 		mólḗmaech, mólḗmaech-
irēdā́maech, irēdā́maech-
gā́líemaech, gā́líemaech-
1.in - mólḗnse, mólḗnse-
irēdā́nse, irēdā́nse-
gā́líense, gā́líense-
2 mólḗr, mólḗr-
irēdā́r, irēdā́r-
gā́líer, gā́líer- 		mólḗlse, mólḗlse-
irēdā́lse, irēdā́lse-
gā́líelse, gā́líelse-
3.an mólḗm, mólḗm-
irēdā́m, irēdā́m-
gā́líem, gā́líem- 		mólḗri, mólḗri-
irēdā́ri, irēdā́ri-
gā́líeri, gā́líeri-
3.other mólḗsi, mólḗsi-
irēdā́si, irēdā́si-
gā́líesi, gā́líesi- 		mólḗti, mólḗti-
irēdā́ti, irēdā́ti-
gā́líeti, gā́líeti-
Jussive
Singular Plural
1.ex mólī́n, mólī́(n)1-
irēdáin, irēdái(n)1-
gā́léin, gā́léi(n)1- 		mólmáech, mólmáech-
irēdamáech, irēdamáech-
gā́lemáech, gā́lemáech-
1.in - mólynt, mólynti-
irḗdant, irēdanti-
gā́lent, gā́lenti-
2 mólt, mólti-
irḗdat, irēdati-
gā́let, gā́leti- 		mólylt, mólylti-
irḗdalt, irēdalti-
gā́lelt, gā́lelti-
3.an mólmór, mólmór-
irēdamór, irēdamór-
gā́lemór, gā́lemór- 		mólyrór, mólyrór-
irēdarór, irēdarór-
gā́lerór, gā́lerór-
3.other mólisór, mólisór-
irēdasór, irēdasór-
gā́lesór, gā́lesór- 		móltór, móltór-
irēdátór, irēdatór-
gā́létór, gā́letór-
Imperative
Singular Plural
1.in - mólyns, mólyns-
irḗdans, irēdans-
gā́lens, gā́lens-
2 mól, mól-
irḗda, irḗda-
gā́le, gā́le- 		mólyls, mólyls-
irḗdals, irēdals-
gā́lels, gā́lels-
Non-finite forms
Present
participle 		mólyrylF, mólyrl-
irēdárylF, irēdárl-
gā́lérylF, gā́lérl-
Imperfect
participle 		Prefix yn- to the present participle.
Preterite
participle 		mólnárylF, mólnárl-
irēdanárylF, irēdanárl-
gā́lenárylF, gā́lenárl-
Future
participle 		mólḗrylF, mólḗrl-
irēdā́rylF, irēdā́rl-
gā́líerylF, gā́líerl-
Infinitive mólsM
irēdásM
gā́lésM
Supine mólḗðM
irēdā́ðM
térieðM

Semivowel stems

*j-stems

áubiī́ - attack, strike

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - áubivs áubins
2 áubi áubirs áubils


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubiī áubidir áubima
1.in - áubivse áubinse
2 áubir áubirse áubilse
3/4.m áubi áubīr áubivi
3/4.f áubīs áubiti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubín áubisid áubimi
1.in - áubitar áubitā
2 áubír áubirith áubilith
3/4.m áubisa áubisrí áubisví
3/4.f áubisar áubistí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubī́n áubī́dir áubī́ma
1.in - áubī́vse áubī́nse
2 áubī́r áubī́rse áubī́lse
3/4.m áubī́ áubī́ri áubiī́vi
3/4.f áubī́s áubī́ti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex áubiī́ áubirdá áubimir
1.in - áubivt áubint
2 áubit áubirt áubilt
3/4.m áubimá áubīrá áubiħá
3/4.f áubīsá áubitá

*w-stems

qervī́ - pack, condense

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qéruvs qéruns
2 qéry qérurs qéruls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qérvī qérudir qéruma
1.in - qéruvse qérunse
2 qérur qérurse qérulse
3/4.m qéry qervir qéruvi
3/4.f qérvis qéruti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qerún qérusid qérumi
1.in - qérutar qérutā
2 qerúr qérurith qérulith
3/4.m qérusa qerusrí qerusví
3/4.f qérusar qerustí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervḗn qervḗdir qervḗma
1.in - qervḗvse qervḗnse
2 qervḗr qervḗrse qervḗlse
3/4.m qervḗ qervḗri qervḗvi
3/4.f qervéis qervḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qervī́ qerurdá qérumir
1.in - qéruvt qérunt
2 qérut qérurt qérult
3/4.m qerumá qervirá qeruħá
3/4.f qervisá qerutá

Labial obstruent stems

-vi, -vie- "dissimilates" to -ħi, -ħie-

duobī́ - to be assembled

Coronal obstruent stems

*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems

{*t *d *tʰ *s}

  • > s / _t
  • > r / _d

qvothī́ - shout

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - qvóthyvs qvóthyns
2 qvóth qvóthyrs qvóthyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvóthī qvórdir qvóthma
1.in - qvóthyvse qvóthynse
2 qvóthyr qvóthyrse qvóthylse
3/4.m qvóthe qvóthir qvóthvi
3/4.f qvóthis qvósti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothýn qvóssid qvóthmi
1.in - qvóstar qvóstā
2 qvothýr qvóthrith qvóthlith
3/4.m qvóssa qvosrí qvosví
3/4.f qvóssar qvostí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex qvothī́ qvothyrdá qvóthmir
1.in - qvóthyvt qvóthynt
2 qvóthyt qvóthyrt qvóthylt
3/4.m qvothmá qvothirá qvothħá
3/4.f qvothisá qvostá

*z-stems

fáerī́ - interlock, jam

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - fáéryvs fáéryns
2 fáér fáéryrs fáéryls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáérī fáérdir fáérma
1.in - fáéryvse fáérynse
2 fáéryr fáéryrse fáérylse
3/4.m fáére fáerir fáérvi
3/4.f fáéris fáésti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerýn fáéssid fáérmi
1.in - fáéstar fáéstā
2 fáerýr fáérrith fáerlith
3/4.m fáéssa fáesrí fáesví
3/4.f fáéssar fáestí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex fáerī́ fáeryrdá fáérmir
1.in - fáéryvt fáérynt
2 fáeryt fáéryrt fáérylt
3/4.m fáermá fáerirá fáerħá
3/4.f fáerisá fáestá

*ʒ-stems

néuzī́ - pound, stamp

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - néuryvs néuzyns
2 néuz néuzyrs néuzyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī néurdir néurma
1.in - néuryvse néuzynse
2 néuzyr néuzyrse néuzylse
3/4.m néuze néuzir néuzvi
3/4.f néuzis néusti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzýn néussid néurmi
1.in - néustar néustā
2 néuzýr néurrith néurlith
3/4.m néussa néusrí néusví
3/4.f néussar néustí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex néuzī́ néuzyrdá néurmir
1.in - néuryvt néuzynt
2 néuzyt néuzyrt néuzylt
3/4.m néurmá néuzirá néurħá
3/4.f néuzisá néustá

*ç- and *ƶ-stems

{*ç, *ƶ}

  • > ch / _*C[+coronal +plosive]
  • > s / _*C[+coronal +fricative/affricate]
  • > [ː~] / _{*ç, *ƶ}
  • > th, ð otherwise

rȳthī́ - classify, categorize

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - rȳ̌thyvs rȳ̌thyns
2 rȳ̌th rȳ̌thyrs rȳ̌thyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳ̌thī rȳ̌chdir rȳ̌thma
1.in - rȳ̌thyvse rȳ̌thynse
2 rȳ̌thyr rȳ̌thyrse rȳ̌thylse
3/4.m rȳ̌the rȳ̌thir rȳ̌thvi
3/4.f rȳ̌this rȳ̌chti


Past perchective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthýn rȳ̌ssid rȳ̌thmi
1.in - rȳ̌chtar rȳ̌chtā
2 rȳthýr rȳ̌thrith rȳ̌thlith
3/4.m rȳ̌ssa rȳsrí rȳsví
3/4.f rȳ̌ssar rȳstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex rȳthī́ rȳthyrdá rȳ̌thmir
1.in - rȳ̌thyvt rȳ̌thynt
2 rȳ̌thyt rȳ̌thyrt rȳ̌thylt
3/4.m rȳthmá rȳthirá rȳthħá
3/4.f rȳthisá rȳchtá

Velar stems

C[+plosive, +velar] > ch / _d/t/ŧ
g > c / _C[-voiced]

uogī́ - err, miss

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ǔogyvs ǔogyns
2 ǔog ǔogyrs ǔogyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ǔogī ǔochdir ǔogma
1.in - ǔogyvse ǔogynse
2 ǔogyr ǔogyrse ǔogylse
3/4.m ǔoge ǔogir ǔogvi
3/4.f ǔogis ǔochti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogýn ǔocsid ǔogmi
1.in - ǔochtar ǔochtā
2 uogýr ǔogrith ǔoglith
3/4.m ǔocsa uocsrí uocsví
3/4.f ǔocsar uocstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex uogī́ uogyrdá ǔogmir
1.in - ǔogyvt ǔogynt
2 ǔogyt ǔogyrt ǔogylt
3/4.m uogmá uogirá uogħá
3/4.f uogisá uochtá

Guttural stems

Radical stems

*q-stems

*ʁ-stems

*qʰ-stems

*ʔ-stems

*ʔ

  • > [ː~] / V_CV
  • > [~ː] / V_CC

hēseī́ - feel, emote

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - hēsḗvs hēsḗns
2 hēsé hēsḗrs hēsḗls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēséī hēséddir hēsémma
1.in - hēsḗvse hēsḗnse
2 hēséyr hēsḗrse hēsḗlse
3/4.m hēsé hēséìr hēsévvi
3/4.f hēséìs hēsétti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseýn hēséssid hēsémmi
1.in - hēséttar hēséttā
2 hēseýr hēsérrith hēséllith
3/4.m hēséssa hēsēsrí hēsēsví
3/4.f hēséssar hēsēstí


Future
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseḗn hēseḗdir hēseḗma
1.in - hēseḗvse hēseḗnse
2 hēseḗr hēseḗrse hēseḗlse
3/4.m hēseḗ hēseḗri hēseḗvi
3/4.f hḗseéis hḗseḗti


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex hēseī́ hēsērdá hēsémmir
1.in - hēsḗvt hēsḗnt
2 hēsḗt hēsḗrt hēsḗlt
3/4.m hēsemmá hēseìrá hēsēħá
3/4.f hēseìsá hēsettá

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems

*{m, n, l, r}ʔ

  • > mp, {n, l, r}t
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]

híltī́ - imply, make transparent

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - híltyvs híltyns
2 hílt híltyrs híltyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī híldir híltma
1.in - híltyvse híltynse
2 híltyr híltyrse híltylse
3/4.m hílte híltir híltvi
3/4.f híltis hílti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltýn hílsid híltmi
1.in - híltar híltā
2 híltýr híltrith híltlith
3/4.m hílsa hílsrí hílsví
3/4.f hílsar hílstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex híltī́ híltyrdá híltmir
1.in - híltyvt híltynt
2 híltyt híltyrt híltylt
3/4.m híltmá híltirá híltħá
3/4.f híltisá híltá

h-stems

*h

  • > [ː~] / V_C[+fricative]V
  • > [~ː] / V_C[otherwise]

bohī́ - measure

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - bō̌vs bō̌ns
2 bō̌ bō̌rs bō̌ls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bóhī bō̌dir bō̌ma
1.in - bō̌vse bō̌nse
2 bóhyr bō̌rse bō̌lse
3/4.m bóhe bóhir bō̌vi
3/4.f bóhis bō̌ti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bohýn bóssid bō̌mi
1.in - bō̌tar bō̌tā
2 bohýr bō̌rith bō̌lith
3/4.m bóssa bōsrí bōsví
3/4.f bóssar bōstí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex bohī́ bō̌rdá bō̌mir
1.in - bō̌vt bō̌nt
2 bō̌t bō̌rt bō̌lt
3/4.m bōmá bohirá bōħá
3/4.f bohisá bōtá

*{m, n, l, r}h-stems

*{m, n, l, r}h

  • > mf, {n, l, r}th
  • > m / _C[+labial +obstruent], {n, l, r} / _C[+coronal +obstruent]


inthī́ - lie (be in a supine position)

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - ínthyvs ínthyns
2 ínth ínthyrs ínthyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ínthī índir ínthma
1.in - ínthyvse ínthynse
2 ínthyr ínthyrse ínthylse
3/4.m ínthe ínthir ínthvi
3/4.f ínthis ínti


Past perfective
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthýn ínsid ínthmi
1.in - íntar íntā
2 inthýr ínthrith ínthlith
3/4.m ínsa insrí insví
3/4.f ínsar instí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex inthī́ inthyrdá ínthmir
1.in - ínthyvt ínthynt
2 ínthyt ínthyrt ínthylt
3/4.m inthmá inthirá inthħá
3/4.f inthisá intá

Irregular verbs

Suppletive verbs

Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms.

vā́cī́n - copula

The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem vā́c-, while the imperfect has the stem ynt- (< *ʔṇʔ-). (There is no preterite.) Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense.

Imperative
Singular Dual Plural
1.in - vā́cyvs vā́cyns
2 vā́c vā́cyrs vā́cyls


Present
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex (vā́cīn) (vā́chdir) (vā́cmi)
1.in - (vā́cyvse) (vā́cynse)
2 (vā́cyr) (vā́cyrse) (vā́cylse)
3/4.m (vā́ce) (vā́cir) (vā́cvi)
3/4.f (vā́cis) (vā́chti)


Present subjunctive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ávā́cīn ávā́chdir ávā́cmi
1.in - ávā́cyvse ávā́cynse
2 ávā́cyr ávā́cyrse ávā́cylse
3/4.m ávā́ce ávā́cir ávā́cvi
3/4.f ávā́cis ávā́chti


Imperfect
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex yntýn ýnsid ýntmā
1.in - ýntar ýntā
2 yntýr ýntrith ýntlith
3/4.m ýnta yntarí yntaví
3/4.f ýntar yntatí


Imperfect subjunctive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex ēntýn ḕnsid ḕntmā
1.in - ḕntar ḕntā
2 ēntýr ḕntrith ḕntlith
3/4.m ḕnta ēntarí ēntaví
3/4.f ḕntar ēntatí


Jussive
Singular Dual Plural
1.ex vā́cī́n vā́chdír vā́cmí
1.in - vā́cyvt vā́cynt
2 vā́cyt vā́cyrt vā́cylt
3/4.m vā́cmá vā́cirá vā́cħá
3/4.f vā́cisá vā́chtá

morī́n - 'exist'

Reduplicating stems

These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs.

Eliding stems

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