User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl: Difference between revisions
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=== | ==Askājaskā wursā== | ||
===aswēkwā wursā=== | |||
habdō > awdō -> audō -> aujā 1sgpres, audō 1sgpast, aujau 1sgpressubj, audē 1sgpastsubj | habdō > awdō -> audō -> aujā 1sgpres, audō 1sgpast, aujau 1sgpressubj, audē 1sgpastsubj | ||
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|past||wansārō||'''wansārē'''||'''wansārē'''||wansārzum||wansārzud||wansārzun||'''wansārzī'''||'''wansārzī'''||'''wansārzī'''||wansārzīm||wansārzīd||wansārzīn | |past||wansārō||'''wansārē'''||'''wansārē'''||wansārzum||wansārzud||wansārzun||'''wansārzī'''||'''wansārzī'''||'''wansārzī'''||wansārzīm||wansārzīd||wansārzīn | ||
|} | |} | ||
===astarkijā wursā=== | |||
====Class IV==== | |||
==Sandhi== | ==Sandhi== |
Revision as of 02:03, 8 June 2015
- merger of overlong into long vowels
- *pūkō ( < *pūkô)
- d > þ / r_ / (represent /d/ as [þ] here for later word changes, cf. Go waurd, ON orð) but not after [l], [n], or [m]
- *wurþą ( < wurdą)
- d > ð / V_V (show /d/ = [ð] intervocalically)
- *nimiði ( < *nimidi)
- z > s
/ _#[unconditionally]- *gaisas ( < *gaizaz)
- s > h / _#
- *baisah ( < *baizaz) which later gives bērah
- ō > ā
- markā < *markō
- vowels [+nasal] > vowels [-nasal] [+length]
- *breustā ( < *breustą)
- γ > j / #_V, V_V
- *jaisīþi ( < **gaisīþi), skājah ( < *skōgaz)
- γ > v̄ / V_[+voiced +consonant]
- þ > h / _R
- *mahlā ( < *maþlą) which later gives māl
- ā > ē / [+dental +consonant +nasal]_#
- Spontaneous haplogy (sic).
- *nimði < *nimiði ( < *nimidi)
- f > hw / _V
- *hwehu ( < *fehu)
- mb > w̃ / V_V
- law̃ah ( < *lambaz )
- þ > s [unconditionally]
- sat ( < *þat), wursā < *wurþā ( < *wurdą)
- d > n / nV_V
- annā ( < *andô)
- ă ĕ ŏ > Ø / _# (unless monosyllabic) (Short vowel deletion rule)
- If a word by result of the short vowel deletion becomes monosyllabic, lengthen the stem vowel for compensation.
- If a word by result of the aforementioned rule terminates in -w, it becomes -u.
- ĭ ŭ > e o / _#
- alo ( < *alu)
- s > h / _R
- j > Ø /#_V
- allā < *jallā ( < *gallō)
- exception j > ē / #_e for disyllabic words
- ēbā < *jebā ( < *gebā)
- h > Ø /V_C, with compensatory lenghtening of the preceding vowel
- mālā < *mahlā ( < *maþlą)
- s > z / V_V
- *keuzanā ( < *keusaną)
- b > v / V_V
- *averanā < *aberanā ( < *gaberaną), ēvā < *ēbā ( < *gebō )
- b > w / V_jV
- *haujā < *habjā ( < *habjō)
- d > z / V_V
- māzēr < *māðēr ( < *mōdēr)
- z > r / V_V (unless following or preceding syllable already has r)
- *ekorana < *ekozana ( < *gekozanaz)
- h > Ø / #_V
- *ailah < *hailah ( < *hailaz)
- Words of three or more syllables may occasionally experience V > Ø / _#
- ai ei eu > ē ī iu when stressed
- ējum ( < *aigum, pres act 1pl of *aiganą), rīzanā ( < *reidaną~rīdaną), kiuranā ( < *keusaną)
- ērīs 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. avajs 'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi)
Status
1.
a-stems | |||||||
hwarhah m piglet | blātā n sacrifice | ||||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vocative | hwarh | hwarhāh | blātā | blātā | |||
Nominative | hwarhah | hwarhāh | blātā | blātā | |||
Accusative | hwarhā | hwarhann | blātā | blātā | |||
Genitive | hwarhah | hwarhō | blātah | blātō | |||
Dative | hwarhaj | hwarhamah | blātaj | blātamah | |||
Instrumental | hwarhā | hwarhamah | blātā | blātamah |
ō
These will probably merge to some extent with the a-stems of n gender.
"ō-stems" | ||
ēvā f gift | ||
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Vocative | ēvā | ēvāh |
Nominative | ||
Accusative | ēvō | |
Genitive | ēvāh | ēvō |
Dative | ēvāj | ēvāmah |
Instrumental | ēvā |
2.
"i-stems" | ||||
astih m guest | mare n sea | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vocative | astih | astīh | mare | marī |
Nominative | astih | astīh | mare | marī |
Accusative | astī | astinn | mare | marī |
Genitive | astīh | astjjō | marīh | marjō |
Dative | astī | astimah | mare | marimah |
Instrumental | astī | astimah | mare | marimah |
3.
u-stems | |||||||
attuh m hat | hweho n cattle | ||||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vocative | atto | attīh | hweho | hwehū | |||
Nominative | attuh | attīh | hweho | hwehū | |||
Accusative | attū | attunn | hweho | hwehū | |||
Genitive | attauh | attjō | hwehauh | hwehjō | |||
Dative | attī | attumah | hwehī | hwehumah | |||
Instrumental | attī | attumah | hwehī | hwehumah |
4.
an-stems | |||||||
umā m soldier | aujā n eye | ||||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vocative | umā | umnīh | aujā | aujānā | |||
Nominative | umā | umnīh | aujā | aujānā | |||
Accusative | umnū | umnunn | aujā | aujānā | |||
Genitive | umnīh | umnō | auhnih | aujanō | |||
Dative | umnī | ummah | auhnī | aujamah | |||
Instrumental | umnī | ummah | auhnī | aujamah |
5.
on-stems | |||||||
hwiwalsā f butterfly | |||||||
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vocative | hwiwalsō | hwiwalsānih | |||||
Nominative | hwiwalsā | hwiwalsānih | |||||
Accusative | hwiwalsānū | hwiwalsānunn | |||||
Genitive | hwiwalsānih | hwiwalsānō | |||||
Dative | hwiwalsāni | hwiwalsāmah | |||||
Instrumental | hwiwalsāne | hwiwalsāmah |
6.
īn-stems | |||||||
hrārī f wisdom | |||||||
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vocative | hrārī | hrārīnih | |||||
Nominative | hrārī | hrārīnih | |||||
Accusative | hrārīnū | hrārīnunn | |||||
Genitive | hrārīnih | hrārīnō | |||||
Dative | hrārīni | hrārīnāmah | |||||
Instrumental | hrārīne | hrārināmah |
7.
r-stems | |||||||
māzēr f mother | |||||||
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vocative | māzer | māzrih | |||||
Nominative | māzēr | māzrih | |||||
Accusative | māzerū | māzrunn | |||||
Genitive | māzur | māzrō | |||||
Dative | māzri | māzrumah | |||||
Instrumental | māzre | māzrumah |
Alternative declension:
r-stems | |||||||
māzēr f mother | |||||||
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vocative | māzerī | māzrīnih | |||||
Nominative | māzērī | māzrīnih | |||||
Accusative | māzrīnū | māzrīnunn | |||||
Genitive | māzrīnih | māzrīnō | |||||
Dative | māzrīni | māzrināmah | |||||
Instrumental | māzrīne | māzrīnāmah |
8. z-stems
z-stems | |||||||
lambah n lamb | |||||||
Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vocative | lambah | lambirā | |||||
Nominative | lambah | lambirā | |||||
Accusative | lambah | lambirā | |||||
Genitive | lambirih | lambirō | |||||
Dative | lambirī | lambirumah | |||||
Instrumental | lambirī | lambirumah |
ix
First person | Second person | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | *ek *ik1 |
*wet *wit1 |
*wīh *wih1 |
*sū | *jut | *jūh |
Accusative | *mek *mik1 |
*unn | *uss | *sek *sik1 |
*innu | *ihwih |
Genitive | *mīnah | *unnerah | *usserah | *sīnah | *innūrah | *ihwerah |
Dative/instrumental | *mih | *unnih | *ussih | *sih | *innwih | *ihwih |
1 – Unstressed variant
The Lord's Prayer
hwāzēr usserah, sū īre in himinamah
sījje sīna namā ēlagāh,
wirkijē sīna wiljā,
ekwemē sīna rīkijā,
hwa an ersē hwe an himinamah
ēf daebrauzā ussera himmē daē ussih
hworholēt usserāh skuldin ussih
hwe auk wīh hworlētam san skuldan ussih
nuh bring uss in kūtauh ak eablēzī uss
a uvilammē.
Waka, Wāran
- Waka Wāran!
- Ērambāt
- Māte hwijannū
- Hwinn sturkī
- Sterrī ak staut!
- Serh annjalausanū derkanū
- Serh gatā stēnō
- Tā annjā!
- Tā daurū!
"Awake Wodan! Pyre-tender! Meet the foe! Find strength! Stand fast and strike! Through endless dark, through gaps of stones. To the end! To death!"
Example sentences
- sā hweū hwurhte sanā wulhwā hwure avajs
- þō fehū furhti þaną wulfą furi habaiþi.
- 'The cattle has fear of the wolf.'
- þō fehū furhti þaną wulfą furi habaiþi.
- sa wulhwā sā hweū ērīs
- sa wulfaz þō fehū ?gaisīþi. ( PIE *gheis-, cf. Goth. usgaisjan)
- 'The wolf terrorizes the cattle.'
- sa wulfaz þō fehū ?gaisīþi. ( PIE *gheis-, cf. Goth. usgaisjan)
Askājaskā wursā
aswēkwā wursā
habdō > awdō -> audō -> aujā 1sgpres, audō 1sgpast, aujau 1sgpressubj, audē 1sgpastsubj
- Innovatio I
- The past tense indicative 1pl marker has replaced the equivalent present indicative marker. So, basically a bunch of verbs look a bit like preterite-presents here.
- e.g. aujum 'we have' ( from an innovated < *habjum, instead of the expected reflex of PGmc. *habjamaz which would be **aujamah)
- Innovatio II
- Loss of final -i in the ind. pres. ("weak")
- avajs 'you have, he has' ( < *habaiþ < PGmc. *habaiþi AND < *habais < PGmc. *habaisi)
- Innovatio III
- The subclasses of w-Class III merge with the stative -ja- spreading into the factitive in the present, while the factitive -a- forms spread to the past. The past participle is formed with *-adaz, present with *-(i)jandz
-jō -jā -aisi -ajs -aiþi -ajs -jum -jum -aiþ -ajs -janþi -jan
Class3
šemplīas paradịmās: aujanā (kalaš III - 'jèmetiš') | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle: aujann past participle: avarah | ||||||||||||
indicative | subjunctive | |||||||||||
singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | first | second | third | first | second | third | |
present | aujā | avajs | avajs | aujum | avajs | aujan | aujaū | aujai | aujai | aujaim | aujai | aujain |
past | audō | audē | audē | audum | audud | audun | audērī | audērī | audērī | audērīm | audērīd | audērīn |
Class2
šemplīas paradịmās: wansājanā (kalaš II - 'mažinatiš') | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle: wansānn past participle: wansāraḥ | ||||||||||||
indicative | subjunctive | |||||||||||
singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | first | second | third | first | second | third | |
present | wansā | wansās | wansās | wansām | wansās | wansān | wansō | wansā | wansā | wansām | wansā | wansān |
past | wansārō | wansārē | wansārē | wansārzum | wansārzud | wansārzun | wansārzī | wansārzī | wansārzī | wansārzīm | wansārzīd | wansārzīn |
astarkijā wursā
Class IV
Sandhi
Pronomina often occur in second position (wackernagel), thus sometimes glued onto verb. E.g.
wansā ik → wansājk
wansā sū → wansāru
wansā sa → wansāra
A man says to another man…
This is in step 16 Skājamāl
— O, Hweho!
— Hweho?
— Hwehōh?!
— Ne, hweho!
— Hahā, hweho!