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=== Proto === | === Proto === | ||
There is no proto-language which all our source languages are supposedly descended from. Our ancient form is Classical Chinese, which is well-known and actually exists in documented form. | There is no proto-language which all our source languages are supposedly descended from. Our ancient form is Classical Chinese, which is well-known and actually exists in documented form. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|+ Correspondences of initial consonants | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Middle Chinese | |||
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Vietnamese | |||
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Korean | |||
! colspan="3" | Sino-Japanese | |||
! rowspan="2" | Mandarin | |||
! rowspan="2" | Cantonese | |||
! rowspan="2" | {{PAGENAME}} | |||
|- | |||
! Go-on !! Kan-on !! Tōsō-on | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Labials | |||
| 幫 p || p > b || rowspan="3" | p/pʰ || rowspan="2" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h | |||
| p/f || p/f | |||
! rowspan="3" | p | |||
|- | |||
| 滂 pʰ || pʰ | |||
| pʰ/f || pʰ/f | |||
|- | |||
| 並 b || b | |||
| b > b/ph/v | |||
| pʰ/p/f || pʰ/p/f | |||
|- | |||
| 明 m || m > m/v || m || m || b<ref>Yields ''m-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''.</ref> || m | |||
| m/w || m | |||
! m | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="5" | Dentals | |||
| 端 t || t > đ || rowspan="3" | t/tʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="3" | t | |||
| t || t | |||
! rowspan="3" | t | |||
|- | |||
| 透 tʰ || tʰ > th | |||
| tʰ || tʰ | |||
|- | |||
| 定 d || d > đ || d | |||
| tʰ/d || tʰ/d | |||
|- | |||
| 泥 n || n || n || n || d<ref>Yields ''n-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''</ref> || n | |||
| n || n~l | |||
! n | |||
|- | |||
| 來 l || l || l || r || r || r | |||
| l || l | |||
! l | |||
|- | |||
! Retroflex nasal | |||
| 娘 ɳ | |||
| n || n~ø || n || d || | |||
| n || n~l | |||
! ny | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Retroflex stops | |||
| 知 ʈ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="6" | tʰ/tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="17" | s | |||
| tʂ || ts | |||
! rowspan="3" | t | |||
|- | |||
| 徹 ʈʰ || ʂ > s | |||
| tʂʰ || tsʰ | |||
|- | |||
| 澄 ɖ || ɖ > tr || d | |||
| tʂʰ, tʂ || tsʰ, ts | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="6" | Dental sibilants | |||
| 精 ts || s > t || rowspan="2" | s || rowspan="14" | s | |||
| ts, tɕ || ts | |||
! rowspan="3" | j | |||
|- | |||
| 清 tsʰ || ɕ > th | |||
| tsʰ, tɕʰ || tsʰ | |||
|- | |||
| 從 dz || rowspan="3" | s > t || z | |||
| tsʰ, tɕʰ, ts, tɕ || tsʰ, ts | |||
|- | |||
| 心 s || rowspan="3" | s || s | |||
| s || s | |||
! rowspan="2" | s | |||
|- | |||
| 邪 z || z | |||
| tsʰ, ts || z, ʑ | |||
|- | |||
| 俟 ʐ | |||
| s || z | |||
| tʂʰ, s || tsʰ, ts | |||
! sy | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Retroflex sibilants | |||
| 莊 tʂ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="3" | tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | s | |||
| tʂ, ts || ts | |||
! rowspan="3" | j | |||
|- | |||
| 初 tʂʰ || rowspan="3" | ʂ > s | |||
| tʂʰ, tsʰ || tsʰ | |||
|- | |||
| 崇 dʐ || z | |||
| tʂʰ, tsʰ, tʂ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s | |||
|- | |||
| 生 ʂ || s || rowspan="3" | s | |||
| ʂ, s || s | |||
! sy | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="7" | Palatals | |||
| 章 tɕ || c > ch || rowspan="2" | tɕ/tɕʰ | |||
| tʂ || ts | |||
! rowspan="3" | j | |||
|- | |||
| 昌 tɕʰ || tʃ > x | |||
| tʂʰ || tsʰ | |||
|- | |||
| 禪 dʑ || rowspan="3" | ɕ > th || rowspan="3" | s || z | |||
| tʂʰ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s | |||
|- | |||
| 書 ɕ || s || ʂ || s | |||
! rowspan="2" | sy | |||
|- | |||
| 船 ʑ || z || s || | |||
| tʂʰ, ʂ || s | |||
|- | |||
| 日 ny || ɲ > nh || z > ∅ || n || z || z || ɻ, ʔ || j | |||
! ny | |||
|- | |||
| 以 j | |||
| d || ø || j || j || | |||
| j, w~ʋ || j, w | |||
! y | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Velars | |||
| 見 k || k > c/g || rowspan="2" | k/h || rowspan="2" | k || rowspan="3" | k || rowspan="3" | k | |||
| k, tɕ || k, kʷ | |||
! rowspan="3" | k | |||
|- | |||
| 溪 kʰ || kʰ > kh | |||
| kʰ, tɕʰ || h, f, kʰ, kʰʷ | |||
|- | |||
| 群 g || ɡ > c || k || rowspan="2" | g | |||
| kʰ, tɕʰ, k, tɕ || kʰ, kʰʷ, k, kʷ | |||
|- | |||
| 疑 ŋ || ŋ > ng || h || g || g | |||
| ʔ~ɰ, j, w~ʋ, n || ŋ, ʔ, j | |||
! rowspan="2" | ø | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="4" | Laryngeals | |||
| 影 ʔ || ʔ > y || ∅ || ∅ || ∅ || rowspan="3" | ∅ | |||
| ʔ, j, w~ʋ || ʔ, j, w | |||
|- | |||
| 曉 h || rowspan="2" | h || rowspan="2" | h || k || rowspan="2" | k | |||
| x, ɕ || h, f, j | |||
! rowspan="2" | h | |||
|- | |||
| 匣 ɦ || ɣ > g/w | |||
| x, ɕ || h, w | |||
|- | |||
| 云 ɦj | |||
| v, h || ø || j || j || | |||
| j, w~ʋ || j, w | |||
! ø | |||
|} | |||
== Phonologies == | == Phonologies == |
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