Anglecymrāeg: Difference between revisions

 
(36 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:
==Introduction==
==Introduction==


Englecymrǣc was a naturalistic language spoken by a small group of Welsh Anglo-Saxons who spoke a language which stemmed from Old English and Old Welsh. This language arose when a faction of the Saxon settlers rebelled and eventually left their people to travel West across Britain to modern-day Wales. There they met a small group of Welsh-speaking people. The group of Saxons didn't try to conquer the Welsh since they were few in numbers and half-starved. Instead, they were welcomed and thus assimilated into the village. For a few hundred years they lived there, until with one thing and another the population dwindled and the village was abandoned, the remnants scattering in different directions. they were never heard from again, until the late 20th century, when a wooden chest with various documents were found in modern-day Wales, some in Old English or Anglocumeric. It contained several unknown literary works of fiction, and excerpts from Beowulf. While most were in Anglocumeric, the Beowulf excerpts were written in both, which helped to decipher the lost language.
Anglecymrāeg was a naturalistic language spoken by a small group of Welsh Anglo-Saxons who spoke a language which stemmed from Old English and Old Welsh. This language arose when a faction of the Saxon settlers rebelled and eventually left their people to travel West across Britain to modern-day Wales. There they met a small group of Welsh-speaking people. The group of Saxons didn't try to conquer the Welsh since they were few in numbers and half-starved. Instead, they were welcomed and thus assimilated into the village. For a few hundred years they lived there, until with one thing and another the population dwindled and the village was abandoned, the remnants scattering in different directions. they were never heard from again, until the late 20th century, when a wooden chest with various documents were found in modern-day Wales, some in Old English or Anglecymrāeg. It contained several unknown literary works of fiction, and excerpts from Beowulf. While most were in Anglecymrāeg, the Beowulf excerpts were written in both, which helped to decipher the lost language.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==


Much of the phonology of Englecymrǣc is speculative, but guesses can be made about how things sounded. It is assumed that many sounds merged to form a sort of compromise in order to "appease" both groups.
Much of the phonology of Anglecymrāeg is speculative, but guesses can be made about how things sounded. It is assumed that many sounds merged to form a sort of compromise in order to "appease" both groups.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 162: Line 162:
===Vowel changes===
===Vowel changes===


Many of the phonemic vowel changes in Englecymrǣc are directly from Welsh, but a few formed on their own. Like Welsh, many of the changes that occurred are a result of a vowel being displaced from being the nucleus of the final syllable when a suffix is attached. This type of mutation is sometimes called ''centring''. When a vowel was displaced from the final syllable, it would change to a more central vowel sound, thus the front /i/ > central /ɨ/ or the back /u/ > central-back /ʊ/. This change does not occur if the syllable is stressed.
Many of the phonemic vowel changes in Anglecymrāeg are directly from Welsh, but a few formed on their own. Like Welsh, many of the changes that occurred are a result of a vowel being displaced from being the nucleus of the final syllable when a suffix is attached. This type of mutation is sometimes called ''centring''. When a vowel was displaced from the final syllable, it would change to a more central vowel sound, thus the front /i/ > central /ɨ/ or the back /u/ > central-back /ʊ/. This change does not occur if the syllable is stressed.


{|class="wikitable" style="width:350px"
{|class="wikitable" style="width:350px"
Line 444: Line 444:
| When as an unstressed syllable.
| When as an unstressed syllable.
|-
|-
|   //
|   /e/
| A unique change which arose after the merging of the Old English and Welsh, in which '''''ǣ''''' would change to // when as the stressed syllable. It is guessed that they speakers simply didn't like annunciating the /æː/ when also stressed.  
| A unique change which arose after the merging of the Old English and Welsh, in which '''''ǣ''''' would change to /e/ when as the stressed syllable. It is guessed that they speakers simply didn't like annunciating the /æː/ when also stressed.  
|-
|-
! '''''ae'''''
! '''''ae'''''
Line 477: Line 477:
|   /d/
|   /d/
|
|
|-
! '''''ð'''''
|   /ð/
| Replaces '''''þ''''' when voiced and word-finally.
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| '''''e'''''
! rowspan=2| '''''e'''''
Line 666: Line 670:
|-
|-
|   /w/
|   /w/
| Medially and finally. The '''''w''''' only takes on a consonant value when occurring before another vowel.  
| Medially and finally. The '''''w''''' only takes on a consonant value when occurring before another vowel. This sound is also used if '''''w''''' appears between two vowels
|-
|-
|   /βʷ/
|   /βʷ/
Line 682: Line 686:
|-
|-
|}
|}
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 691: Line 691:
===Articles and Demonstratives===
===Articles and Demonstratives===


Like both Old Welsh and Old English, Englecymrǣc has no indefinite article. While many grammatical forms are taken from Old English, articles differ in this respect, since they do not decline for grammatical case, and, like Welsh, differentiate proximal and distal modes.  
Like both Old Welsh and Old English, Anglecymrāeg has no indefinite article. While many grammatical forms are taken from Old English, articles differ in this respect, since they do not decline for grammatical case, and, like Welsh, differentiate proximal and distal modes.  


{|class="wikitable" style="width:250px; text-align: center;"
{|class="wikitable" style="width:250px; text-align: center;"
Line 894: Line 894:
|}
|}


The final declension for inanimate nouns was used for things considered lifeless; tools, rocks, soil etc. While the individual components of the Earth were considered inanimate, the Earth herself was considered semi-animate and feminine. Certain nouns of this category did not add a suffix but rather underwent ''i-mutation''.
The final declension for inanimate nouns was used for things considered lifeless; tools, rocks, soil etc. While the individual components of the Earth were considered inanimate, the Earth herself was considered semi-animate and feminine. Certain nouns of this category did not add a suffix but rather underwent ''i-mutation''. This was also the declension used for anything non-physical such as an idea.
 
====Noun-forming Suffixes====
 
The suffixes "-yr" or "-ffī" change an infinitive verb to a noun.


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
Line 923: Line 927:
| ''þi''
| ''þi''
| ''hwi''
| ''hwi''
| ''wēo''
| ''hēo''
| ''''
| ''hēf''
| ''''
| ''''
| ''wy''
| ''wy''
|-
|-
Line 933: Line 937:
| rowspan=2| ''þe''
| rowspan=2| ''þe''
| rowspan=2| ''wūs''
| rowspan=2| ''wūs''
| ''wio''
| ''hio''
| ''wīn''
| ''hīf''
| ''hīt''
| ''hīt''
| rowspan=2| ''wyt''
| rowspan=2| ''wyt''
|-
|-
! {{smallcaps|dat}}
! {{smallcaps|dat}}
| ''wiu''
| ''hiu''
| ''wūn''
| ''hūn''
| ''hiut''
| ''hiut''
|-
|-
Line 972: Line 976:
|-
|-
! {{smallcaps|nom}}
! {{smallcaps|nom}}
| ''pū'' || ''hwǣt'' || rowspan=3| ''pa''
| ''pū'' || ''peaþ'' || rowspan=3| ''pa''
|-
|-
! {{smallcaps|acc}}
! {{smallcaps|acc}}
Line 980: Line 984:
|-
|-
! {{smallcaps|gen}}
! {{smallcaps|gen}}
| ''puīs'' || ''hwǣs'' || ''pas''
| ''puīs'' || ''peass'' || ''pas''
|-
|-
! {{smallcaps|inst}}
! {{smallcaps|inst}}
Line 1,058: Line 1,062:
Descriptors included both adjectives and adverbs. The only real difference is that while noun descriptors would decline for case, adverbs did not, using the only nominative or base form.
Descriptors included both adjectives and adverbs. The only real difference is that while noun descriptors would decline for case, adverbs did not, using the only nominative or base form.


{|class="wikitable" style="width:300px; text-align: center"
====Adjective-forming Suffixes====
|+ Adjective Declension
 
Nouns can often be changed to adjectives by the suffix "-að", "-eþ" or, occasionally, "-(s)swd".
 
====Declension====
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:320px; text-align: center"
|+ Descriptor Declension
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=3| Singular !! rowspan=2| Plural
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=3| Singular !! rowspan=2| Plural
|-
|-
Line 1,068: Line 1,078:
|-
|-
! {{smallcaps|acc}}
! {{smallcaps|acc}}
| || || ||
| rowspan=2| ''-wr'' || rowspan=2| ''-nu'' || ''-un'' || rowspan=3| ''-wne''
|-
|-
! {{smallcaps|dat}}
! {{smallcaps|dat}}
| ||  ||  ||
| ''-unu''
|-
|-
! {{smallcaps|gen}}
! {{smallcaps|gen}}
| || ||  ||
| rowspan=2| ''-us'' || colspan=2| ''-es''
|-
|-
! {{smallcaps|inst}}
! {{smallcaps|inst}}
| || ||  ||
| ''-wu'' || ''-we'' || ''-ure''
|}
|}
====Degree====
Anglecymrāeg has two degrees, comparative and superlative. Comparative is marked with ''-ry'' and ''-osþ'' or ''-esþ''. These come mainly from the Old English ''-ra'' and ''-ost''.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===


Englecymrǣc prepositions are largely derived from Welsh, however, these are often closely related to Old English.
Anglecymrāeg prepositions are largely derived from Welsh, however, these are often closely related to Old English as well. Contrary to the Welsh influence, they are not conjugated and function the same regardless of person or case.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
 
===Noun phrase===
===Word Order===
===Verb phrase===
 
===Sentence phrase===
Like Old English, the word order follows a subject-verb-object order, but this is rather loose since the language also has noun case. Questions are phrased by switching the verb and subject, or in more loose word order, putting the verb before everything else. Note that the verb never comes first in a sentence unless asking a question.
===Dependent clauses===
 
<!-- etc. etc. -->
===Relative and Subordinate Clauses===
 
Like, Old English, relative clauses are formed almost exclusively by demonstratives sȳ, sē, and þet. Instead of saying "the cat ''who'' ran away," they would say, "the cat ''that'' ran away." Subordinate clauses are formed by correlative conjunctions. This was phrased as ''then... then'' or ''which... which''. They would say, "Then I arrived, then I fell asleep," instead of, "When I arrived, I fell asleep." Often the second part of a subordinate clause would b verb-final, although this was a rule often disregarded.


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Template area -->


[[Category:Englecymrǣc (Anglocumeric)]]
[[Category:Anglecymrāeg]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]