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|pronunciation = eˈvei̯ɾeɡ | |pronunciation = eˈvei̯ɾeɡ | ||
|creator = Tardigrade | |creator = Tardigrade | ||
|states = Spain, Portugal | |states = Spain, Portugal | ||
|familycolor = Indo-European | |familycolor = Indo-European | ||
| Line 202: | Line 201: | ||
|fam3= [[Insular Celtic]] | |fam3= [[Insular Celtic]] | ||
|fam4= [[Brythonic]] | |fam4= [[Brythonic]] | ||
|ancestor= [[Common Brythonic]] | |ancestor= [[w:Common Brythonic|Common Brythonic]] | ||
|script1 = Latn | |script1 = Latn | ||
}} | }} | ||
Everish '''Eveireg''' {{IPA|/eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/}} is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias. | Everish '''Eveireg''' {{IPA|/eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/}} is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias. | ||
==Phonology and Orthography== | |||
===Everish Consonants=== | |||
The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | | |||
! [[w:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] | |||
! [[w:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] | |||
! [[w:Dental_consonant|Dental]] | |||
! [[w:Alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]] | |||
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | |||
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced_bilabial_nasal|m]] ⟨m⟩ | |||
| rowspan=3 style=border-right:0; | | |||
| style=border-left:0; | | |||
| [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals|n]] ⟨n⟩ | |||
| [[w:ɲ|ɲ]] ⟨ñ⟩ | |||
| [[w:ŋ|ŋ]] ⟨ng, ngu⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]] !! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small> | |||
| [[w:Voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]] ⟨p⟩ | |||
| [[w:Voiceless_dental_plosive|t]] ⟨t⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | | |||
| [[w:t͡ʃ|t͡ʃ]] ⟨ch⟩ | |||
| [[w:/k/|k]] ⟨c, qu⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | |||
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_bilabial_plosive|b]]~[[w:/β/|β]] ⟨b⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_dental_plosive|d]]~[[w:/ð/|ð]] ⟨d⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | [[w:d͡ʒ|d͡ʒ]]~[[w:ʒ|ʒ]] ⟨g, j⟩ | |||
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_velar_plosive|ɡ]]~[[w:/ɣ/|ɣ]] ⟨g, gu⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] !! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | |||
| [[w:Voiced_labial_fricative|v]] ⟨v⟩ | |||
| [[w:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant|z]] ⟨z⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small> | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiceless_labial_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩ | |||
| [[w:Voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] ⟨ç⟩ | |||
| [[w:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant|s]] ⟨s⟩ | |||
| [[w:ʃ|ʃ]] ⟨x⟩ | |||
| [[w:Voiceless_velar_fricative|x]] ⟨h⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]] !! <small>[[w:Central consonant|central]]</small> | |||
| rowspan=4 colspan=3 style=border-right:0; | | |||
| style=border-left:0; | | |||
| [[w:/j/|j]] ⟨y⟩ | |||
| [[w:/w/|w]] ⟨u⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! <small>[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small> | |||
| [[w:/l/|l]] ⟨l⟩ | |||
| [[w:/ʎ/|ʎ]] ⟨ll⟩ | |||
| rowspan=3 style=border-left:0; | | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | [[w:Trill|Trill]] | |||
| [[w:/r/|r]] ⟨rr⟩ | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | [[w:Tap|Tap]] | |||
| [[w:/ɾ/|ɾ]] ⟨r⟩ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels & Diphthongs=== | |||
Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds: | |||
# the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels | |||
# the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels | |||
# the diphthongs | |||
The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! style="width: 60px; " |Front | |||
! style="width: 60px; " |Central | |||
! style="width: 60px; " |Back | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| iː | |||
| ʉ(ː) | |||
| u(ː) | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Near-close | |||
| ɪ | |||
| | |||
| ʊ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close-mid | |||
| eː | |||
| | |||
| oː | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| | |||
| ə | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open-mid | |||
| ɛ | |||
| | |||
| ʌ ɔ(ː) | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Near-open | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| a(ː) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 270px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! style="width: 70px; " |+ i̯ | |||
! style="width: 70px; " |+ u̯ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Near-close | |||
| | |||
| ɪu̯ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| əi̯ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open-mid | |||
| ɛi̯ ɔi̯ | |||
| ɛu̯ ɔu̯ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| | |||
| au̯ | |||
|} | |||
===Sound Changes=== | ===Sound Changes=== | ||
====Consonant Mutations==== | ====Consonant Mutations==== | ||
As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: '''lenis''' ('' | As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''[[Contionary:meyel|meyel]]''), '''spirant''' (''[[Contionary:cravel|cravel]]'') and '''nasal''' (''[[Contionary:truinel|truinel]]''). | ||
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table. | The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table. | ||
| Line 226: | Line 365: | ||
| ''t'' /t/ | | ''t'' /t/ | ||
| colspan=2 | ''d'' /d/ | | colspan=2 | ''d'' /d/ | ||
| '' | | ''ç'' /θ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''c'' /k/ | | ''c'' /k/ | ||
| Line 242: | Line 381: | ||
| ''d'' /d/ | | ''d'' /d/ | ||
| ''n'' /n/ | | ''n'' /n/ | ||
| colspan=2 | | | colspan=2 | ∅ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''g'' /ɡ/ | | ''g'' /ɡ/ | ||
| ''ng'' /ŋ/ | | ''ng'' /ŋ/ | ||
| colspan=2 | | | colspan=2 | ∅ | ||
|- | |||
| ''gu'' /ɡw/ | |||
| ''ng'' /ŋw/ | |||
| colspan=2 | ''v'' /v/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''dj'' /d͡ʒ/ | | ''dj'' /d͡ʒ/ | ||
| Line 277: | Line 420: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Lenited ''g'' | Lenited ''g'' becomes ''v'' before words in ''go-, gu-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:gou|gou]]'' "smith" → ''i vou'' "his smith", ''[[Contionary:gur|gur]]'' "man, husband" → ''i vur'' "his husband". | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
* Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i | * Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i dji'' "his dog", ''a reg'' "the woman", ''do Varselen'' "to Barcelona". | ||
* Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri | * Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats". | ||
* Nasalisation: ''no | * Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona", ''mi garrer'' "my road" | ||
===List=== | ===List=== | ||
| Line 703: | Line 845: | ||
|c=cy| {{l|cy|dyn}}, {{l|cy|gŵr}} | |c=cy| {{l|cy|dyn}}, {{l|cy|gŵr}} | ||
|c=sga| {{l|sga|fer}} | |c=sga| {{l|sga|fer}} | ||
|c=ev| {{term# | |c=ev| {{term#guas|guas}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i=No| 38 | |i=No| 38 | ||
| Line 1,338: | Line 1,480: | ||
|c=gd| {{l|gd|adha}} | |c=gd| {{l|gd|adha}} | ||
|c=gv| {{l|gv|aane}} | |c=gv| {{l|gv|aane}} | ||
|} | |||
==Bandal== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Bandal | |||
! Maltese | |||
! [[Siculo-Arabic]]<br/>(in [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]]) | |||
! Arabic text | |||
! English | |||
|- | |||
| bebbuxu | |||
| {{lang|mt|bebbuxu}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|babbaluciu}} | |||
| {{lang|ary|ببوش|rtl=yes}} (babbūš)<br/> | |||
| snail | |||
|- | |||
| gebbu | |||
| {{lang|mt|ġiebja}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|gebbia}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|جب|rtl=yes}} (jabb) | |||
| cistern | |||
|- | |||
| giunglena | |||
| {{lang|mt|ġunġlien}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|giuggiulena}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|جنجلان|rtl=yes}} (junjulān) | |||
| sesame seed | |||
|- | |||
| seghija | |||
| {{lang|mt|sieqja}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|saia}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|ساقية|rtl=yes}} (sāqiyah) | |||
| canal | |||
|- | |||
| tennuru | |||
| {{lang|mt|kenur}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|tannura}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|تنور|rtl=yes}} (tannūr) | |||
| oven | |||
|- | |||
| zafranu | |||
| {{lang|mt|żagħfran}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|zaffarana}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|زعفران|rtl=yes}} (zaʿfarān) | |||
| [[saffron]] | |||
|- | |||
| zara | |||
| żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian) | |||
| {{lang|scn|zagara}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|زهرة|rtl=yes}} (zahrah) | |||
| blossom | |||
|- | |||
| sbiba | |||
| {{lang|mt|żbib}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|zibbibbu}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|زبيب|rtl=yes}} (zabīb) | |||
| raisins | |||
|- | |||
| segu | |||
| {{lang|mt|zokk}} (may be borrowed from Sicilian) | |||
| {{lang|scn|zuccu}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|ساق|rtl=yes}} (sāq) | |||
| tree trunk | |||
|- | |||
| tebutu | |||
| {{lang|mt|tebut}} | |||
| {{lang|scn|tabbutu}} | |||
| {{lang|ar|تابوت|rtl=yes}} (tābūt) | |||
| coffin | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Maltese | |||
! Berber languages | |||
! English | |||
|- | |||
| grinxula | |||
| ''gremxula'' | |||
| ''azrem ašal'', lit. 'land worm', ([[Kabyle language|Kabyle]]) | |||
| lizard | |||
|- | |||
| ficruna | |||
|''fekruna'' | |||
|''tifakrunin'' ([[Jerba Berber|Jerbi]]), ''ifekran'' ([[Shilha language|Tashelhiyt]]), ''ifkran'' (Kabyle) | |||
|turtle | |||
|- | |||
| geddu | |||
| ''geddum'' | |||
| ''aqadum'', lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle) | |||
| chin | |||
|- | |||
| gendu | |||
| ''gendus'' | |||
| ''gandūz'', lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi) | |||
| ox, bull | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''gerżuma'' | |||
|''ageržum'' ([[Mozabite language|Mozabite]], Tashelhiyt) | |||
|throat | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''tfief'' | |||
|''tilfaf'' ([[Ouargli language|Ouargli]]), ''tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf'' ([[Tarifit]]) | |||
|sow thistle (''[[Sonchus oleraceus]]'') | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''tengħud'' | |||
|''talaɣūda'' ([[Tunisian Arabic]]), ''telɣūda'' ([[Algerian Arabic]]) | |||
|spurge (''[[Euphorbia]]'') | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''kosksu'' | |||
|''kuskesu, kuskus'' (Kabyle) | |||
|couscous, small round pasta | |||
|- | |||
| fart | |||
|''fartas'' | |||
|''aferḍas'' (Ouargli, Kabyle) | |||
|bald | |||
|- | |||
|''għaffeġ'' | |||
|‘''affež'' (Algerian Arabic), ''effeẓ'' (Ouargli, Mozabite) | |||
|to crush, to squash | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''żrinġ'' | |||
|''tažrant'' (Jerbi) | |||
|frog | |||
|- | |||
| izrar | |||
|''żrar'' | |||
|''zrar'' (Mozabite, Ouargli), ''azrar'' (Kabyle, [[Nafusi language|Nafusi]]) | |||
|gravel | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''werżieq'' | |||
|''wárẓag'' ([[Mrazig]]) | |||
|cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''buqexrem'' | |||
|''buqišrem'' (Kabyle) | |||
|vervain ([[Verbena officinalis]]) | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|''fidloqqom'' | |||
|''fudalɣem'' (Kabyle) | |||
|borage ([[Borage|Borago officinalis]]) | |||
|- | |||
| zor | |||
|''żorr'' | |||
|''uzur'' (Kabyle), ''uzzur'' (Tarifit) | |||
|rude, arrogant | |||
|- | |||
|leddixer | |||
|''lellex'' | |||
|''lelleš'' (Mozabite) | |||
|to shine, to glitter | |||
|- | |||
| besber | |||
|''pespes'' | |||
|''bbesbes'' (Ouargli) | |||
|to whisper | |||
|- | |||
|tefter | |||
|''teptep'' | |||
|''ṭṭebṭeb'' (Ouargli) | |||
|to blink, to twinkle | |||
|- | |||
| bibber | |||
|''webbel'' | |||
|''webben'' (Mozabite) | |||
|to induce, to tempt | |||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 22:36, 16 February 2024
Tardigrades (Latfuts) are microscopic, water-dwelling, segmented animals. At some point in history, they learned to speak Gothic.
Veithois
| Latin | Insular Proto-Romance |
Insular Romance | Veithois | example | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| transcription | IPA | orthography | IPA | ||||||||
| ī | /i/ | i | /i/ | i | /i/ | vid | /vid/ | ||||
| i | /ɪ/ | ẹ | /e/ | è | ei | /ɛ/ | /ei̯/ | sec | peil | /sɛk/ | /pei̯l/ |
| ē | /e/ | ment | cein | /mɛnt/ | /t͡ʃei̯n/ | ||||||
| oe | ester | feid | /ɛstər/ | /fei̯d/ | |||||||
| e | /ɛ/ | ę | /ɛ/ | é | /e/ | ter | pedh | /tɛr/ | /peð/ | ||
| ae | estod | cel | /ɛˈstod/ | /t͡ʃel/ | |||||||
| a | /a/ | a | /a/ | a | /a/ | can | /kan/ | ||||
| ā | /ɑ/ | ǫ | /ɔ/ | ò | ó | /ɔ/ | /o/ | nos | /noz/ | ||
| o | /ɔ/ | sot | cor | /sɔt/ | /kor/ | ||||||
| ō | /o/ | ọ | /o/ | ou | eu | /u/ | /e/ | mount | fleur | /munt/ | /fler/ |
| u | /ʊ/ | gout | gheul | /gut/ | /gel/ | ||||||
| ū | /u/ | u | /u/ | u | /i/ | mur | /mir/ | ||||
| au | /au/ | au | /au/ | au | /ai/ | caudh | /kaið/ | ||||
Gothic vowel changes
| Gothic | Initial | Medial | Final | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /_r/ | /_r/ | /_l/ | /_p, b, f, m/ | /_w/ | /_other/ | /_one consonant/ | /_cluster/ | absolutely final | |||||||||||
| one consonant | cluster | /_r/ | /_l/ | /_n/ | /_p, b, f, m/ | /_w/ | /_j/ | /_other/ | |||||||||||
| i, aí | i | e | e | i | e | e | iu | i | e | ʲ | |||||||||
| a | a | u | y | u | u | o | u | Ø | |||||||||||
| u, aú | u | o | |||||||||||||||||
| ē, ei | i | i | e | i | e | e | |||||||||||||
| ái, aíh | ia | ||||||||||||||||||
| ā | a | u | y | u | a | ||||||||||||||
| áu, aúh | o | ||||||||||||||||||
| ō, ū | u | ||||||||||||||||||
adjectives
| Case | indefinite | definite | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | |
| Nominative | blínd | blénd | bléndas | blénd | blénds | blénd | blénda | bléndas | bléndon | bléndos | ||
| Genitive | blínds | blénds | blíndse | bléndsa | blíndes | bléndos | blíndne | bléndna | ||||
| Dative | bléndum | blénde | bléndę | bléndę | bléndą | bléndą | ||||||
adj
| Case | attributive | predicative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc./neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | ||
| indefinite | definite | |||||||||||
| Direct | blínd | blénd | blénd | blénd | blénda | bléndas | bléndon | bléndos | ||||
| Genitive | blínd | blénd | blínd | blénd | blíndes | bléndos | blíndse | bléndsa | ||||
| Dative | blénd | blénd | bléndę | bléndą | bléndą | |||||||
| Case | attributive | predicative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc./neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | ||
| indefinite | definite | |||||||||||
| Direct | frús | frós | frós | frós | frósa | frósas | fróson | frósos | ||||
| Genitive | frús | frós | frús | frós | frúses | frósos | frúsne | frósna | ||||
| Dative | frós | frós | frósę | frósą | frósą | |||||||
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ⟨m⟩ | /n/ ⟨n⟩ | /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ [1] | /ɴ/ ⟨ng⟩ | ||
| Plosive | /p/ ⟨p⟩ | /t/ ⟨t⟩ | /k/ ⟨k⟩ [1] | /q/ ⟨k⟩ | ||
| Affricate | /ʦ/ ⟨t⟩ [1] | |||||
| Fricative | /f/ ⟨f⟩ | /v/ ⟨v⟩ | /s/ ⟨s⟩ | /ʃ/ ⟨s⟩ [1] | /ɣ/ ⟨g⟩ [1] | /ʁ/ ⟨g⟩ |
| Lateral | /l~ɬ/ ⟨l⟩ [2] | |||||
| Tap | /ɾ/ ⟨r⟩ | |||||
| Semivowel | /j/ ⟨j⟩ | |||||
Everish
 | This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
| Everish | |
|---|---|
| Eveireg | |
| Pronunciation | [eˈvei̯ɾeɡ] |
| Created by | Tardigrade |
| Native to | Spain, Portugal |
Early form | |
Everish Eveireg /eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/ is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.
Phonology and Orthography
Everish Consonants
The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows:
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng, ngu⟩ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | k ⟨c, qu⟩ | ||
| voiced | b~β ⟨b⟩ | d~ð ⟨d⟩ | d͡ʒ~ʒ ⟨g, j⟩ | ɡ~ɣ ⟨g, gu⟩ | |||
| Fricative | voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ||||
| voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | θ ⟨ç⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ | ||
| Approximant | central | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨u⟩ | ||||
| lateral | l ⟨l⟩ | ʎ ⟨ll⟩ | |||||
| Trill | r ⟨rr⟩ | ||||||
| Tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | ||||||
Vowels & Diphthongs
Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:
- the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
- the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
- the diphthongs
The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iː | ʉ(ː) | u(ː) |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | eː | oː | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ ɔ(ː) | |
| Near-open | |||
| Open | a(ː) |
All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.
| + i̯ | + u̯ | |
|---|---|---|
| Near-close | ɪu̯ | |
| Mid | əi̯ | |
| Open-mid | ɛi̯ ɔi̯ | ɛu̯ ɔu̯ |
| Open | au̯ |
Sound Changes
Consonant Mutations
As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: lenis (meyel), spirant (cravel) and nasal (truinel).
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
| Radical | Nasal | Lenis | Spirant |
|---|---|---|---|
| p /p/ | b /b/ | f /f/ | |
| t /t/ | d /d/ | ç /θ/ | |
| c /k/ | g /g/ | h /x/ | |
| ch /t͡ʃ/ | dj /d͡ʒ/ | x /ʃ/ | |
| b /b/ | m /m/ | v /v/ | |
| d /d/ | n /n/ | ∅ | |
| g /ɡ/ | ng /ŋ/ | ∅ | |
| gu /ɡw/ | ng /ŋw/ | v /v/ | |
| dj /d͡ʒ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | y /j/ | |
| y /j/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ||
| ll /ʎ/ | l /l/ | ||
| m /m/ | v /ṽ/ | ||
| ñ /ɲ/ | n /n/ | ||
| rr /r/ | r /ɾ/ | ||
Lenited g becomes v before words in go-, gu-, e.g. gou "smith" → i vou "his smith", gur "man, husband" → i vur "his husband".
Examples:
- Lenition: i beñ "his head", di dad "your dad", i dji "his dog", a reg "the woman", do Varselen "to Barcelona".
- Spirantisation: i feñ "her head", tri çad "three dads", ter haç "three cats".
- Nasalisation: no ngreg "nine women", i Marselen "in Barcelona", mi garrer "my road"
List
Bandal
| Bandal | Maltese | Siculo-Arabic (in Sicilian) |
Arabic text | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bebbuxu | bebbuxu | babbaluciu | ببوش (babbūš) |
snail |
| gebbu | ġiebja | gebbia | جب (jabb) | cistern |
| giunglena | ġunġlien | giuggiulena | جنجلان (junjulān) | sesame seed |
| seghija | sieqja | saia | ساقية (sāqiyah) | canal |
| tennuru | kenur | tannura | تنور (tannūr) | oven |
| zafranu | żagħfran | zaffarana | زعفران (zaʿfarān) | saffron |
| zara | żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian) | zagara | زهرة (zahrah) | blossom |
| sbiba | żbib | zibbibbu | زبيب (zabīb) | raisins |
| segu | zokk (may be borrowed from Sicilian) | zuccu | ساق (sāq) | tree trunk |
| tebutu | tebut | tabbutu | تابوت (tābūt) | coffin |
| Maltese | Berber languages | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| grinxula | gremxula | azrem ašal, lit. 'land worm', (Kabyle) | lizard |
| ficruna | fekruna | tifakrunin (Jerbi), ifekran (Tashelhiyt), ifkran (Kabyle) | turtle |
| geddu | geddum | aqadum, lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle) | chin |
| gendu | gendus | gandūz, lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi) | ox, bull |
| gerżuma | ageržum (Mozabite, Tashelhiyt) | throat | |
| tfief | tilfaf (Ouargli), tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf (Tarifit) | sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) | |
| tengħud | talaɣūda (Tunisian Arabic), telɣūda (Algerian Arabic) | spurge (Euphorbia) | |
| kosksu | kuskesu, kuskus (Kabyle) | couscous, small round pasta | |
| fart | fartas | aferḍas (Ouargli, Kabyle) | bald |
| għaffeġ | ‘affež (Algerian Arabic), effeẓ (Ouargli, Mozabite) | to crush, to squash | |
| żrinġ | tažrant (Jerbi) | frog | |
| izrar | żrar | zrar (Mozabite, Ouargli), azrar (Kabyle, Nafusi) | gravel |
| werżieq | wárẓag (Mrazig) | cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker | |
| buqexrem | buqišrem (Kabyle) | vervain (Verbena officinalis) | |
| fidloqqom | fudalɣem (Kabyle) | borage (Borago officinalis) | |
| zor | żorr | uzur (Kabyle), uzzur (Tarifit) | rude, arrogant |
| leddixer | lellex | lelleš (Mozabite) | to shine, to glitter |
| besber | pespes | bbesbes (Ouargli) | to whisper |
| tefter | teptep | ṭṭebṭeb (Ouargli) | to blink, to twinkle |
| bibber | webbel | webben (Mozabite) | to induce, to tempt |