User:Tardigrade: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Tardigrade (talk | contribs) |
Tardigrade (talk | contribs) |
||
| (45 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 213: | Line 213: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 660px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | | |||
! colspan=2 | [[w: | ! [[w:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] | ||
! [[w:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] | |||
! [[w:Dental_consonant|Dental]] | ! [[w:Dental_consonant|Dental]] | ||
! [[w:Alveolar_consonant|Alveolar]] | |||
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | ! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | ||
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | ! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ! colspan=2 | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
| [[w:Voiced_bilabial_nasal|m]] ⟨m⟩ | |||
| rowspan=3 style=border-right:0; | | |||
| style=border-left:0; | | |||
| [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals|n]] ⟨n⟩ | | [[w:Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals|n]] ⟨n⟩ | ||
| [[w:ɲ|ɲ]] ⟨ñ⟩ | | [[w:ɲ|ɲ]] ⟨ñ⟩ | ||
| [[w:ŋ|ŋ]] | | [[w:ŋ|ŋ]] ⟨ng, ngu⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! rowspan=2 | [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]] !! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small> | ||
| [[w:Voiceless_bilabial_plosive|p]] ⟨p⟩ | |||
| | | [[w:Voiceless_dental_plosive|t]] ⟨t⟩ | ||
| rowspan=2 | | |||
| [[w:t͡ʃ|t͡ʃ]] ⟨ch⟩ | |||
| [[w:/k/|k]] ⟨c, qu⟩ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | |||
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_bilabial_plosive|b]]~[[w:/β/|β]] ⟨b⟩ | | rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_bilabial_plosive|b]]~[[w:/β/|β]] ⟨b⟩ | ||
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_dental_plosive|d]]~[[w:/ð/|ð]] ⟨d⟩ | | rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_dental_plosive|d]]~[[w:/ð/|ð]] ⟨d⟩ | ||
| rowspan=2 | [[w:d͡ʒ|d͡ʒ]] | | rowspan=2 | [[w:d͡ʒ|d͡ʒ]]~[[w:ʒ|ʒ]] ⟨g, j⟩ | ||
| rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_velar_plosive|ɡ]]~[[w:/ɣ/|ɣ]] ⟨g, gu⟩ | | rowspan=2 | [[w:Voiced_velar_plosive|ɡ]]~[[w:/ɣ/|ɣ]] ⟨g, gu⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant| | ! rowspan=2 | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] !! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | ||
| [[w:Voiced_labial_fricative|v]] ⟨v⟩ | |||
| [[w:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant|z]] ⟨z⟩ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiceless]]</small> | |||
| | | | ||
| [[w: | | [[w:Voiceless_labial_fricative|f]] ⟨f⟩ | ||
| | | [[w:Voiceless_dental_fricative|θ]] ⟨ç⟩ | ||
| [[w:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant|s]] ⟨s⟩ | |||
| [[w:ʃ|ʃ]] ⟨x⟩ | |||
| [[w: | | [[w:Voiceless_velar_fricative|x]] ⟨h⟩ | ||
| [[w: | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan=2 | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]] !! <small>[[w:Central consonant|central]]</small> | ||
| | | rowspan=4 colspan=3 style=border-right:0; | | ||
| | | style=border-left:0; | | ||
| | | [[w:/j/|j]] ⟨y⟩ | ||
| | | [[w:/w/|w]] ⟨u⟩ | ||
| | |||
| j | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! <small>[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small> | ||
| | | [[w:/l/|l]] ⟨l⟩ | ||
| | | [[w:/ʎ/|ʎ]] ⟨ll⟩ | ||
| | | rowspan=3 style=border-left:0; | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | [[w:Trill|Trill]] | ||
| [[w:/r/|r]] ⟨rr⟩ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan=2 | [[w:Tap|Tap]] | ||
| [[w:/ɾ/|ɾ]] ⟨r⟩ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 446: | Line 365: | ||
| ''t'' /t/ | | ''t'' /t/ | ||
| colspan=2 | ''d'' /d/ | | colspan=2 | ''d'' /d/ | ||
| '' | | ''ç'' /θ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''c'' /k/ | | ''c'' /k/ | ||
| Line 504: | Line 423: | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
* Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i dji'' "his dog", ''a | * Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i dji'' "his dog", ''a reg'' "the woman", ''do Varselen'' "to Barcelona". | ||
* Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri | * Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats". | ||
* Nasalisation: ''no | * Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona", ''mi garrer'' "my road" | ||
===List=== | ===List=== | ||
Latest revision as of 22:36, 16 February 2024
Tardigrades (Latfuts) are microscopic, water-dwelling, segmented animals. At some point in history, they learned to speak Gothic.
Veithois
| Latin | Insular Proto-Romance |
Insular Romance | Veithois | example | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| transcription | IPA | orthography | IPA | ||||||||
| ī | /i/ | i | /i/ | i | /i/ | vid | /vid/ | ||||
| i | /ɪ/ | ẹ | /e/ | è | ei | /ɛ/ | /ei̯/ | sec | peil | /sɛk/ | /pei̯l/ |
| ē | /e/ | ment | cein | /mɛnt/ | /t͡ʃei̯n/ | ||||||
| oe | ester | feid | /ɛstər/ | /fei̯d/ | |||||||
| e | /ɛ/ | ę | /ɛ/ | é | /e/ | ter | pedh | /tɛr/ | /peð/ | ||
| ae | estod | cel | /ɛˈstod/ | /t͡ʃel/ | |||||||
| a | /a/ | a | /a/ | a | /a/ | can | /kan/ | ||||
| ā | /ɑ/ | ǫ | /ɔ/ | ò | ó | /ɔ/ | /o/ | nos | /noz/ | ||
| o | /ɔ/ | sot | cor | /sɔt/ | /kor/ | ||||||
| ō | /o/ | ọ | /o/ | ou | eu | /u/ | /e/ | mount | fleur | /munt/ | /fler/ |
| u | /ʊ/ | gout | gheul | /gut/ | /gel/ | ||||||
| ū | /u/ | u | /u/ | u | /i/ | mur | /mir/ | ||||
| au | /au/ | au | /au/ | au | /ai/ | caudh | /kaið/ | ||||
Gothic vowel changes
| Gothic | Initial | Medial | Final | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /_r/ | /_r/ | /_l/ | /_p, b, f, m/ | /_w/ | /_other/ | /_one consonant/ | /_cluster/ | absolutely final | |||||||||||
| one consonant | cluster | /_r/ | /_l/ | /_n/ | /_p, b, f, m/ | /_w/ | /_j/ | /_other/ | |||||||||||
| i, aí | i | e | e | i | e | e | iu | i | e | ʲ | |||||||||
| a | a | u | y | u | u | o | u | Ø | |||||||||||
| u, aú | u | o | |||||||||||||||||
| ē, ei | i | i | e | i | e | e | |||||||||||||
| ái, aíh | ia | ||||||||||||||||||
| ā | a | u | y | u | a | ||||||||||||||
| áu, aúh | o | ||||||||||||||||||
| ō, ū | u | ||||||||||||||||||
adjectives
| Case | indefinite | definite | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | |
| Nominative | blínd | blénd | bléndas | blénd | blénds | blénd | blénda | bléndas | bléndon | bléndos | ||
| Genitive | blínds | blénds | blíndse | bléndsa | blíndes | bléndos | blíndne | bléndna | ||||
| Dative | bléndum | blénde | bléndę | bléndę | bléndą | bléndą | ||||||
adj
| Case | attributive | predicative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc./neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | ||
| indefinite | definite | |||||||||||
| Direct | blínd | blénd | blénd | blénd | blénda | bléndas | bléndon | bléndos | ||||
| Genitive | blínd | blénd | blínd | blénd | blíndes | bléndos | blíndse | bléndsa | ||||
| Dative | blénd | blénd | bléndę | bléndą | bléndą | |||||||
| Case | attributive | predicative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc./neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | ||
| indefinite | definite | |||||||||||
| Direct | frús | frós | frós | frós | frósa | frósas | fróson | frósos | ||||
| Genitive | frús | frós | frús | frós | frúses | frósos | frúsne | frósna | ||||
| Dative | frós | frós | frósę | frósą | frósą | |||||||
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ⟨m⟩ | /n/ ⟨n⟩ | /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ [1] | /ɴ/ ⟨ng⟩ | ||
| Plosive | /p/ ⟨p⟩ | /t/ ⟨t⟩ | /k/ ⟨k⟩ [1] | /q/ ⟨k⟩ | ||
| Affricate | /ʦ/ ⟨t⟩ [1] | |||||
| Fricative | /f/ ⟨f⟩ | /v/ ⟨v⟩ | /s/ ⟨s⟩ | /ʃ/ ⟨s⟩ [1] | /ɣ/ ⟨g⟩ [1] | /ʁ/ ⟨g⟩ |
| Lateral | /l~ɬ/ ⟨l⟩ [2] | |||||
| Tap | /ɾ/ ⟨r⟩ | |||||
| Semivowel | /j/ ⟨j⟩ | |||||
Everish
 | This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
| Everish | |
|---|---|
| Eveireg | |
| Pronunciation | [eˈvei̯ɾeɡ] |
| Created by | Tardigrade |
| Native to | Spain, Portugal |
Early form | |
Everish Eveireg /eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/ is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.
Phonology and Orthography
Everish Consonants
The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows:
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng, ngu⟩ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | k ⟨c, qu⟩ | ||
| voiced | b~β ⟨b⟩ | d~ð ⟨d⟩ | d͡ʒ~ʒ ⟨g, j⟩ | ɡ~ɣ ⟨g, gu⟩ | |||
| Fricative | voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ||||
| voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | θ ⟨ç⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ | ||
| Approximant | central | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨u⟩ | ||||
| lateral | l ⟨l⟩ | ʎ ⟨ll⟩ | |||||
| Trill | r ⟨rr⟩ | ||||||
| Tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | ||||||
Vowels & Diphthongs
Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:
- the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
- the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
- the diphthongs
The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iː | ʉ(ː) | u(ː) |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | eː | oː | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ ɔ(ː) | |
| Near-open | |||
| Open | a(ː) |
All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.
| + i̯ | + u̯ | |
|---|---|---|
| Near-close | ɪu̯ | |
| Mid | əi̯ | |
| Open-mid | ɛi̯ ɔi̯ | ɛu̯ ɔu̯ |
| Open | au̯ |
Sound Changes
Consonant Mutations
As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: lenis (meyel), spirant (cravel) and nasal (truinel).
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
| Radical | Nasal | Lenis | Spirant |
|---|---|---|---|
| p /p/ | b /b/ | f /f/ | |
| t /t/ | d /d/ | ç /θ/ | |
| c /k/ | g /g/ | h /x/ | |
| ch /t͡ʃ/ | dj /d͡ʒ/ | x /ʃ/ | |
| b /b/ | m /m/ | v /v/ | |
| d /d/ | n /n/ | ∅ | |
| g /ɡ/ | ng /ŋ/ | ∅ | |
| gu /ɡw/ | ng /ŋw/ | v /v/ | |
| dj /d͡ʒ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | y /j/ | |
| y /j/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ||
| ll /ʎ/ | l /l/ | ||
| m /m/ | v /ṽ/ | ||
| ñ /ɲ/ | n /n/ | ||
| rr /r/ | r /ɾ/ | ||
Lenited g becomes v before words in go-, gu-, e.g. gou "smith" → i vou "his smith", gur "man, husband" → i vur "his husband".
Examples:
- Lenition: i beñ "his head", di dad "your dad", i dji "his dog", a reg "the woman", do Varselen "to Barcelona".
- Spirantisation: i feñ "her head", tri çad "three dads", ter haç "three cats".
- Nasalisation: no ngreg "nine women", i Marselen "in Barcelona", mi garrer "my road"
List
Bandal
| Bandal | Maltese | Siculo-Arabic (in Sicilian) |
Arabic text | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bebbuxu | bebbuxu | babbaluciu | ببوش (babbūš) |
snail |
| gebbu | ġiebja | gebbia | جب (jabb) | cistern |
| giunglena | ġunġlien | giuggiulena | جنجلان (junjulān) | sesame seed |
| seghija | sieqja | saia | ساقية (sāqiyah) | canal |
| tennuru | kenur | tannura | تنور (tannūr) | oven |
| zafranu | żagħfran | zaffarana | زعفران (zaʿfarān) | saffron |
| zara | żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian) | zagara | زهرة (zahrah) | blossom |
| sbiba | żbib | zibbibbu | زبيب (zabīb) | raisins |
| segu | zokk (may be borrowed from Sicilian) | zuccu | ساق (sāq) | tree trunk |
| tebutu | tebut | tabbutu | تابوت (tābūt) | coffin |
| Maltese | Berber languages | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| grinxula | gremxula | azrem ašal, lit. 'land worm', (Kabyle) | lizard |
| ficruna | fekruna | tifakrunin (Jerbi), ifekran (Tashelhiyt), ifkran (Kabyle) | turtle |
| geddu | geddum | aqadum, lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle) | chin |
| gendu | gendus | gandūz, lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi) | ox, bull |
| gerżuma | ageržum (Mozabite, Tashelhiyt) | throat | |
| tfief | tilfaf (Ouargli), tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf (Tarifit) | sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) | |
| tengħud | talaɣūda (Tunisian Arabic), telɣūda (Algerian Arabic) | spurge (Euphorbia) | |
| kosksu | kuskesu, kuskus (Kabyle) | couscous, small round pasta | |
| fart | fartas | aferḍas (Ouargli, Kabyle) | bald |
| għaffeġ | ‘affež (Algerian Arabic), effeẓ (Ouargli, Mozabite) | to crush, to squash | |
| żrinġ | tažrant (Jerbi) | frog | |
| izrar | żrar | zrar (Mozabite, Ouargli), azrar (Kabyle, Nafusi) | gravel |
| werżieq | wárẓag (Mrazig) | cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker | |
| buqexrem | buqišrem (Kabyle) | vervain (Verbena officinalis) | |
| fidloqqom | fudalɣem (Kabyle) | borage (Borago officinalis) | |
| zor | żorr | uzur (Kabyle), uzzur (Tarifit) | rude, arrogant |
| leddixer | lellex | lelleš (Mozabite) | to shine, to glitter |
| besber | pespes | bbesbes (Ouargli) | to whisper |
| tefter | teptep | ṭṭebṭeb (Ouargli) | to blink, to twinkle |
| bibber | webbel | webben (Mozabite) | to induce, to tempt |