Glommish: Difference between revisions

[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|Þize síde in þiúskenь (This page in {{PAGENAME}})]]<br/>

[[{{PAGENAME}}/Musical system|Þe músiczegeskapь (Musical system)]]

|setting = an alt-Earth

|nativename = þiúsk

|pronunciation = /θʲuːsk/

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''THEED-ish''; natively ''þe þiúske rarde'' /θə ˈθʲuːskə ra:[retroflex d]ə/; from Proto-Thedic {{recon|''þiudьskъ''}}) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of Southern Italy and Tunisia but is now mostly spoken by diaspora populations in North America and Brazil. It's from a fourth branch of West Germanic (i.e. not Ingvaeonic, Istvaeonic or Irminonic). Its speakers are called Thedes (''þiúsken''). {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.

sources of loans: Latin, Greek, Arabic, English

Introduce random sound changes in the evolution of Thedish, e.g.

 

A somewhat controversial Simon Stevin-like figure who reformed the language, by essentially creating and promoting his own dialect of Thedish (which eventually turned into modern American Thedish dialects) -- he was a scholar of Germanic philology and invented coinages based on Old English and Old Dutch; he also published a dictionary of the ancient Langobardic language

Thedish today uses an alphabetic writing system inspired by the Arabic script, written from right to left but with a Latin aesthetic. It was devised by Andrie Hóchenhym.

There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''þ''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation). In North Africa, the most common writing system for Thedish was the Arabic abjad. Today, the latter is used for ceremonial purposes.

==Phonology==

{{PAGENAME}} phonology is characterized by retroflexion and pairs of hard and soft consonants.

!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar

!colspan="2" | Lateral

| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''nь''' {{IPA|nʲ}}

| ||

!rowspan="2" | Stop

!<small>voiceless</small>

| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''tь''' {{IPA|tʲ}}

|

|  

| '''d''' {{IPA|d̪}} || '''dь''' {{IPA|dʲ}}

| '''gь''' {{IPA|gʲ}} || '''g''' {{IPA|g}}

|rowspan=2| '''þ''' {{IPA|θˠ~ðˠ}}

| '''cz~sz''' {{IPA|ʃ}}

|  

/ʃ, ʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, g, x/ in native {{PAGENAME}}. /kʲ, gʲ, ts, tsʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans.

Voiceless stops are aspirated unless after /s/, as in English and German.

 

Final /b(ʲ) d(ʲ) g(ʲ)/ are most often devoiced: ''dag'' [dak] 'day'.

 

Word-final or preconsonantal /p(ʲ) t(ʲ) ts(ʲ) tʃ k(ʲ)/ undergo preaspiration, but not prevocalic /p(ʲ) t(ʲ) ts(ʲ) tʃ k(ʲ)/: e.g. ''nat'' [naht] 'wet', but ''nate hiár'' [natə çɑːr] 'wet hair'. Final ''t'' may be reduced to [h].

 

*Hard /θ/ is strongly velarized [θˠ~ðˠ]; the voicing alternation is conditioned by whether it is a stressed onset. Soft /θʲ/ may be [θ~ð].  

*Hard /ɾ/ is generally a retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes alveolars that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel.

*Soft /ɾʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''.

*For younger speakers of Thedish in New York, the distinction between broad and slender is neutralized in labials and alveolars. Furthermore, slender t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, and broad v is pronounced /w/.

There are five phonemic vowel qualities with length. '''y y''' can be considered non-palatalizing allophones of '''i í'''.

| ('''y''' /ɨ/)

Different Thedish dialects mainly vary in grammar and vocabulary, and extent of English influence.

*Connecticut Thedish

*New York Thedish

**Younger New York Thedish (not quite an English accent of Thedish, it underwent its own peculiar changes)

*a Thedish-English creole

Like German, {{PAGENAME}} has 4 cases (''kázús''):

*Nominative

*Accusative

*Dative

*Genitive

However, nominative and accusative are only distinguished in pronouns. There are two genders, masculine (''mánlik'') and feminine (''vívlik''); the neuter has merged with the masculine.

*For the masculine genitive singular, ''-es'' is used if the final consonant is ''t, d, s, z, þ'' or their soft counterparts. Otherwise ''-s'' is used.

{{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''a'' and the definite article ''þe''.

| ''þe'' || ''þí'' || ''þí''  

| ''þem'' || ''þier'' || ''þím''  

| ''þes'' || ''þier'' || ''þier''  

| ''a, an'' || ''ne''  

| ''nem'' || ''ner''  

|+ ''þiz'' 'this'

| ''þiz'' || ''þize'' || ''þize''  

| ''þizem'' || ''þizer'' || ''þizem''  

| ''þizes'' || ''þizer'' || ''þizer''  

*the possessive determiners ''mín; þín; is; jar; unsier, unsь-; úrer, úr-; jar; sín''

| ''þe vulf'' || ''þí vulf'''e'''''  

| ''þem vulf'' || ''þím vulf'''em'''''  

| ''þes vulf'''s''''' || ''þier vulf'''en'''''  

| ''þe bazь'' || ''þí bazie''  

| ''þem bazь'' || ''þím baziem''  

| ''þes bazies'' || ''þier bazien''  

| ''þe sun'' || ''þí sunie''  

| ''þem sun'' || ''þím suniem''  

| ''þes suns'' || ''þier sunien''  

| ''þe nam'''e''''' || ''þí nam'''en'''''  

| ''þem nam'''enь''''' || ''þím nam'''em'''''  

| ''þes nam'''enь''''' || ''þier nam'''en'''''  

Also: ''andie'' 'end', ''ave'' 'river', ''biare'' 'bear', ''funie'' 'fire', ''fytie'' 'wheat', ''hiarte'' 'heart', ''knave'' 'servant', ''mage'' 'throat', ''óge'' 'eye', ''óre'' 'ear', ''szúe'' 'sky', ''ukse'' 'ox', ''vatie'' 'water', ''yriene'' 'copper'. [''ave'' can also be declined like a feminine noun.]

some Latin and Greek -ō names become n-stems, like "Apóle"

Nouns of this declension type are always feminine in modern {{PAGENAME}}. Nouns with certain suffixes like ''-eng'' (deverbal noun) or ''-hyd'' (abstract noun) and loanwords that were feminine in the source language also belong in this class.

| ''þí naze'' || ''þí naz'''er'''''  

| ''þier naze'' || ''þím naz'''em'''''  

| ''þier naz'''er''''' || ''þier naz'''en'''''  

| ''þí miark'' || ''þí miarker''  

| ''þier miark'' || ''þím miarkem''  

| ''þier miarker'' || ''þier miarken''  

| ''þí óre'' || ''þí órer''  

| ''þier óre'' || ''þím órem''  

| ''þier órer'' || ''þier óren''  

Note: not to be confused with the masculine n-stem noun ''þe óre'' 'ear'.

| ''þí starcze'' || ''þí starczer''  

| ''þier starcze'' || ''þím starczem''  

| ''þier starczer'' || ''þier starczen''  

| ''þí útriakneng'' || ''þí útriaknenger''  

| ''þier útriakneng'' || ''þím útriaknengem''  

| ''þier útriaknenger'' || ''þier útriaknengen''  

| ''þí hond'' || ''þí hondier''  

| ''þier hond'' || ''þím hondiem''  

| ''þier honder'' || ''þier hondien''  

| ''þe mán'' || ''þí mánier''  

| ''þem mán'' || ''þím mánem''  

| ''þes máns'' || ''þier mánen''  

| ''þe fadier'' || ''þí fadrie''  

| ''þem fadrie'' || ''þím fadriem''  

| ''þes fadiers'' || ''þier fadrien''  

Also: ''bráþier'' 'brother'.

| ''þí mádier'' || ''þí mádrier''  

| ''þier mádier'' || ''þím mádriem''  

| ''þier mádrier'' || ''þier mádrien''  

Predicative adjectives use the bare stem.

|+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives'''

| ''a/þe hóch'''e''' mán''<br/>''ne/þí hóch'''e''' piane'' || ''(þí) hóch'''en''' mánier''<br/>''(þí) hóch'''en''' pianer''

| ''nem/þem hóch'''enь''' mán''<br/>''ner/þier hóch'''enь''' piane'' || ''(þím) hóch'''em''' mánem'' <br/>''(þím) hóch'''em''' pianem''

| ''nes/þes hóch'''enь''' máns''<br/>''ner/þier hóch'''enь''' pianer'' || ''(þier) hóch'''en''' mánen''<br/>''(þier) hóch'''en''' pianen''  

Predicate forms for superlatives are rare: usually ''þe/þí X-ste'' is used predicatively. Example: ''Mín tat isь þe baste'' = 'My dad is the best'. When used adverbially, superlatives use ''-ьst''.

''svinþ'' = 'very'

''þe/þí X-ьste av'' = 'the most X of'

''þe/þí ál-X-ьste'' or ''þe/þí X-ьste av álem'' = 'the most X of all'

! "bad" (not "evil")

| ''virsier*''

| ''virьste*''

The neuter pronoun ''et'' survives as a dummy pronoun: ''þídech riagnedь et'' 'Today it rained'.

! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (familiar) || colspan=2 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | reflexive || rowspan="2" | impersonal || rowspan="2" | interrogative

| ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er'' || ''sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' || ''-'' || ''sum'' || ''for''

| ''mik'' || ''þik'' || ''jan'' || ''í'' || ''unsь'' || ''ú'' || ''í'' || ''sik'' || ''sumen'' || ''fan''

| ''mir'' (pronounced ''mír'') || ''þir'' (pronounced ''þír'') || ''jam'' || ''jar'' || ''unsь'' || ''ú'' || ''ím'' || ''sir'' (pronounced ''sír'') || ''sume'' || ''fam''

| ''mín'' || ''þín'' || ''jazer'' || ''jarer'' || ''unsier'' || ''úrer'' || ''jarer'' || ''sín'' || ''sín'' || ''fizer''

The impersonal pronoun ''sum'' in the nominative case can be used as the 1st person plural in impersonal speech: ''Sum gáþ!'' 'Let's go!' (lit. one goes)

Genitive pronouns can be used as postposed possessive pronouns for indefinite nouns: ''Ik kánie a fríend jazer.'' 'I know a friend of his.'

Possessive pronouns in predicative position are the masculine nominative form of the pronoun: ''Þe siag isь unsier!'' 'Victory is ours!'

| ''mín''<br/>''þín''<br/>''sín''<br/>''jaz''<br/>''jar''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fiz'' || ''míne''<br/>''þíne''<br/>''síne''<br/>''jaze''<br/>''jare''<br/>''unsie''<br/>''úre''<br/>''fize'' || ''míne''<br/>''þíne''<br/>''síne''<br/>''jaze''<br/>''jare''<br/>''unsie''<br/>''úre''<br/>''fize''  

| ''mínem''<br/>''þínem''<br/>''sínem''<br/>''jazem''<br/>''jarem''<br/>''unsiem''<br/>''úrem''<br/>''fizem'' || ''míner''<br/>''þíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer'' || ''mínem''<br/>''þínem''<br/>''sínem''<br/>''jazem''<br/>''jarem''<br/>''unsiem''<br/>''úrem''<br/>''fizem''

| ''míns''<br/>''þíns''<br/>''síns''<br/>''jazes''<br/>''jares''<br/>''unsies''<br/>''úres''<br/>''fizes'' || ''míner''<br/>''þíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer'' || ''míner''<br/>''þíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer''

*''þiz'' = this; ''jín'' = that

*''þat'' = (anaphoric) that

*''fár'' = where; ''hiér'' = here; ''þár'' = there

*''fanьs, hienьs, þanьs'' = from where, from here, from there

*''fidier, hidier, þadier'' = to where, to here, to there

*''fár + preposition'' = where- + preposition; ''hiér + preposition'' = here- + preposition; ''þár + preposition'' = there- + preposition

**''Álmán háþ ylьke probliámen.'' = Everyone has their own problems.

*''byþe, byþem, byþer'' = both

*''álþing, álmán'' = everything, everyone

*''kniét, kniétfilьk'' = some (non-specific)  

*''kniétfat, kniétfor, kniétfár...'' = something, someone, somewhere (non-specific) [< *ik ne wait hwat 'I don't know what' etc.]

*''jeþich'' = some (specific)

*''jeþfat, jeþmán, ...'' = something, someone (specific)

*''nýþing, nýmán'' = nothing, no one

*''at'' = at

** ''Ik jém at þier stráte.'' = I'm on the street.

** ''Ik gá at þí stráte.'' = I walk towards the street.

**''in þem'' > ''im''

*''siúþen'' = after

*''þruch'' = through

*''viþ'' = against

*''mid'' (pronounced ''mi'' before ''þ'') = with

**''mid þem'' > ''mim''

**''ta'' + ''þem, þier'' > ''tam, tar''

*There is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.

For the past dental suffix ''-ti-'' is added if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (other than ''t(i)'' or ''d(i)''); ''-edi-'' is added if the stem ends in a ''t(i)'' or ''d(i)'' or a hard consonant other than ''k, g, ch''; ''-di-'' is added otherwise. Past participles are similar, with ''-d'' or ''-t''.

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

! present indicative

| ''lióve'' || ''lióver'' || ''lióveþ'' || ''lióvem'' || ''lióveþ'' || ''lióvenь''

| ''lióve'' || ''lióver'' || ''lióve'' ||  ''lióvem'' || ''lióveþ'' || ''lióvenь''

| ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvediem'' || ''lióvedieþ'' || ''lióvedienь''  

| ''-'' || ''lióv!'' / ''lióve!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''lióveþ!'' || ''-''  

|colspan="6"| ''lióved''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''varmie'' || ''varmier'' || ''varmieþ'' || ''varmiem'' || ''varmieþ'' || ''varmienь''

| ''varmie'' || ''varmier'' || ''varmie'' ||  ''varmiem'' || ''varmieþ'' || ''varmienь''

| ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiediem'' || ''varmiedieþ'' || ''varmiedienь''  

| ''-'' || ''varmь!'' / ''varmie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''varmieþ!'' || ''-''  

|colspan="6"| ''varmied''

Other examples: ''orvydien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lyrien'' 'teach'; ''sażen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ránien'' 'execute, set into motion'; ''bránien'' 'burn (transitive)'; ''lażen'' 'lay'; ''vunszen'' 'wish'

Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brinżen, bráchtie, brácht'' 'bring'; ''bużen, buchtie, bucht'' 'buy'; ''þanczen, þáchtie, þácht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.

Broad/slender messed up strong verbs a bit.

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''bíte'' || ''bítier'' || ''bítieþ'' || ''bítem'' || ''bíteþ'' || ''bítenь''

| ''bíte'' || ''bíter'' || ''bíte'' ||  ''bítem'' || ''bíteþ'' || ''bítenь''

| ''bit'' || ''bit'' || ''bit'' || ''bitem'' || ''biteþ'' || ''bitenь''  

| ''-'' || ''bítь!'' / ''bítie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bíteþ!'' || ''-''  

|colspan="6"| ''biten''

Also: ''színen, szin, szinen'' 'shine', ''dríven, driv, driven'' 'act', ''klíven, kliv, kliven'' 'stick, cling', ''smíten, smit, smiten'' 'kill', ''vríten, vrit, vriten'' 'write', ''vríþen, vriþ, vriþen'' 'weave'.

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''czúze'' || ''czúzier'' || ''czúzieþ'' || ''czúzem'' || ''czúzeþ'' || ''czúzenь''

| ''czúze'' || ''czúzer'' || ''czúze'' ||  ''czúzem'' || ''czúzeþ'' || ''czúzenь''

| ''czór'' || ''czór'' || ''czór'' || ''czórem'' || ''czóreþ'' || ''czórenь''  

| ''-'' || ''czúzь!'' / ''czúzie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''czúzeþ!'' || ''-''  

|colspan="6"| ''czuren''

Also: ''biúden, biód, biuden'' 'offer, bid', ''biúgen, bióg, biugen'' 'bow', ''fliúgen, flióg, fliugen'' 'fly', ''fliún, flió, flióen'' 'flee, escape', ''friúzen, friór, friuren'' 'freeze', ''liúzen, liór, liuren'' 'lose'

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''binde'' || ''bindier'' || ''bindieþ'' || ''bindem'' || ''bindeþ'' || ''bindenь''

| ''binde'' || ''binder'' || ''binde'' ||  ''bindem'' || ''bindeþ'' || ''bindenь''

| ''biand'' || ''biand'' || ''biand'' || ''biandem'' || ''biandeþ'' || ''biandenь''  

| ''-'' || ''bindь!'' / ''bindie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bindeþ!'' || ''-''  

|colspan="6"| ''biunden''

Also: ''bieżinen, bieżan, bieżunen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, briónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, driunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, fiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, griunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, riónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, spriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, siumben'' 'sing'; ''þrimben, þriamb, þriumben'' 'compel'.

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''biare'' || ''b'''ie'''rier'' || ''b'''ie'''rieþ'' || ''biarem'' || ''biareþ'' || ''biarenь''

| ''biare'' || ''biarer'' || ''biare'' ||  ''biarem'' || ''biarþ'' || ''biarenь''

| ''biár'' || ''biár'' || ''biár'' || ''biárem'' || ''biárþ'' || ''biárenь''  

| ''-'' || ''bierь!'' / ''bierie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''biareþ!'' || ''-''  

|colspan="6"| ''biuren''

Also: ''gebiaren, gebiár, gebiuren'' 'give birth', ''briaken, briák, briuken'' 'break', ''niamen, niám, niumen'' 'take', ''piamen, piám, piumen'' 'come', ''driasken, driásk, driusken'' 'thresh', ''stiarven, stiárv, stiurven'' 'long (for)', ''sviaren, sviár, sviuren'' 'swear', ''viarpen, viárp, viurpen'' 'throw', ''biangen, biáng, biungen'' 'to fear'

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''żave'' || ''ż'''e'''vier'' || ''ż'''e'''vieþ'' || ''żavem'' || ''żaveþ'' || ''żavenь''

| ''żave'' || ''żaver'' || ''żave'' ||  ''żavem'' || ''żaveþ'' || ''żavenь''

| ''żáv'' || ''żáv'' || ''żáv'' || ''żávem'' || ''żáveþ'' || ''żávenь''  

| ''-'' || ''żevь!'' / ''żevie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''żaveþ!'' || ''-''  

|colspan="6"| ''żaven''

Also: ''driapen, driáp, driapen'' 'hit', ''ferżaten, ferżát, ferżaten'' 'forget', ''liazen, liáz, liazen'' 'read', ''jaten, ját, jaten'' 'eat'. The verb ''sión, siáv, sión'' 'see' is irregular. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidien, biád, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''lieżen, liág, liagen'' 'lie'

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''grave'' || ''gravier'' || ''gravieþ'' || ''gravem'' || ''graveþ'' || ''gravenь''

| ''grave'' || ''graver'' || ''grave'' ||  ''gravem'' || ''graveþ'' || ''gravenь''

| ''gráv'' || ''gráv'' || ''gráv'' || ''grávem'' || ''gráveþ'' || ''grávenь''  

| ''-'' || ''gravь!'' / ''gravie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''graveþ!'' || ''-''  

|colspan="6"| ''graven''

Also: ''slagen, slág, slagen'' 'to beat, to hit', ''standen, stánd, standen'' 'stand', ''vaksen, váks, vaksen'' 'grow', ''vasken, vásk, vasken'' 'wash'.

|+ '''''ónen'' 'to like an inanimate object (same syntax as German ''gefallen'')' '''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''

| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''óndie'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''óndienь''  

| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''ánie'' ||  ''-'' || ''-'' || ''ánienь''

The old preterite-present form ''ánie'' is used in the polite construction ''Mir ánie...'' 'I would like...'

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vitem'' || ''viteþ'' || ''vitenь''

| ''vite'' || ''viter'' || ''vite'' ||  ''vitem'' || ''viteþ'' || ''vitenь''

| ''vistie'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistiem'' || ''vistieþ'' || ''vistienь''  

| ''-'' || ''vyt!'' / ''vyte!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''viteþ!'' || ''-''  

|colspan="6"| ''vist''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''kán'' || ''kán'' || ''kán'' || ''kónem'' || ''kóneþ'' || ''kónenь''

| ''kóne'' || ''kóner'' || ''kóne'' ||  ''kónem'' || ''kóneþ'' || ''kónenь''

| ''kóndie'' || ''kóndie'' || ''kóndie'' || ''kóndiem'' || ''kóndieþ'' || ''kóndienь''  

Similarly ''skólen'' 'shall' (''skóldь'' 'should'),

=====''þurven'' 'to have to'=====

|+ '''''þurven'' 'to have to' '''

! Tempus || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''þarv'' || ''þarv'' || ''þarv'' || ''þurvem'' || ''þurveþ'' || ''þurvenь''

| ''þurve'' || ''þurver'' || ''þurve'' ||  ''þurvem'' || ''þurveþ'' || ''þurvenь''

| ''þurvdie'' || ''þurvdie'' || ''þurvdie'' || ''þurvdiem'' || ''þurvdieþ'' || ''þurvdienь''  

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''dóre'' || ''dórer'' || ''dóreþ'' || ''dórem'' || ''dóreþ'' || ''dórenь''

| ''dóre'' || ''dórer'' || ''dóre'' ||  ''dórem'' || ''dóreþ'' || ''dórenь''

| ''durstie'' || ''durstie'' || ''durstie'' || ''durstiem'' || ''durstieþ'' || ''durstienь''  

*''Fí durstie þú...'' = How dare you...

*''Ik durstь yncz erbaren þí anfer.'' = I wouldn't dare reveal the answer.

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''mag'' || ''mag'' || ''mag'' || ''mogem'' || ''mogeþ'' || ''mogenь''  

| ''moge'' || ''moger'' || ''moge'' ||  ''mogem'' || ''mogeþ'' || ''mogenь''

| ''mochtie'' || ''mochtie'' || ''mochtie'' || ''mochtiem'' || ''mochtieþ'' || ''mochtienь''  

The subjunctive of ''mogen'' is used for wishes like English ''may'':

*''Moge unsier land niamen víszt mid burdlózem rícznesem'' = May our country be blessed with boundless riches

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''mát'' || ''mát'' || ''mát'' || ''mátem'' || ''máteþ'' || ''mátenь''

| ''máte'' || ''máter'' || ''máte'' ||  ''mátem'' || ''máteþ'' || ''mátenь''

| ''mástie'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástiem'' || ''mástieþ'' || ''mástienь''  

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''ví'' || ''ví'' || ''ví'' || ''vím'' || ''víþ'' || ''vínь''

| ''vilie'' || ''vilier'' || ''vilie'' ||  ''viliem'' || ''vilieþ'' || ''vilienь''

| ''vildie'' || ''vildie'' || ''vildie'' || ''vildiem'' || ''vildieþ'' || ''vildienь''  

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''jém'' || ''jér'' || ''isь'' || ''sim'' || ''siþ'' || ''sinь''

| ''bió'' || ''biór'' || ''bió'' ||  ''bióm'' || ''bióþ'' || ''biónь''

| ''vaz'' || ''vast'' || ''vaz'' || ''viárem'' || ''viáreþ'' || ''viárenь''  

| ''viárie'' || ''viárie'' || ''viárie'' || ''viáriem'' || ''viárieþ'' || ''viárienь''  

| ''-'' || ''bió!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bióþ!'' || ''-''  

|colspan="6"| ''viáren''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''dá'' || ''dár'' || ''dáþ'' || ''dám'' || ''dáþ'' || ''dánь''

| ''dá'' || ''dár'' || ''dá'' ||  ''dám'' || ''dáþ'' || ''dánь''

| ''dié'' || ''diést'' || ''dié'' || ''diém'' || ''diéþ'' || ''diénь''  

| ''-'' || ''dá!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''dáþ!'' || ''-''  

|colspan="6"| ''dán''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''gá'' || ''gár'' || ''gáþ'' || ''gám'' || ''gáþ'' || ''gánь''

| ''gá'' || ''gár'' || ''gá'' ||  ''gám'' || ''gáþ'' || ''gánь''

| ''żang'' || ''żang'' || ''żang'' || ''żangem'' || ''żangeþ'' || ''żangenь''  

| ''żenie'' || ''żenie'' || ''żenie'' || ''żeniem'' || ''żenieþ'' || ''żenienь''  

| ''-'' || ''gá!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''gáþ!'' || ''-''