Glommish: Difference between revisions

[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|Þize síde in þiúskenь (This page in {{PAGENAME}})]]<br/>

[[{{PAGENAME}}/Musical system|Þe músiczegeskapь (Musical system)]]

|setting = an alt-Earth

|nativename = þiúsk

|pronunciation = /θʲuːsk/

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''THEED-ish''; natively ''þe þiúske rarde'' /θə ˈθʲuːskə ra:ɖə/; from Proto-Thedic {{recon|''þiudьskъ''}}) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of Southern Italy and Tunisia but is now mostly spoken by diaspora populations in North America and Brazil. It's from a fourth branch of West Germanic (i.e. not Ingvaeonic, Istvaeonic or Irminonic). Its speakers are called Thedes (''þiúsken''). {{PAGENAME}} is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.

In-universe German name: ''Thudisch''

sources of loans: Latin, Greek, Arabic, English

Introduce random sound changes in the evolution of Thedish, e.g.

Should be a koiné (some "Low Thedish" dialects can have PIE dh/vernerized t -> z which shows up in some words)

 

A somewhat controversial Simon Stevin-like figure who reformed the language, by essentially creating and promoting his own dialect of Thedish (which eventually turned into modern American Thedish dialects) -- he was a scholar of Germanic philology and invented coinages based on Old English and Old Dutch; he also published a dictionary of the ancient Langobardic language

Thedish today uses an alphabetic writing system inspired by the Arabic script, written from right to left but with a Latin aesthetic. It was devised by Andrie Hóchenhym.

There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for ''þ''), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -''ie'', but -''ie'' was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation). In North Africa, the most common writing system for Thedish was the Arabic abjad. Today, the latter is used for ceremonial purposes.

==Phonology==

{{PAGENAME}} phonology is characterized by retroflexion and pairs of hard and soft consonants.

!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar

!colspan="2" | Lateral

| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''nь''' {{IPA|nʲ}}

| ||

!rowspan="2" | Stop

!<small>voiceless</small>

| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''tь''' {{IPA|tʲ}}

|

|  

| '''d''' {{IPA|d̪}} || '''dь''' {{IPA|dʲ}}

| '''gь''' {{IPA|gʲ}} || '''g''' {{IPA|g}}

|rowspan=2| '''þ''' {{IPA|θˠ~ðˠ}}

| '''cz, sz''' {{IPA|ʃ}}

|  

/ʃ, ʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, g, x/ in native {{PAGENAME}}. /kʲ, gʲ, ts, tsʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans.

Voiceless stops are aspirated unless after /s/, as in English and German.

 

Final /b(ʲ) d(ʲ) g(ʲ)/ are most often devoiced: ''dag'' [dak] 'day'.

 

Word-final or preconsonantal /p(ʲ) t(ʲ) ts(ʲ) tʃ k(ʲ)/ undergo preaspiration, but not prevocalic /p(ʲ) t(ʲ) ts(ʲ) tʃ k(ʲ)/: e.g. ''nat'' [naht] 'wet', but ''nate hiár'' [natə çɑːr] 'wet hair'. Final ''t'' may be reduced to [h].

 

*Hard /θ/ is strongly velarized [θˠ~ðˠ]; soft /θʲ/ may be unpalatalized [θ~ð]. The voicing alternation is conditioned by whether it is a stressed onset.  

*Hard /ɾ/ is generally a retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes alveolars that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel.

*Soft /rʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ''ř''. The Czech-ř pronunciation predominates in Connecticut and is often known as ''þe konetekatske żírь'' 'the Connecticut buzz'.

*For younger speakers of Thedish in New York, the distinction between broad and slender is neutralized in labials and alveolars, except for labials before /a/ where labials become /Cj/: ''biar ik'' [bjaɹ ɪk~bjɛɹ ɪk] 'I carry' vs. ''bierier þú'' [bɛrəɹ θʊ] 'you carry'. Furthermore, slender t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, and broad v is pronounced /w/.

There are five phonemic vowel qualities with length. '''y y''' can be considered non-palatalizing allophones of '''i í'''.

| ('''y''' /ɨ/)

Different Thedish dialects mainly vary in grammar and vocabulary, and extent of English influence.

*Connecticut Thedish

*New York Thedish

**Younger New York Thedish (not quite an English accent of Thedish, it underwent its own peculiar changes)

*a Thedish-English creole

However, nominative and accusative are only distinguished in pronouns. There are two genders, masculine (''mánlik'') and feminine (''vívlik''); the neuter has merged with the masculine.

*For the masculine genitive singular, ''-es'' is used if the final consonant is ''t, d, s, z, þ'' or their soft counterparts. Otherwise ''-s'' is used.

{{PAGENAME}} uses the indefinite article ''a'' and the definite article ''þe''.

| ''þe'' || ''þá'' || ''þá''  

| ''þem'' || ''þier''; ''þím'' (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal) || ''þím''  

| ''þes'' || ''þier'' || ''þier''  

| ''a, an, 'n'' || ''ne''  

|+ ''þiz'' 'this'

| ''þiz'' || ''þize'' || ''þize''  

| ''þizem'' || ''þizer''; ''þizem'' (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal) || ''þizem''  

| ''þizes'' || ''þizer'' || ''þizer''  

*the possessive determiners ''mín; þín; is; jar; unsier, unsь-; úrer, úr-; jar; sín''

| ''þe vulf'' || ''þá vulf'''e'''''  

| ''þem vulf'''ie''''' || ''þím vulf'''em'''''  

| ''þes vulf'''s''''' || ''þier vulf'''en'''''  

| ''þe bazь'' || ''þá bazie''  

| ''þem bazie'' || ''þím baziem''  

| ''þes bazies'' || ''þier bazien''  

| ''þe sun'' || ''þá sunie''  

| ''þem sunie'' || ''þím suniem''  

| ''þes suns'' || ''þier sunien''  

| ''þe nam'''e''''' || ''þá nam'''en'''''  

| ''þem nam'''enь''''' || ''þím nam'''em'''''  

| ''þes nam'''enь''''' || ''þier nam'''en'''''  

some Latin and Greek -ō names become n-stems, like "Apóle"

Nouns of this declension type are always feminine in modern {{PAGENAME}}. Nouns with certain suffixes like ''-eng'' (deverbal noun) or ''-hyd'' (abstract noun) and loanwords that were feminine in the source language also belong in this class.

| ''þá naze'' || ''þá naz'''en'''''  

| ''þier naze'' || ''þím naz'''em'''''  

| ''þier naze'' || ''þier naz'''en'''''  

| ''þá miark'' || ''þá miarken''  

| ''þier miark'' || ''þím miarkem''  

| ''þier miarker'' || ''þier miarken''  

| ''þá óre'' || ''þá óren''  

| ''þier óre'' || ''þím órem''  

| ''þier óre'' || ''þier óren''  

Note: not to be confused with the masculine n-stem noun ''þe óre'' 'ear'.

| ''þá starcze'' || ''þá starczen''  

| ''þier starcze'' || ''þím starczem''  

| ''þier starczen'' || ''þier starczen''  

| ''þá útriakneng'' || ''þá útriaknengen''  

| ''þier útriakneng'' || ''þím útriaknengem''  

| ''þier útriakneng'' || ''þier útriaknengen''  

| ''þá hond'' || ''þá hondien''  

| ''þier hond'' || ''þím hondiem''  

| ''þier hond'' || ''þier hondien''  

! colspan="3" | ''mánьsk'' (m.) 'man'

| ''þe mánьsk'' || ''þá liúdie''  

| ''þem mánьskenь'' || ''þím liúdiem''  

| ''þes mánьskenь'' || ''þier liúdien''  

| ''þe mán'' || ''þá mánier''  

| ''þem mánie'' || ''þím mánem''  

| ''þes máns'' || ''þier mánen''  

| ''þe fadier'' || ''þá fadrie''  

| ''þem fadrie'' || ''þím fadriem''  

| ''þes fadiers'' || ''þier fadrien''  

Also: ''bráþier'' 'brother'.

| ''þá mádier'' || ''þá mádrien''  

| ''þier mádier'' || ''þím mádriem''  

| ''þier mádier'' || ''þier mádrien''  

Predicative adjectives use the bare stem.

|+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives'''

| ''a/þe hóch'''e''' mán''<br/>''ne/þá hóch'''e''' piane'' || ''(þá) hóch'''en''' mánier''<br/>''(þá) hóch'''en''' pianen''

| ''nem/þem hóch'''enь''' mánie''<br/>''ner/þier hóch'''enь''' piane'' || ''(þím) hóch'''em''' mánem'' <br/>''(þím) hóch'''em''' pianem''

| ''nes/þes hóch'''enь''' máns''<br/>''ner/þier hóch'''enь''' pianer'' || ''(þier) hóch'''en''' mánen''<br/>''(þier) hóch'''en''' pianen''  

Predicate forms for superlatives are rare: usually ''þe/þá X-ste'' is used predicatively. Example: ''Mín tat isь þe baste'' = 'My dad is the best'. When used adverbially, superlatives use ''-ьst''.

''svinþ'' = 'very'

''þe/þá X-ьste av'' = 'the most X of'

''þe/þá ál-X-ьste'' or ''þe/þá X-ьste av álem'' = 'the most X of all'

! "bad" (not "evil")

| ''virsier*''

| ''virьste*''

The neuter pronoun ''et'' survives as a dummy pronoun: ''þídech riagnedie et'' 'Today it rained'.

! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (familiar) || colspan=2 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | reflexive || rowspan="2" | impersonal || rowspan="2" | interrogative

| ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er'' || ''sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí'' || ''-'' || ''sum'' || ''for''

| ''mik'' || ''þik'' || ''jan'' || ''í'' || ''unsь'' || ''ú'' || ''í'' || ''sik'' || ''sumen'' || ''fan''

| ''mir'' (pronounced ''mír'') || ''þir'' (pronounced ''þír'') || ''jam'' || ''jar''; ''ím'' (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal)

  || ''unsь'' || ''ú'' || ''ím'' || ''sir'' (pronounced ''sír'') || ''sume'' || ''fam''

| ''mín'' || ''þín'' || ''jazer'' || ''jarer'' || ''unsier'' || ''úrer'' || ''jarer'' || ''sín'' || ''sín'' || ''fizer''

The impersonal pronoun ''sum'' in the nominative case can be used as the 1st person plural in impersonal speech: ''Sum gáþ!'' 'Let's go!' (lit. one goes)

In high register, genitive pronouns can be used as postposed possessive pronouns for indefinite nouns: ''Ik kánie 'n fríend jazer.'' 'I know a friend of his.' This is usually ''Ik kánie 'n fríend av jam.''

Possessive pronouns in predicative position are the masculine nominative form of the pronoun: ''Þe siag isь unsier!'' 'Victory is ours!'

| ''mín''<br/>''þín''<br/>''sín''<br/>''jaz''<br/>''jar''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fiz'' || ''míne''<br/>''þíne''<br/>''síne''<br/>''jaze''<br/>''jare''<br/>''unsie''<br/>''úre''<br/>''fize'' || ''míne''<br/>''þíne''<br/>''síne''<br/>''jaze''<br/>''jare''<br/>''unsie''<br/>''úre''<br/>''fize''  

| ''mínem''<br/>''þínem''<br/>''sínem''<br/>''jazem''<br/>''jarem''<br/>''unsiem''<br/>''úrem''<br/>''fizem'' || ''míner''<br/>''þíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer'' || ''mínem''<br/>''þínem''<br/>''sínem''<br/>''jazem''<br/>''jarem''<br/>''unsiem''<br/>''úrem''<br/>''fizem''

| ''míns''<br/>''þíns''<br/>''síns''<br/>''jazes''<br/>''jares''<br/>''unsies''<br/>''úres''<br/>''fizes'' || ''míner''<br/>''þíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer'' || ''míner''<br/>''þíner''<br/>''síner''<br/>''jazer''<br/>''jarer''<br/>''unsier''<br/>''úrer''<br/>''fizer''

*''þiz'' = this; ''jín'' = that

*''þat'' = (anaphoric) that

*''fár'' = where; ''hiér'' = here; ''þár'' = there

*''fanьs, hienьs, þanьs'' = from where, from here, from there

*''fidier, hidier, þadier'' = to where, to here, to there

*''fár + preposition'' = where- + preposition; ''hiér + preposition'' = here- + preposition; ''þár + preposition'' = there- + preposition

**''Álmán háþ ylьke probliámen.'' = Everyone has their own problems.

*''byþe, byþem, byþer'' = both

*''álþing, álmán'' = everything, everyone

** ''Furь kniét x, finьs et a y, salьk þat...'' = 'For any x, there exists a y, such that...'

*''jeþich'' = some (specific)

*''jeþfat, jeþmán, ...'' = something, someone (specific)

*''nýþing, nýmán'' = nothing, no one

*''at'' = at

** ''Ik stande at þier stráte.'' = I'm on the street.

** ''Ik gá at þá stráte.'' = I walk towards the street.

**''in þem'' > ''im''

*''siúþen'' = after

*''þruch'' = through

*''viþ'' = against

*''mid'' (pronounced ''mi'' before ''þ'') = with

**''mid þem'' > ''mim''

**''ta'' + ''þem, þier'' > ''tam, tar''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''lióve'' || ''lióver'' || ''lióveþ'' || ''lióvem'' || ''lióveþ'' || ''lióvenь''  

| ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvedie'' || ''lióvediem'' || ''lióvedieþ'' || ''lióvedienь''  

| ''-'' || ''lióv!'' / ''lióve!'' || ''lióve er!'' || ''lióvem!'' || ''lióveþ!'' || ''lióvenь sí!''  

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''varmie'' || ''varmier'' || ''varmieþ'' || ''varmiem'' || ''varmieþ'' || ''varmienь''  

| ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiedie'' || ''varmiediem'' || ''varmiedieþ'' || ''varmiedienь''  

| ''-'' || ''varmь!'' / ''varmie!'' || ''varmie er!'' || ''varmiem!'' || ''varmieþ!'' || ''varmienь sí!''  

Other examples: ''amlien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lyrien'' 'teach'; ''sażen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ránien'' 'execute, set into motion'; ''bránien'' 'burn (transitive)'; ''lażen'' 'lay'; ''vunszen'' 'wish'

Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brinżen, bráchtie, gebrácht'' 'bring'; ''bużen, buchtie, gebucht'' 'buy'; ''þanczen, þáchtie, geþácht'' - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.

Broad/slender messed up strong verbs a bit.

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''bíte'' || ''bítier'' || ''bítieþ'' || ''bítem'' || ''bíteþ'' || ''bítenь''  

| ''bit'' || ''bit'' || ''bit'' || ''bitem'' || ''biteþ'' || ''bitenь''  

| ''-'' || ''bítь!'' / ''bítie!'' || ''bíte er!'' || ''bítem!'' || ''bíteþ!'' || ''bítenь sí!''  

Also: ''színen, szin, geszinen'' 'shine', ''dríven, driv, gedriven'' 'act', ''klíven, kliv, gekliven'' 'stick, cling', ''smíten, smit, gesmiten'' 'kill', ''vríten, vrit, gevriten'' 'write', ''vríþen, vriþ, gevriþen'' 'weave'.

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''czúze'' || ''czúzier'' || ''czúzieþ'' || ''czúzem'' || ''czúzeþ'' || ''czúzenь''  

| ''czór'' || ''czór'' || ''czór'' || ''czórem'' || ''czóreþ'' || ''czórenь''  

| ''-'' || ''czúzь!'' / ''czúzie!'' || ''czúze er!'' || ''czúzem!'' || ''czúzeþ!'' || ''czúzenь sí!''  

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''binde'' || ''bindier'' || ''bindieþ'' || ''bindem'' || ''bindeþ'' || ''bindenь''  

| ''biand'' || ''biand'' || ''biand'' || ''biandem'' || ''biandeþ'' || ''biandenь''  

| ''-'' || ''bindь!'' / ''bindie!'' || ''binde er!'' || ''bindem!'' || ''bindeþ!'' || ''bindenь sí!''  

Also: ''bieżinen, bieżan, bieżunen'' 'begin'; ''briénen, brián, gebriónen'' 'burn (intransitive)'; ''drinken, driank, gedriunken'' 'drink'; ''finden, fiand, gefiunden'' 'find'; ''grinden, griand, gegriunden'' 'grind'; ''riénen, rián, geriónen'' 'flow, run'; ''springen, spriang, gespriungen'' 'jump, burst, explode'; ''simben, siamb, gesiumben'' 'sing'; ''þrimben, þriamb, geþriumben'' 'compel'.

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''biare'' || ''b'''ie'''rier'' || ''b'''ie'''rieþ'' || ''biarem'' || ''biareþ'' || ''biarenь''  

| ''biár'' || ''biár'' || ''biár'' || ''biárem'' || ''biárþ'' || ''biárenь''  

| ''-'' || ''bierь!'' / ''bierie!'' || ''biare er!'' || ''biarem!'' || ''biareþ!'' || ''biarenь sí!''  

Also: ''gebiaren, gebiár, gebiuren'' 'give birth', ''briaken, briák, gebriuken'' 'break', ''niamen, niám, geniumen'' 'take', ''piamen, piám, gepiumen'' 'come', ''driasken, driásk, gedriusken'' 'thresh', ''stiarven, stiárv, gestiurven'' 'long (for)', ''sviaren, sviár, gesviuren'' 'swear', ''viarpen, viárp, geviurpen'' 'throw', ''biangen, biáng, gebiungen'' 'to fear' ''spriaken, spriák, gespriuken'' 'to speak'

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''żave'' || ''ż'''e'''vier'' || ''ż'''e'''vieþ'' || ''żavem'' || ''żaveþ'' || ''żavenь''  

| ''żáv'' || ''żáv'' || ''żáv'' || ''żávem'' || ''żáveþ'' || ''żávenь''  

| ''-'' || ''ż'''e'''vь!'' / ''ż'''e'''vie!'' || ''żave er!'' || ''żavem!'' || ''żaveþ!'' || ''żavenь sí!''  

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''grave'' || ''gravier'' || ''gravieþ'' || ''gravem'' || ''graveþ'' || ''gravenь''  

| ''gráv'' || ''gráv'' || ''gráv'' || ''grávem'' || ''gráveþ'' || ''grávenь''  

| ''-'' || ''gravь!'' / ''gravie!'' || ''grave er!'' || ''gravem!'' || ''graveþ!'' || ''gravenь sí!''  

|+ '''''ónen'' 'to like an inanimate object (same syntax as German ''gefallen'')' '''

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''

| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''óndie'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''óndienь''  

| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''ánie'' ||  ''-'' || ''-'' || ''ánienь''

The old preterite-present form ''ánie'' is used in the polite construction ''Mir ánie...'' 'I would like...'

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vyt'' || ''vitem'' || ''viteþ'' || ''vitenь''  

| ''vistie'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistiem'' || ''vistieþ'' || ''vistienь''  

| ''-'' || ''vyt!'' / ''vyte!'' || ''vite er!'' || ''vitem!'' || ''viteþ!'' || ''vitenь sí!''  

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''kán'' || ''kán'' || ''kán'' || ''kónem'' || ''kóneþ'' || ''kónenь''  

| ''kóndie'' || ''kóndie'' || ''kóndie'' || ''kóndiem'' || ''kóndieþ'' || ''kóndienь''  

=====''þurven'' 'to have to'=====

|+ '''''þurven'' 'to have to' '''

! Tempus || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''þarv'' || ''þarv'' || ''þarv'' || ''þurvem'' || ''þurveþ'' || ''þurvenь''  

| ''þurvdie'' || ''þurvdie'' || ''þurvdie'' || ''þurvdiem'' || ''þurvdieþ'' || ''þurvdienь''  

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''dóre'' || ''dórer'' || ''dóreþ'' || ''dórem'' || ''dóreþ'' || ''dórenь''  

| ''durstie'' || ''durstie'' || ''durstie'' || ''durstiem'' || ''durstieþ'' || ''durstienь''  

*''Fí durstie þú...'' = How dare you...

*''Ik durstь yncz erbaren þá anfer.'' = I wouldn't dare reveal the answer.

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''mag'' || ''mag'' || ''mag'' || ''mogem'' || ''mogeþ'' || ''mogenь''  

| ''moge'' || ''moger'' || ''moge'' ||  ''mogem'' || ''mogeþ'' || ''mogenь''

| ''mochtie'' || ''mochtie'' || ''mochtie'' || ''mochtiem'' || ''mochtieþ'' || ''mochtienь''  

*''Moge unsier land niamen gevíszt mid burdlózem rícznesem'' = May our country be blessed with boundless riches

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''mát'' || ''mát'' || ''mát'' || ''mátem'' || ''máteþ'' || ''mátenь''  

| ''mástie'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástiem'' || ''mástieþ'' || ''mástienь''  

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''ví'' || ''ví'' || ''ví'' || ''vím'' || ''víþ'' || ''vínь''  

| ''vildie'' || ''vildie'' || ''vildie'' || ''vildiem'' || ''vildieþ'' || ''vildienь''  

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''jém'' || ''jér'' || ''isь'' || ''sim'' || ''siþ'' || ''sinь''  

| ''vaz'' || ''vast'' || ''vaz'' || ''viárem'' || ''viáreþ'' || ''viárenь''  

| ''viárie'' || ''viárie'' || ''viárie'' || ''viáriem'' || ''viárieþ'' || ''viárienь''  

| ''-'' || ''bió!'' || ''bió er!'' || ''bióm!'' || ''bióþ!'' || ''biónь sí!''  

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''dá'' || ''dár'' || ''dáþ'' || ''dám'' || ''dáþ'' || ''dánь''  

| ''dié'' || ''diést'' || ''dié'' || ''diém'' || ''diéþ'' || ''diénь''  

| ''-'' || ''dá!'' || ''dá er!'' || ''dám!'' || ''dáþ!'' || ''dánь sí!''  

! tense || ''ik'' || ''þú'' || ''er/sí'' || ''bír'' || ''úr'' || ''sí''  

| ''gá'' || ''gár'' || ''gáþ'' || ''gám'' || ''gáþ'' || ''gánь''  

| ''żang'' || ''żang'' || ''żang'' || ''żangem'' || ''żangeþ'' || ''żangenь''  

| ''żenie'' || ''żenie'' || ''żenie'' || ''żeniem'' || ''żenieþ'' || ''żenienь''  

| ''-'' || ''gá!'' || ''gá er!'' || ''gám!'' || ''gáþ!'' || ''gánь sí!''  

Also: ''fán, fiang, fiangen'' - to get, to obtain

:'''''Fanь ik jém mór, ví ik biegrán ne lyriernie.'''''

: '''''Sí kán fádien þe map. / Sí kán jan fádien.'''''

Phrasal verbs are always separated, unless a noun is derived from the phrasal verb.

: '''''húżen út / úthúżeng'''''

: ''to express / expression''

The negative particle is ''yncz'' (pronounced /ɪnʃ/ or /ənʃ/) and is used like negative particles in typical Germanic languages.

:'''''Drincz þe vater yncz, er isь fúl!'''''

Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: ''þá żáve míns fadiers'' 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too when the noun is definite and animate: ''míns fadiers żáve''.

For "have", in addition to using ''hán'' 'to have' like other Germanic languages, one can use a construction ''Et finsь mír tvy sunie.'' "I have two sons."

The passive can be formed by using either ''piamen'' 'to come' or ''niamen'' 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation.

For example, ''Þe káke piám jaten.'' or ''Þe káke niám jaten.'' means 'The cake was eaten.'

:'''''Ik biange mik av nadrem.'''''

:''I'm afraid of snakes.''

The simple past is like the English simple past. Except for common short verbs like ''bión'' 'to be', ''hán'' 'to have' or ''gán'' 'to go', and auxiliaries, it's used mostly in New York Thedish, especially by younger speakers.

Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary ''bión'' is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes ''at'' 'at' + infinitive. In formal Thedish, the direct object of the verb takes the genitive.

* ''Ik jém at jaten þe apel.'' "I am eating the apple."

* ''Þe hund vaz at þróten jan.'' "The dog was threatening him."

The perfect is used like the English perfect; it uses the auxiliary ''hán'' + past participle. In modern Thedish there's a tendency to use the perfect where normative Thedish would use the simple past; this is especially true of Connecticut Thedish.

* ''Ik há gejaten þe apel.'' "I have eaten the apple"; in Connecticut Thedish also "I ate the apple"

*''ok'' = and

*''oþ'' = or

*''þóch'' = although

*''þá'', ''als'' (literary) = when

*''ydier... oþ...'' = either... or...

*''saker'' = because

*''þat'' = that (can be used with ''moge'' + infinitive (present) or ''mochtie'' + infinitive (past) for purpose clauses)

**''Ik '''biesmulte''' et, þat anþere '''mogen''' ferstanden.'' = 'I'm explaining it so that others may understand.'

**''Ik '''biesmultedie''' et, þat anþere '''mochtien''' ferstanden.'' = 'I explained it so that others might understand.'

*''þánь'' = then

*''þus'' = so, thus

*''viedier X oþ Y'' = Both X and Y

{{PAGENAME}} relative clauses use the relativizer ''þat'', and a resumptive pronoun when the head is in an oblique argument. This resumptive pronoun structure is from Arabic influence.

The ''þár-'' words are used for prepositional objects that are inanimates; the personal pronouns are used for animates.

*''Þá piane þat ik żáv jar fáde þankedie mir.'' = 'The woman I gave food to thanked me.' (lit. the woman that I gave her food)

**Or: ''Þá piane jar ik żáv fáde þankedie mir.''

*''þe urd þat ik rián þárav'' or ''þe urd þárav ik rián'' = 'the place I ran from'

Indirect speech matches the tense of the clause it's embedded in, unlike in German and like in English (because Italian). Below, the sentences on the left have the same meaning as their corresponding sentences on the right.

:'''''Er sażeþ, "Ik há nýn żald."'''''

:'''''Er sażeþ, "Ik hádie nýn żald."'''''  

:'''''Er sażeþ þat er háþ nýn żald.'''''