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Bretonese: Difference between revisions
→Consonant Mutations
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Bretonese (''breçoneix'') {{IPA|/breˈθoneʃ/}} is a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in | Bretonese (''breçoneix'') {{IPA|/breˈθoneʃ/}} is a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia, Asturias and in northern Portugal. It is spoken by 30% of the population in these areas. Of these, 75% are in Spain and the remainder in Portugal and in diaspora communities. | ||
==Phonology and Orthography== | ==Phonology and Orthography== | ||
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===Vowels & Diphthongs=== | ===Vowels & Diphthongs=== | ||
The monophthongs are represented by the following inventory: | |||
The | |||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
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|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! scope="row" | [[Close vowel|Close]] | ! scope="row" | [[Close vowel|Close]] | ||
| /i/ | | /i/ 〈i, í〉 | ||
| | | | ||
| /u/ | | /u/ 〈u, ú〉 | ||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! scope="row" | [[w: | ! scope="row" | [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | ||
| /e/ | | /e/ 〈e, é〉 | ||
| | | | ||
| /o/ | | /o/ 〈o, ó〉 | ||
|- align=center | |||
! scope="row" | [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] | |||
| /ɛ/ 〈e, è〉 | |||
| | |||
| /ɔ/ 〈o, ò〉 | |||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! scope="row" | [[Open vowel|Open]] | ! scope="row" | [[Open vowel|Open]] | ||
| | | | ||
| /a/ | | /a/ 〈a, á〉 | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Sound Changes=== | ===Sound Changes=== | ||
====Consonant Mutations==== | ====Consonant Mutations==== | ||
As with all modern Celtic languages, Bretonese makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Bretonese has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''[[Contionary:meyel|meyel]]''), '''spirant''' (''[[Contionary:cravel|cravel]]'') and '''nasal''' (''[[Contionary: | As with all modern Celtic languages, Bretonese makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Bretonese has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''[[Contionary:meyel|meyel]]''), '''spirant''' (''[[Contionary:cravel|cravel]]'') and '''nasal''' (''[[Contionary:troinel|troinel]]''). | ||
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table. | The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ''p'' /p/ | | ''p'' /p/ | ||
| | | | ||
| ''b'' /b/ | |||
| ''f'' /f/ | | ''f'' /f/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''t'' /t/ | | ''t'' /t/ | ||
| | | | ||
| ''d'' /d/ | |||
| ''ç'' /θ/ | | ''ç'' /θ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''c'' /k/ | | ''c, qu'' /k/ | ||
| | | | ||
| ''g, gu'' /g/ | |||
| ''h'' /x/ | | ''h'' /x/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/ | | ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| ''j, g'' /d͡ʒ/ | |||
| ''x'' /ʃ/ | | ''x'' /ʃ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''b'' /b/ | | ''b'' /b/ | ||
| ''m'' /m/ | | ''m'' /m/ | ||
| ''v'' /v/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''d'' /d/ | | ''d'' /d/ | ||
| ''n'' /n/ | | ''n'' /n/ | ||
| | | ∅ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''z'' /z/ | ||
| '' | | ''ñ'' /ɲ/ | ||
| | | ''y'' /j/ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''gu'' / | | ''g, gu'' /ɡ/ | ||
| ''ng'' / | | ''ng, ngu'' /ŋ/ | ||
| | | ∅ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''gu, gü'' /ɡw/ | ||
| ''ngu, ngü'' /ŋw/ | |||
| ''v'' /v/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''j, g'' /d͡ʒ/ | |||
| ''ñ'' /ɲ/ | | ''ñ'' /ɲ/ | ||
| ''y'' /j/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''f'' /f/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | ∅ | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ll'' /ʎ/ | | ''ll'' /ʎ/ | ||
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Lenited ''g'' becomes ''v'' before words in ''go-, gu-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:gou|gou]]'' "smith" → ''i vou'' "his smith", ''[[Contionary:gur|gur]]'' "man, husband" → ''i vur'' "his husband". | Lenited ''g'' becomes ''v'' before words in ''go-, gu-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:gou|gou]]'' "smith" → ''i vou'' "his smith", ''[[Contionary:gur|gur]]'' "man, husband" → ''i vur'' "his husband". | ||
Lenited ''d'' becomes ''y'' before words in ''de-, di-'', e.g. ''[[Contionary:dey|dey]]'' "day" → ''i yey'' "his day", ''[[Contionary:dill|dill]]'' "method, way" → ''i yill'' "his method". | |||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
* Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i | * Lenition: ''i beñ'' "his head", ''di dad'' "your dad", ''i gi'' "his dog", ''a reg'' "the woman", ''de Varselen'' "to Barcelona". | ||
* Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats". | * Spirantisation: ''i feñ'' "her head", ''tri çad'' "three dads", ''ter haç'' "three cats". | ||
* Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona" | * Nasalisation: ''no ngreg'' "nine women", ''i Marselen'' "in Barcelona" | ||