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| | == Burmese roms == |
| | === v0 === |
| | <poem> |
| | Ŧăȷā hmȷạ·ŧạ luc·lac khȷīnh nẹ mă tuê |
| | ta.ra: hmya. ta. lwat lap hkrang: nai. ma. swe |
| | [tɪ.já m̥ja̰.ta̰ lʊʔ.laʔ t͡ɕʰɪ́ŋ nɛ̰ mə t̪wè ǀ] |
| | |
| | Độ pȷê, độ mȷê |
| | tui. prany, tui. mre |
| | [do̰ pjè ǀ do̰ mjè ǁ] |
| | |
| | Mȷā lu khat·tê̄nh nhê̄nh·gkhȷan zxê bộ |
| | mya: lu hkap sim: ngrim: hkyam: ce hpo. |
| | [mjá lù kʰaʔ.t̪éɪ̯ŋ ɲéɪ̯ɰ̃.d͡ʑán zè βo̰ ǀ] |
| | |
| | Khuỵnh ŧu·nhı hmȷạ, wa·đạ phȷu·xınh đŧệ pȷê |
| | hkwang. tu nyi hmya. wada. hpyu cang tai. prany |
| | [kʰwɪ̰ŋ tù.ɲì m̥ja̰ ǀ wà.da̰ (ǀ) pʰjù.sɪ̀ŋ dḛ pjè ǀ] |
| | |
| | Độ pȷê, độ mȷê |
| | tui. prany tui. mre |
| | [do̰ pjè ǀ do̰ mjè ǁ] |
| | |
| | Pȷı·đŧhong·zxụ ămuê ămȷē ŧı·đŧạn zxê |
| | prany htaung cu. a mwi a.mrai: tany tam. ce |
| | [pjì.dàʊ̯ŋ.zṵ ʔə.mwè ʔ(ə.)mjɛ́ tì.da̰ŋ zè] |
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| |
|
| ==Kxǂ’auǁʼein==
| | Ă·đêch·ŧhan pȷụ bpê, ŧhênh·tênh zxộ lê |
| '''Kxǂ’auǁʼein''' /ˈkxǂ’aʊ̯ǁʼaɪ̯n/
| | a.dhithtan pru. pe htin: sim: cui. le |
| ==PPul > Proto-Dwischaric==
| | [ʔ(ə.)deɪ̯ʔ.tʰàn pjṵ βè ǀ tʰéɪ̯ŋ.t̪éɪ̯ŋ zo̰ lè ǁ] |
| #p/P/t/T/k/q -> pj/p/t/tj/s/k; b/B/d/D/g/G -> bj/b/d/dj/z/g; m/M/n/N/ng/NG -> mj/m/n/nj/nj/ng; w/y/l/L/r/R -> w/j/lj/l/rj/r
| |
| #a/aa/e/ee/i/ii/o/oo/u/uu/ai/au -> a/ɔ/e/ee/i/ii/o/oo/u/uu/aa/ɔɔ
| |
| #a/e/i/o/u/ɔ -> a/ə/ɨ/ʷə/ʷɨ/ʷa
| |
| #V: -> ʰV
| |
| #sʷ -> ʃ, wʷ -> w, jʷ -> jʷ, zʷ -> ʒ
| |
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| |
|
| ==Rencadian nouns==
| | Găba mă kȷê, Mȷăma pȷê |
| | kambha ma. kye, mranma prany |
| | [ɡ(ə.)βà mə t͡ɕè ǀ mjə.mà pjè ǀ] |
|
| |
|
| Nouns have 2 genders (masculine and feminine) and 3 cases (nominative, comparative, and vocative). The genitive is archaic and survives in verbal nouns and stock expressions.
| | Độ bô̄·boā ămuê xıch mộ khȷıch mȷat nô̄ bê |
| | tui. bhui: bwa: a.mwe cac mui. hkyac mrat nui: pe |
| | [do̰ βó.bwá (ʔə.)mwè sɪʔ mo̰ t͡ɕʰɪʔ mjaʔ nó βè ǁ] |
|
| |
|
| Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:
| | Pȷi·đŧhong·zxụ gô ătet pê̄ lộ độ ka goe mălê |
| * When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, x or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem.
| | prany htaung cu. kui a.sak pe: lui. tui. ka kwai ma.le |
| * When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem.
| | [pjì.dàʊ̯ŋ.zṵ ɡò ʔ(ə.)t̪ɛʔ pé lo̰ do̰ kà ɡwɛ̀ m(ə.)lè ǀ] |
| * When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, neo- is inserted before the stem.
| |
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| For example:
| | Đa độ pȷê đa độ mȷê độ panh·net mȷê |
| | da tui. prany da tui. mre tui. puing nak mre |
| | [dà do̰ pjè dà do̰ mjè do̰ pàɪ̯ŋ.nɛʔ mjè ǀ] |
|
| |
|
| # baer 'leaf' → vaer
| | Độ pȷê, độ mȷê, ăkjô̄ gô nhı·nha zxoa độ đăđuê |
| # rasj 'spouse' → rasj
| | tui. prany tui. mre a.kyui: kui nyi nya cwa tui. ta.twe |
| # zaweoth 'ant' → aweoth, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
| | [do̰ pjè ǀ do̰ mjè ǀ ʔ(ə.)t͡ɕó ɡò ǀ ɲì.ɲà zwà do̰ d(ə.)dwè ǀ] |
| # xeu + lenited form of zaweoth 'like an ant' → xeu naweoth
| |
| # eonsae 'fruit' → neonsae
| |
| # farnath 'speech' → neofarnasj, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
| |
| # meo + lenited form of farnasj 'speaking' → meonfarnasj
| |
| # ow + lenited form of farnasj 'not speaking' → owneofarnasj
| |
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|
| ====Feminine nouns====
| | Ŧhān xhong ba zxộ lê, độ ta·wung bê ăphô̄·ŧan mȷê |
| | htam: hcaung pa sui. le tui. ta wan pe a. hpui: tan mre |
| | [tʰán sʰàʊ̯ŋ bà zo̰ lè ǀ do̰ tà.wʊ̀ŋ bè ʔ(ə.)pʰó.tàn mjè ǁ] |
| | </poem> |
|
| |
|
| Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows:
| | === v1 === |
| | <poem> |
| | Tyȷā hmȷȧtȧ luqlaq khȷīɴ nɛ̇ my þwe |
| | Dȯ pȷe, dȯ mȷe |
| | Mȷā lu khaqþēɴ nȷēɴgkhȷaɴ zse bȯ |
| | Khwiɴ tunȷı hmȷȧ, wadȧ phȷusıɴ dtė pȷe |
| | Dȯ pȷe, dȯ mȷe |
| | Pȷıdthɔɴzsu̇ ymwe ymȷɛ̇ tıdtȧɴ zse |
| | Ydeqthaɴ pȷu̇ bpe, thenþeɴ zsȯ le |
| | Gyba my kȷe, Mȷyma pȷe |
| | Dȯ bōbwā ymwe sıq mȯ khȷıq mȷaq nō be |
| | Gyba my kȷe, Mȷyma pȷe |
| | Dȯ bōbwā ymwe sıq mȯ khȷıq mȷaq nō be |
| | Pȷidthɔɴzsu̇ go yþɛq pē lȯ dȯ ka gwɛ myle |
| | Da dȯ pȷe da dȯ mȷe dė pɛɴnɛq mȷe |
| | Dȯ pȷe, dȯ mȷe, ykjō go nȷınȷa zwa dȯ dydwe |
| | Thāɴ shɔɴ ba zsȯ le, dȯ þawuɴ be yphōtaɴ mȷe |
| | </poem> |
| | === v2 === |
| | <poem> |
| | Tyjā hmjătă luqlaq khjīɴ nɛ{{breve}} my þwe |
| | Dŏ pje, dŏ mje |
| | Mjā lu khaqþēɴ njēɴgkhjaɴ zse bŏ |
| | Khwĭɴ tunji hmjă, wadă phjusiɴ dtĕ pȷe |
| | Dŏ pje, dŏ mje |
| | Pjidthɔɴzsŭ ymwe ymjɛ{{breve}} tıdtăɴ zse |
| | Ydeqthaɴ pjŭ bpe, thenþeɴ zsŏ le |
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| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | Gyba my kje, Mjyma pje |
| |-
| | Dŏ bōbwā ymwe siq mŏ khjiq mjaq nō be |
| ! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| | Gyba my kje, Mjyma pje |
| |-
| | Dŏ bōbwā ymwe siq mŏ khjiq mjaq nō be |
| | Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+meo || [nom stem]+nae || [nom stem]+neu
| | Pjĭdthɔɴzsŭ go yþɛq pē lŏ dŏ ka gwɛ myle |
| |-
| | Da dŏ pje da dŏ mje dĕ pɛɴnɛq mje |
| | (Genitive) || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+meon || [nom stem]+naer || [nom stem]+neureo
| | Dŏ pȷe, dŏ mȷe, ykjō go njinja zwa dŏ dydwe |
| |-
| | Thāɴ shɔɴ ba zsŏ le, dŏ þawuɴ be yphōtaɴ mje |
| | Comparative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meoth || [nom stem]+naeth || [nom stem]+neuth
| | </poem> |
| |-
| | === v3 === |
| | Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+meo || [lenited nom stem]+nae || [lenited nom stem]+neu
| | Deliberately English/German-like |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| * [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun.
| | Ch for aspiration, þ/ð for dental stops |
| * [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -eo if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel.
| |
| * [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -eoth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel.
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|
| Here are two examples:
| | Superscript the original consonant before a voiced initial that's a result of voicing sandhi |
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|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | <poem> |
| |-
| | Rimes: |
| ! ''eorim'' 'tail' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| | ị i ī ịn in īn it |
| |-
| | ẹ e ē ạne ane āne ate |
| | Nominative || eorim || eorimmeo || eorimnae || eorimneu
| | ạre are āre ịne ine īne ite |
| |-
| | ạ a ā ạn an ān at et |
| | (Genitive) || eorimeo || eorimmeon || eorimnaer || eorimneur
| | ạw aw āw ọun oun ōun out |
| |-
| | ọ o ō ọne one ōne ote |
| | Comparative || eorimeoth || eorimmeoth || eorimnaeth || eorimneuth
| | ụ u ū ọon oon ōon oot |
| |-
| | </poem> |
| | Vocative || neorim || neorimmeo || neorimnae || neorimneu
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | <poem> |
| |-
| | <sup>k</sup>gəba ma che, myəma pye |
| ! ''neoqa'' 'rope' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| | dọ bōbwā əmwe sit mọ chhit myat nō be |
| |-
| | </poem> |
| | Nominative || neoqa || neoqameo || neoqanae || neoqaneu
| |
| |-
| |
| | (Genitive) || neoqan || neoqameon || neoqanaer || neoqaneur
| |
| |-
| |
| | Comparative || neoqath || neoqameoth || neoqanaeth || neoqaneuth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Vocative || neoqa || neoqameo || neoqanae || neoqaneu
| |
| |}
| |
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|
| ====Masculine nouns==== | | == World's worst romanization for Vietnamese == |
| | === Initials === |
| | <poem> |
| | ñ ɟ̃ ỹ q̃ = m n nh ng |
| | n{{lsb}} n þ ɟ ꞃ y q = p b t đ tr ch c/k/qu |
| | f ɟ{{lrb}} q{{lrb}} = ph th kh |
| | ſ p{{lrb}} = x s |
| | ƿ ȷ j r = v d gi g |
| | λ p = l r |
| | </poem> |
|
| |
|
| =====First declension===== | | The initials ʔ h are indicated by placing spiritus lenis and spiritus asper above the first letter, and {{angbr|ƿ}} is used for the /w/ medial: ƿηɟ̃, Ƿ{{lsb}}ηɟ̃, ƿ{{lrb}}ηɟ̃s = viên, Uyên, huyền. |
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| First declension masculine nouns end in consonants and the genitive stem is identical to the nominative stem, unless the final consonant is th, dh, s or z, in which case this final consonant is replaced with sj, zj, sj or zj respectively. The accusative stem is formed from the nominative stem as follows:
| | === Nuclei === |
| * If the final consonant is th or dh, it's replaced with t or d respectively. | | * u ɯ w e ɘ ə ɵ æ a ɐ ɑ = i/y ư u ê ơ â ô e a ă o |
| * If the final consonant is a voiced fricative that is not dh, -dh is suffixed. | | * η ξ ω = ia/iê, ưa/ươ, ua/uô |
| * Otherwise, -th is suffixed.
| |
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| |
|
| The paradigm is:
| | === Finals === |
| | * ñ ɟ̃ ỹ q̃ = m n nh ng |
| | * n ɟ y q = p t ch c |
| | * ι υ = /-j -w/ |
| | === Tones === |
| | tones: -0 -s -b -m -v -d = ngang, huyen, sac, nang, hoi, nga |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | ==Hōbispellum Jōhannis Tōtiscē== |
| |-
| | <poem> |
| ! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| | 1:1 In occinunquā vore Verbum, ante Verbum vore ob Hutum, ante Hutus vore Verbum. |
| |-
| | 1:2 Tod vore in occinunquā ob Hutum. |
| | Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+meo || [nom stem]+ae || [nom stem]+eu
| | 1:3 Alla terque eum magāta sunt, ante enū eō magātum est nēctis, quod magātum est. |
| |-
| | 1:4 In eō līpum vore, ante līpum vore lūctum lūbium. |
| | (Genitive) || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+meon || [nom stem]+aer || [nom stem]+eur
| | </poem> |
| |-
| |
| | Comparative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meoth || [nom stem]+aeth || [nom stem]+euth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+meo || [lenited nom stem]+ae || [lenited nom stem]+eu
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Here's an example:
| | ==Semantic drifts== |
| | ===Truth=== |
| | *true/proof > guilt |
| | *to stand, to stay, to be straight up > to be true |
| | *true/show/prove > to vindicate > to win |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | ==Dakelh/Tlingit inspired Dodellic== |
| |-
| |
| ! ''neowaeth'' 'root' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative || neowaeth || neowaethmeo || neowaethae || neowaetheu
| |
| |-
| |
| | (Genitive) || neowaesj || neowaethmeon || neowaethaer || neowaetheur
| |
| |-
| |
| | Comparative || neowaet || neowaethmeoth || neowaethaeth || neowaetheuth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Vocative || neowaeth || neowaethmeo || neowaethae || neowaetheu
| |
| |}
| |
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|
| =====Second declension===== | | ==Bylȳn== |
| | [[Main_Page/Themsarian]] |
|
| |
|
| Second declension masculine nouns end in vowels. The genitive stem is formed by:
| | put in Dodellic; Wdm substrate |
| * suffixing -r if the last vowel is preceded immediately by a consonant cluster ending in a consonant that's not p, t, c, b, d, g, f, th, ch, v, dh or gh;
| |
| * otherwise, replacing the last vowel with -r.
| |
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| |
|
| The paradigm is as follows:
| | phonology: |
| | */m n p b t d tš dž k g (glottal stop) f s š x H h v z ž r l/ {{angbr|m n p b t d ť ď k g q f s š ch x h v z ž r l}} |
| | */a e i u y a: e: i: u: y: ai au iə uə/ {{angbr|a e i u y aa ee ii uu yy ai au ie ua}} |
| | **Responsible for Wdm vowel shift: *u > ü, *o > u, *a > o, *ä > a |
| | *pitch accent |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | ==Trician doublets== |
| |-
| | *Thensarian ardlaccātom > atxagátañ (via Nurian) ~ dlahgað (via Tigol) ~ glyçád (via glăchad) ~ plahad (via Clofabosin placadin) - various stringed instruments |
| ! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| | *Pida (Mărotłian teacher) ~ pda (Dr.) ~ Modern Wdm. pra (honorific pronoun) |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative || [nom stem] || [gen stem]+eom || [gen stem]+ae || [gen stem]+eu
| |
| |-
| |
| | (Genitive) || [gen stem]+eo || [gen stem]+eomeon || [gen stem]+aer || [gen stem]+eur
| |
| |-
| |
| | Comparative || [gen stem]+th || [gen stem]+eomeoth || [gen stem]+aeth || [gen stem]+euth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited gen stem]+eom || [lenited gen stem]+ae || [lenited gen stem]+eu
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| An example:
| | ==Silly language family trees== |
| | *Trigonic languages |
| | **Sinitic |
| | ***Mandarin |
| | ***Cantonese |
| | ****Schwyzerdütsch |
| | ***Sinaitic |
| | ****Phoenician |
| | *****Greek |
| | ******Inuktitut |
| | **Coshitic |
| | ***Vietnamese |
| | ****Sinh |
| | ****Tanh |
| | ****Sech |
| | ***Hyperbolgarian |
| | ***Beta |
| | ***Proto-Afro-Asiatic |
| | **Deltan languages (aka Newtono-Leibnizic) |
| | ***Hessian German |
| | ***Turingian German |
| | ****[[Tyrith]] (from older ''*Türiŋit'') |
| | ****Lambda calculus |
| | ****Mathematica |
| | ****C++ |
| | *****Sanskrit |
| | **Triforcian languages |
| | ***Hylian |
| | ****Tritriforcian languages |
| | *****Tritritriforcian languages |
| | ******... |
| | *******Sierpińskian |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | ==Qiala Gaivuan's Dwarvish== |
| |-
| | Wäßßmerian/Highlands Wiobian consonant shift (stolen wholesale from High German consonant shift): |
| ! ''maexneu'' 'love' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative || maexneu || maexneureom || maexneurae || maexneureu
| |
| |-
| |
| | (Genitive) || maexneureo || maexneureomeon || maexneuraer || maexneureur
| |
| |-
| |
| | Comparative || maexneurth || maexneureomeoth || maexneuraeth || maexneureuth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Vocative || waexneu || waexneureom || waexneurae || waexneureu
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Verbal nouns ending in -reo are always second declension masculine.
| | Phase 1 (final or intervocallic): |
| | /p/ > /f/ <''f''> |
| | /t/ > /s/ <''ß''> |
| | /c/ > /ç/ > later /z/ bzw. /ʃ/ <''s/sch''> |
| | /k/ > /x/ > later /χ/ <''ch''> |
|
| |
|
| * dexreo 'to rest'
| | Phase 2 (initial, geminated or after a resonant) |
| * ithreo 'to eat'
| | /p/ > /pf/ <''pf''> |
| * maerthreo 'to sit'
| | /t/ > /ts/ <''ßß''> > word initially /s/ <''ß''> |
| | /c/ > /cç/ > later /''tʃ''/ <zsch> |
| | /k/ > /kx/ > later /''χ''/ <ch> |
|
| |
|
| <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | | Phase 3 |
| | /b/ > /p/ fortis or lenis <''p''> |
| | /d/ > /t/ fortis or lenis <''t''> |
| | /ɟ/ > /c/ fortis or lenis <''z''> |
| | /g/ > /k/ fortis or lenis <''k''> |
|
| |
|
| <!-- Here are some example subcategories: | | Other changes: |
| | /θ~ð/ > /d/ > later lenis /t/ <''d''> |
| | /f~v/ > /b/ > later lenis /p/ <''b''> (after a vowel) |
| | /sk, çk/ > sch /ʃ/ |
| | Auslautverhärtung |
|
| |
|
| Nouns
| | ==Paucal of humility== |
| Adjectives
| | There are three numbers: singular ({{sc|sg}}) representing one object, paucal ({{sc|pc}}) for a few, and plural ({{sc|pl}}) for many. The paucal form usually denotes two to nine items, but the boundary between paucal and plural is quite fluid; a paucal could be used for a larger number for contrast with a much larger number of things. The plural number in pronouns also serves as an honorific; complementarily, using paucal pronouns where a plural is expected entails a "dishonorific", humble or pejorative meaning. |
| Verbs
| | ==Something with my old Tsjoen grammar== |
| Adverbs
| | Txapoalli? Naquic? |
| Particles
| |
| Derivational morphology
| |
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| |
|
| --> | | ==Manxome (Manx-Hmoob hybrid)== |
| | A close relative of Skellan with the GVS? Or is this just Ko? |
|
| |
|
| ==Phonology of Praimhín's Rencadian==
| | Cedilla and double vowel mania |
| ===Orthography===
| |
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| |
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| {{PAGENAME}} uses its own native alphabet.
| | Mix in a little Dutch? |
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| |
|
| The phonetic value of any consonant letter is the first consonant in its name - so that <ʕ> for example sounds like 'ts' (i.e. /tsʰ/) and <ɧ> sounds like 'x' (i.e. /ɮ/)
| | ==IE conlang ideas== |
| | *'want' from bhr-h1s- (bear-DES) |
| | *"try 1SG-ACC VERB-INF" = try to VERB me (actually looks pretty german) |
|
| |
|
| The letters themselves are derived from pictograms.
| | =="Ah, meine Treußer" gibs== |
| | *Săchał yang hălsreaf chrăthüng fi pdath yas măfongșor! Wănguas fi binreach wangsăfab thearłăsab făneyșumab pălontumab acsitumab gopliximab fizoraximab prozamumab cabituzumab... Ah, endocebuxin! |
| | *sčʼutaʔɬ čəd dzəlxʷʔad ʔal kʷi sqʷadbəʔid! shuʔədəb šiƛ̕x̌adil stab dzastidil balustadil xʷəʔsdətapril kʷinapazil bəsmanadil quizoradil daquinadil sperotidil prolixudil... Ah, endolucrifen! |
|
| |
|
| * '''p'''aesj = bear = ɤ
| | ==Some old gibs== |
| * '''t'''aenweof = mushroom = ɷ
| | Neuber und Seigen driechen das Fauensammer. |
| * '''ts'''opeol = hook = ʕ
| | Und Pfurges ummärten den Sieberschmüstchen |
| * '''s'''aen = head = ɵ
| | der Meichtel und die kreuge haben den Ofel angeschninkelt! |
| * '''tq'''iich = vine = ɖ
| | der Strahme der hüffneden ist an síreochta dréag agus fhóineocht. |
| * '''q'''vaera = clock = ɸ
| | (irish gib is also easy to adapt) |
| * '''tj'''iweoq = cloud = ɯ
| | Und dauchte die Miegung. |
| * '''sj'''waet = rose = ɘ
| | Agus sráineann an mhóilte i bhfáirdeacha. |
| * '''c'''math = jaw = ʟ
| | An dtrídeach tú leim an mheidreach? |
| * '''b'''anr = hill = ʌ
| | und die dréanoigh na chloiste is clóireach |
| * '''d'''rix = river = ʭ
| | makk praom krenn tae leontóin agus dreangachtaí |
| * '''dz'''itra = fence = ʜ
| | Zohnung schweifen der mahl tröhnen |
| * '''z'''aweoth = ant = ɶ
| | Cáróidh meim fhíreasá sróidheamh táin a chúloigh a fháir a cheim |
| * '''dx'''eorsja = plough = ʄ
| | sróitreáneidh na pradhaoibhiú té bheir sa dhímeá 'bhifeóirsi tha |
| * '''x'''a = human being = ɧ
| |
| * '''dj'''arva = seesaw = ʎ
| |
| * '''zj'''i = hair = ɪ
| |
| * '''g'''aenu = foot = ʊ
| |
| * '''m'''inth = arm = ʏ
| |
| * '''n'''eoqa = rope = n
| |
| * '''ng'''eulaer = boat = ʁ
| |
| * '''r'''eoxaeth = tree = ʔ
| |
| * '''rh'''oadzeot = pineapple = ð
| |
| * '''l'''if = moon = c
| |
| * '''w'''uthma = whale = ɚ
| |
| * '''y'''achta = navel = ʘ
| |
| * lenition sign = ː
| |
|
| |
|
| The phonetic value of a vowel letter is the first vowel in its name.
| | Pirandetam ver ketassinosin ket ligerinogenine |
|
| |
|
| * a: ʱ (called ''xa aereo'', 'small human being')
| | Du sümmelst so gapfer an, wenn du in solch schnöpfen, geschrammten Hückeln inframierst! Ich ingräliere dir, indem ich dir einen Beschlaubszwicher antabere. Ich möchte dir einen schlaarige Garulierer anzülfen, damit du in gezührigen Anschniegsgahmen verschnülzern kannst. |
| * ae: ˠ (''paesj aereo'' 'small bear')
| |
| * eo: ˀ (''reoxaeth aereo'' 'small tree')
| |
| * i: ʷ (''tjiweq aereo'' 'small cloud')
| |
| * o: ˁ (''tsopeol aereo'' 'small hook')
| |
| * eu: ʶ (''ngeulaer aereo'' 'small boat')
| |
| * u: ˞ (''wuthma aereo'' 'small whale')
| |
|
| |
|
| Punctuation is as follows:
| | die Anschrängerungen verkiech die Redangierungen, indem sie deren Gespalchsfeunungen rekredabierte. |
| | Der Aufschlied zwand die Mäste, um ihrer Begeifigungen zu verknieren. |
| | Αν ο φαγγαλος τεθεγμασται την ψαθην και τον κιμαρρον! |
| | Αναι μεν γαρ δεδαγγασμενοι ηλετησαν ινε τον φραθμον. |
| | Ο φιστώτης και η νίψ κεκλαμμένοι εισίν. |
|
| |
|
| * [ ] = quotation marks
| | Sʼeik beih Đâh kglumm gnüar Haem Päh jehn knuck Lö Mott nihr ngå Pluh Reaz Sra Ksaot teap klav Waü Zeay Þael |
| * . = space/word boundary marker
| |
| * ɭ = period
| |
| * ɭɭ = comma
| |
| * ʕ̰ = semicolon
| |
| * ʕ = colon
| |
| * The punctuation mark ˈ is placed before sentences and clauses, and ˌ before proper names.
| |
|
| |
|
| Example:
| | Azz kemm jick gno Sruck bâzz skång mäch dö' Lümm dak mihn mu påhng Sjä Kbael Pfeiz rao Smau tngaör zbaü lean Sek Woh tböhng sia Koas Tuah Gnüang |
|
| |
|
| {{Scriptgloss
| | ==Scope of negation== |
| |script = '''ˈɤˠ.ɧʱnˠ.ʏˀnɤːʱʔnʱɯːɭɭ.[ˈʟˁ.ˀɤːɵʱ.ʭːˀ.ɘɚˠɷ.ʏˀ.ɖːˠʌʱnˠɭ]'''
| | different negative markers for scope |
| |phrase = Pae xanae meonfarnasj, "Co eofsa dheo sjwaet meo qaebanae."
| |
| |IPA = /pʰɛ ˈɮanɛ mənˈfarnaʃ ǀ kʰɔ ˈəfsa ðə ˈʃwɛtʰ mə ˈɬɛpanɛ ‖ /
| |
| | morphemes = pae xa-nae meon-farnasj co eofsa dheo sjwaet meo-L tqaeba-nae
| |
| | gloss = PAST person-SG.DEF.NOM AFF-speak PRES water.SG.INDEF.NOM and rose.SG.INDEF.NOM LOC goblet-SG.DEF.NOM
| |
| | translation = The person said, "There's water and a rose in the goblet."
| |
|
| |
|
| }}
| | ==Llanfair...gogogoch gib== |
| | Reduplication (goch > gogogoch) |
|
| |
|
| ==Ahahahaha== | | ==Fyxámian national anthem== |
| | ===Eevo=== |
| | ===English translation=== |
| | ====Verse 1==== |
| <poem> | | <poem> |
| Detective: Do you speak another language?
| | [...] |
| Suspect: Well, some Terg, of course. And Cuatham and...
| | [...] |
| Detective: No, no, another. Like a Kuderauan language. Because I noticed you have a slight rhotic vowel.
| | ''From antipode to antipode'' |
| Suspect: Very good, detective. My father was in the foreign service in Clofabinositin."
| | ''Men of thy deeds do sing.'' |
| </poem> | | </poem> |
| | ====Refrain==== |
|
| |
|
| ==Hiberno-Clofabic== | | ==Book and paper titles in Eevo== |
| :''ustekinumab'' > ''{{recon|ustichinumha}}'' > ''űtchünmha'' 'hello'
| | *(''A Bound for the Number of Points on Elliptic Curves over Finite Fields'') |
| :''flovir'' > ''flór'' > ''ló'' 'not, no'
| | *(''Spectral Sequences of Algebraic Varieties'') |
| :/sporavir endin, flo:r sporaksakine endin/ > /foraind, hlo:r foraxsaxnend/ > ''foraid, ló·fráchned'' 'I eat, I eat not'
| | *''Mroga-xiv ry blwhir jybinþylisár ar jonda jynéeb'' (''Zeta Functions of Algebraic Curves over Finite Fields'') (fT 2259) |
| :/sporavir valin, flo:r sporaksakine valin/ > /forail, hlo:r foraxsaxneal/ > ''forail, ló·fráchnel'' 'thou eatest, thou eatest not'
| | *''Regular Temperaments'' |
|
| |
|
| =="Final Countdown"== | | ==Primitive Seargais== |
| A Quame language (base 16):
| |
|
| |
|
| 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 = shmone, sheva, shesh, khamesh, arba, shalosh, shtayim, achat, efes
| | <poem> |
| | long vowels: |
| | a: e: i: o: u: æ: ø: y: from |
| | broad á aí/ai/oi oí/uí/ui ó/ao ú/ua/ui ái ói/aío/aoi úi/oío/uío/uai |
| | slender eá ei/éi/éa í/ia/iai eo iú/io/iu ea/éa/eai/eái eoi iúi/ío |
|
| |
|
| 9, 10 = minus achat, minus shtayim...
| | éa becomes æ: before broad d, n, l and r, and e: elsewhere |
| | ui becomes u: before broad d, n, l and r, and i: elsewhere |
|
| |
|
| 16 = iktzaf
| | short vowels: |
| | a e i o u -> a ʲa ʲɨ a ɨ |
|
| |
|
| 32 = dilsha
| | changes from proto seargais to seargais |
| | high vowels move one POA |
| | (u -> ü, ü -> i but aü stays put) |
| | there's the merger |
| | now o becomes u to fill in the gap, a becomes o and æ becomes a |
| | a e i o u æ ø y -> |
| | o e i u y a ø i |
| | e -> ə |
| | which triggers i -> ia, ia -> e, y -> i, u -> ɨ, o -> u, a -> ua, ua -> o |
| | so i get |
| | a e i o u æ ø y ia ua ai au ay -> |
| | o e i u y a ø i ia ua ai au ay -> |
| | u ə ia ɨ i ua _ ia e o ai au _ |
| | ø -> ɛ -> a while ay -> aɨ |
| | u ə ia ɨ i ua a ia e o ai au aɨ (i now have all the vowels!) |
| | breathy voice ablaut patterns: |
| | e/i/ai -> ə/ia/ai |
| | o/u/au -> ɨ/i/au |
| | ö/ü/aü -> a/ia/aɨ |
| | chaotic! |
|
| |
|
| ==Uupek== | | a/ua -> u/o |
| | ä/ia -> ua/e |
| | |
| | spelling: a e i o u y w = /a e i o u ə ɨ/ |
| | |
| | short a -> y |
| | short ɨ -> w (very few modern Seargais speakers make the distinction between the short vowels using y for both) |
| | </poem> |
| | ===Seargais superstrate=== |
| | <poem> |
| | same breathy voice pattern except there's a GVS |
| | a e i o u ä ö ü ua ia ai au aü -> |
| | o i ai u au e ü aü uo ie ä a a |
| | compare |
| | u ə ia ɨ i ua a ia e o ai au aɨ |
| | these are heard by seargais speakers as |
| | o i ai u au ə ɨ aɨ e o e a a |
| | </poem> |
| | ===Seargais consonants=== |
| <poem> | | <poem> |
| {ng, hng, k, g, x, gh, kʰ, gʰ, ngʰ, k’, kx', ˀg} x {prev, postv, phard uv} x {plain, lab'd} = 72
| | p t q pʰ tʰ χ m n w θ ʟ r tɬ ɬ (broad) |
| {ng, hng, k, g, x, gh, kʰ, gʰ, ngʰ, k’, kx', ˀg} x {velar, uvular} x {plain, r-colored} = 48
| | f ts k f ts kʰ m n j s ɬ r tʃ ʃ (slender) |
| then, uvular trills!
| | |
| {ʀ, ʀh} x {plain, lab'd} x {plain, r-colored} = 8
| | Urú'ed: |
| 128 in total
| | m n ʟ mʰ nʰ χ m n pf θ ʟ r nl tɬ (broad) |
| {ʀ, ʀh} x {plain, lab'd} x {plain, r-colored. phar'd} = 12
| | m n ŋ mʰ nʰ ŋʰ m n f ts ɬ r n tʃ (slender) |
| | the combined set of phonemes: |
| | p pʰ t tʰ k kʰ q |
| | f θ s ɬ ʃ χ |
| | pf ts tɬ tʃ |
| | m mʰ n nʰ ŋ ŋʰ nl |
| | j w ʟ r |
| | h is missing |
| | broad sm and sn can become h |
| | urúing to tʰ |
| | actually it should stay as θm and θn |
| | θm -> voiceless m -> h also works |
| | it doesn't impact the morphology |
| | |
| | </poem> |
| | |
| | ==Huichaltzah's alien language== |
| | p pʰ t tʰ ts tsʰ tɬ tɬʰ k kʰ kʟ kʟʰ |
| | s ɬ x h |
| | m n ŋ |
| | l ʟ w j |
| | a e i o ar er ir or (rhotic vowels) |
| | |
| | Grammar: Rhotic vowel harmony, CW with many cases |
| | |
| | ==Bändli== |
| | Zulu pseudo-gib |
| | |
| | ===Initials=== |
| | |
| | schm, m > m, mh |
| | |
| | schn, n > n, nh |
|
| |
|
| now pharyngeals and glottals
| | schng/kn, ng > ng, ngh |
| is ʀˁ possible?
| |
| that might actually be an epiglottal
| |
| i just wanted to get a 12
| |
|
| |
|
| 8 should be fine
| | sp, p, b, gep/geb > p, ph, bh, b |
| it doesn't have to be a round number
| |
| {ħ, ʕ, ʔ, ʔˁ, ʜ, ʡ, h, ɦ} x {plain, lab} = 16
| |
| should i have glottal affricates? (ʔʰ)
| |
| {ħ, ʕ, ʔ, ʔˁ, ʜ, ʡ, h, ɦ, ʔʰ, ʔʰˁ, ʡʰ, ʡ’} x {plain, lab} = 16
| |
| 24 sorry
| |
|
| |
|
| 108_12
| | st, t, d, get/ged > t, th, dh, d |
| 108
| |
|
| |
|
| | ŧ, sŧ, đ, geŧ/geđ > qh, q, nqh, gq |
|
| |
|
| is it supposed to be mp3?
| | k, g, gek/geg > kh, gh, g |
| R, Rr, Rc.mp3
| |
|
| |
|
| it does sound like what i'd expect
| | r > hh |
| that last one is sort of a fricated uvular trill
| |
| like a uvular ř
| |
| that means i'll include them
| |
| 110z sounds! (z=dozenal)
| |
|
| |
|
| now, coronals
| | f, w > f, v |
|
| |
|
| dental, alveolar, postalveolar, retroflex, (apicovelar?), palatalized dental, pal'd alveolar, phar'd dental, phar'd alveolar, phar'd retroflex -> 9 POA's and we have many more MOA's
| | fl, kl, schl > hl |
| {n, hn, t, d, tʰ/tþ, dʰ/dð, þ, ð, tɬ, dɮ, ɬ, ɮ, nl, hnl, nʰ, nlʰ, t’, tɬ’, tþ’, ˀd, ˀdɮ, ˀdð} = 22 MOA's
| |
| or 1Az
| |
| 9*1A = 146z coronals
| |
| + 110z dorsals = 256z so far
| |
| we can add more MOA's
| |
| {l, flap, lateral flap} * 9 = 23z more consonants
| |
| 279z consonants
| |
| then, trills!
| |
| {r, rh, ř, řh} * {alveolar, phar'd alv, postalv, phar'd retroflex} = 14z
| |
| 291z consonants
| |
| actually sorry
| |
| {n, hn, t, d, tʰ/tþ, dʰ/dð, þ, ð, tɬ, dɮ, ɬ, ɮ, nl, hnl, nʰ, nlʰ, t’, tɬ’, tþ’, ˀd, ˀdɮ, ˀdð} * 9 POA's * {plain, labialized} = 9*1A*2 = 290z consonants
| |
| 290z coronals + 14z trills + 110z dorsals = 3B4z in total
| |
| i could have more approximants
| |
| just 8 more to get to 400z
| |
| i'll propose ɰ̠ ɰ̟ ɰ̟ˤ ɰ̠͡ɻ ɰ̟͡ɻ ɰ̟ˤ͡ɻ ɰ̠ʷ ɰ̟ʷ ɰ̟ˤʷ ɰ̠͡ɻʷ ɰ̟͡ɻʷ ɰ̟ˤ͡ɻʷ
| |
| that's 10z though so we have 404z consonants
| |
| now, clicks!
| |
|
| |
|
| {dental, alveolar, fricated alveolar, retroflex, fricated retroflex, alveolar lateral, retroflex lateral, palatal} x {!, g!, !h, g!h, n!, n!h, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar, uvular} x {normal, labialized} = 8x8x2x2 = 194z clicks
| | bl, gl > dl |
| affricated clicks:
| |
| {dental, alveolar, fricated alveolar, retroflex, fricated retroflex, alveolar lateral, retroflex lateral, palatal} x {!, g!, n!, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar affricate, uvular affricate} x {normal, labialized} = 8x5x2x2 = 44z
| |
| that's 218z clicks
| |
| we have 620z consonants and no labials!
| |
| time to add labials
| |
| there can be four degrees of labialization: normal, lip rounding, simultaneous labial, the two previous ones together
| |
| that doubles the clicks to 434z
| |
|
| |
|
| plus labial clicks:
| | pfr, fr, tr, kr, schr > kl /x~kx/ |
| {labial, labiodental} x {!, g!, !h, g!h, n!, n!h, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar, uvular} x {normal, labialized} = 2x8x2x2 = 54z
| |
| {labial, labiodental} x {!, g!, n!, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar affricate, uvular affricate} x {normal, labialized} = 2x5x2x2 = 34z that's 88z
| |
|
| |
|
| sorry
| | br, dr, gr > gl /ɣ~gɣ/ |
|
| |
|
| {dental, alveolar, fricated alveolar, retroflex, fricated retroflex, alveolar lateral, retroflex lateral, palatal} x {!, g!, !h, g!h, n!, n!h, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar, uvular} x {normal, rounded, simultaneous labial, sim.labial+rounded} = 8x8x2x4 = 368z clicks
| | j > y |
| affricated clicks:
| |
| {dental, alveolar, fricated alveolar, retroflex, fricated retroflex, alveolar lateral, retroflex lateral, palatal} x {!, g!, n!, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar affricate, uvular affricate} x {normal, rounded, simultaneous labial, sim.labial+rounded} = 8x5x2x4 = 228z
| |
|
| |
|
| plus labial clicks:
| | schw > f |
| {labial, labiodental} x {!, g!, !h, g!h, n!, n!h, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar, uvular} x {normal, labialized} = 2x8x2x2 = 54z
| |
| {labial, labiodental} x {!, g!, n!, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar affricate, uvular affricate} x {normal, labialized} = 2x5x2x2 = 34z that's 88z
| |
|
| |
|
| 368+228+88 = 368+2B4 = 660z clicks
| | z, s, sch > s, z, sh |
| | |
| | ent- > prenasalization |
|
| |
|
| 660z + 404z = A64z consonants
| |
| 158z left
| |
| linguolabials!
| |
| {n, hn, t, d, tʰ/tþ, dʰ/dð, þ, ð, tɬ, dɮ, ɬ, ɮ, nl, hnl, nʰ, nlʰ, t’, tɬ’, tþ’, ˀd, ˀdɮ, ˀdð} = 1A MOA's in linguolabial -> 1Az consonants
| |
| that's A82z in total
| |
| Linguolabial clicks:
| |
| {linguolabial} x {!, g!, !h, g!h, n!, n!h, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar, uvular} x {normal} = 8x2 = 14z
| |
| {linguolabial} x {!, g!, n!, voiceless n!, !ˀ} x {velar affricate, uvular affricate} x {normal} = 5x2 = Az that's 22z
| |
| A82+22 = AA4z in total (118z left)
| |
| labials!
| |
| {m, hm, p, b, ɸ, β, pʰ, bʰ, mʰ, p’, pɸ', ˀb} x {normal, labial} x {normal, palatal, pharyngeal, k̠p, k̟p, qpˁ} = 100z consonants
| |
| so we have BA4z consonants
| |
| 18z more to go!
| |
| ʋ ʋʲ ʋˤ ʋʷ ʋʷʲ ʋʷˤ ʙ ʙʲ ʙˤ ʙ̥ ʙ̥ʲ ʙ̥ˤ: 8 more to go
| |
| these can be alveolar nonsibilant fricatives
| |
| θ̠ θ̠ʷ θ̠ʲ θ̠ʷʲ ð̠ ð̠ʷ ð̠ʲ ð̠ʷʲ
| |
| we're done!
| |
| 1000z consonants
| |
| "Uupek"
| |
| there are technically gaps in the chart (e.g. no retroflex nonsibilant fricatives) as well as unused combinations (nasalized fricatives ...)
| |
| but i'd prefer to stop it at 1000z
| |
| vowels: a i u a: i: u:
| |
| </poem>
| |
| ==Future Gelorian==
| |
| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | |
| | ! rowspan="2" | Labial |
| | ! colspan="2" | Alveolar |
| | ! rowspan="2" | Palatal |
| | ! rowspan="2" | Velar |
| | ! rowspan="2" | Glottal |
| |- | | |- |
| |+ '''Consonant phonemes in Gelorian'''
| | ! central |
| !colspan="2"|
| | ! lateral |
| ! Labial
| |
| ! Dental
| |
| ! Alveolar
| |
| ! Palatal
| |
| ! Velar
| |
| ! Pharyngeal | |
| ! Glottal | |
| |- | | |- |
| !rowspan="2"| Nasal | | ! rowspan="4" | Click |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>voiceless</small> | | ! plain |
| | /m̥/ | | | |
| |colspan="2"| /n̥/ | | | |
| | | | | |
| | /ŋ̊/ | | | {{IPA|ǃ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! aspirated |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ǃʰ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>plain</small> | | ! nasalised |
| | /m/
| | | |
| |colspan="2"|/n/ | |
| | | | | |
| | /ŋ/ | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ᵑǃ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! breathy nasalised |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ᶢǃʱ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| !rowspan="3" style="width: 45px; "| Stop | | ! rowspan="2" | Nasal |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>tenuis</small> | | ! plain |
| | /p/
| | | {{IPA|m}} |
| |colspan="2"| /t/ | | | {{IPA|n}} |
| | | |
| | /k/ | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | ŋ |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| !<small>voiced</small> | | ! breathy |
| | /b/ | | | {{IPA|mʱ}} |
| |colspan="2"| /d/ | | | {{IPA|nʱ}} |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ŋʱ}} |
| | | | | |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="4" | Stop |
| | ! voiceless |
| | | {{IPA|p}} |
| | | {{IPA|t}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| !<small>ejective</small> | | ! aspirated |
| | /pʼ/ | | | {{IPA|pʰ}} |
| |colspan="2"| /tʼ/ | | | {{IPA|tʰ}} |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | {{IPA|kʰ}} |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! breathy |
| | | {{IPA|b}} |
| | | {{IPA|d}} |
| | | | | |
| | /kʼ/
| |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|ɡ}} |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| !rowspan=3| Fricative/Affricate | | ! implosive |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>voiceless</small>
| | | {{IPA|ɓ}} |
| | /f/ | | | ɗ |
| | /θ/ | | | |
| | /s/ | | | |
| | | | | ɠ |
| | /x/ | | | |
| | /ħ/ | |
| | /h/ | |
| |- | | |- |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>voiced</small> | | ! rowspan="2" | Fricative |
| | /v/ | | ! voiceless |
| | /ð/ | | | {{IPA|f}} |
| | /z/ | | | {{IPA|s}} |
| | | | | {{IPA|ɬ}} |
| | /ɣ/ | | | {{IPA|ʃ}} |
| | /ʕ/ | | | x |
| | | | | {{IPA|h}} |
| |- | | |- |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>ejective</small> | | ! breathy |
| | | | | {{IPA|v}} |
| | /tθʼ/ | | | {{IPA|z}} |
| | /tsʼ/ | | | {{IPA|ɮ}} |
| | | | | |
| | | ɣ |
| | | {{IPA|ɦ}} |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" | Approximant |
| | ! plain |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | {{IPA|l}} |
| | | {{IPA|j}} |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | |} |
| | |
| | ===Vowels=== |
| | i ï u e ë o ä a /i ɨ u e ə o æ ɑ/ |
| | |
| | ===Tones=== |
| | No tone |
| | |
| | ==Some Clofablang== |
| | *Vowels: æ ɪ i ʌ ə ʊ ʉ |
| | *Vowel harmony groups: |
| | **high tense: i ʉ |
| | **high lax: ɪ ʊ |
| | **low: æ ʌ |
| | **ə is neutral |
| | |
| | ==Russo-Salish== |
| | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" |
| | |- |
| | !rowspan="2" colspan="2"| |
| | !colspan="2" | Labial |
| | !colspan="2" | Alveolar |
| | !rowspan="2" | Retroflex |
| | !colspan="2" | Velar |
| | !rowspan="2" | Glottal |
| | |- |
| | ! <small>hard</small> |
| | ! <small>soft</small> |
| | ! <small>hard</small> |
| | ! <small>soft</small> |
| | ! <small>soft</small> |
| | ! <small>hard</small> |
| | |- |
| | !rowspan="2"| Nasal |
| | !<small>glottalized</small> |
| | | || |
| | | n̪ʼ || nʲʼ |
| | | |
| | | ŋʲʼ |
| | | ŋʼ |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
| !rowspan=2| Trill | | !<small>plain</small> |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>voiceless</small>
| | | m || mʲ |
| | | | | n̪ || nʲ |
| | | |
| | | ŋʲ |
| | | ŋ |
| | | | | |
| | /r̥/ | | |- |
| | | | !rowspan="3" | Stop |
| | !<small>plain</small> |
| | | || |
| | | t̪ || tʲ |
| | | | | |
| | | kʲ |
| | | k |
| | | ʔ |
| | |- |
| | !<small>ejective</small> |
| | | || |
| | | t̪ʼ || tʲʼ |
| | | | | |
| | | kʲʼ |
| | | kʼ |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>voiced</small> | | !<small>voiced</small> |
| | | | | b || bʲ |
| | | d̪ || dʲ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | /r/
| |
| | | | | |
| | |- |
| | !rowspan="3" | Affricate |
| | !<small>plain</small> |
| | | || |
| | | ts || tsʲ |
| | | tʂ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| !rowspan=2| Approximant | | !<small>ejective</small> |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>voiceless</small>
| | | || |
| | /ʍ/ | | | tsʼ || tsʲʼ |
| | /l̥/ | | | tʂʼ |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | |- |
| | !<small>voiced</small> |
| | | || |
| | | dz || dzʲ |
| | | dʐ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |- | | |- |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>voiced</small> | | !rowspan="2"|Fricative |
| | /w/ | | !<small>voiceless</small> |
| | /l/ | | | f || fʲ |
| | /ɹ/ | | | s || sʲ |
| | /j/ | | | ʂ |
| | | xʲ |
| | | x |
| | | h |
| | |- |
| | !<small>voiced</small> |
| | | v || vʲ |
| | | z || zʲ |
| | | ʐ |
| | | ɣʲ |
| | | ɣ |
| | | | | |
| | |- |
| | !rowspan=2| Approximant |
| | !<small>glottalized</small> |
| | | || |
| | | lˠʼ || lʲʼ |
| | | |
| | | jʼ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | !<small>plain</small> |
| | | || |
| | | lˠ || lʲ |
| | | |
| | | j |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ==Alternate PPfK==
| |
| <poem>
| |
| m n ŋ ŋʷ ɴ ɴʷ
| |
| m’ n’ ŋ’ ŋʷ’ ɴ’ ɴʷ’
| |
| p t ts tɬ k kʷ q qʷ ʔ
| |
| p’ t’ ts’ tɬ’ k’ kʷ’ q’ qʷ’
| |
| s ɬ x xʷ χ χʷ h
| |
| s’ ɬ’ x’ xʷ’ χ’ χʷ’
| |
| l r w j
| |
| l’ r’ w’ j’
| |
| a i u ə ā ī ū
| |
| </poem>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Yan tan tethara== | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" |
| *txīmo, sīmo, noxxū, xoxxū, tzouo, chauo, raxxū, uaya, paxxū, chaya?
| | ! style="width: 90px; "| |
| *txīmo, txixxū, noxxū, xoxxū, tzoxxū, chauo, raxxū, yaxxū, paxxū, chaya?
| | ! style="width: 90px; " |Front |
| ==Poshic== | | ! style="width: 90px; " |Central |
| *b d ʒ λ ǯ g (like Korean ㄱ)
| | ! style="width: 90px; " |Back |
| *p t c ƛ č k (like Korean ㅋ)
| | |- |
| *tt cc ƛƛ čč kk (like Korean ㄲ)
| | ! style="" |Close |
| *s ł š h
| | | i |
| *r w y
| | | |
| | | u |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | |
| | | ə |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Open |
| | | |
| | | a |
| | | |
| | |} |
| | |
| | ==Salish + Old Chinese== |
| | m n ŋ ŋʷ |
| | mʼ nʼ ŋʼ ŋʷʼ |
| | p t ts k kʷ q qʷ ʔ |
| | pʼ tʼ tsʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ |
| | b d dz g gʷ ɢ ɢʷ |
| | s r rʼ l lʼ (+ phar'd versions of each) |
| | a e i o u ə |
|
| |
|
| *i ue u
| | ==CW language sketch== |
| *e oe eo o
| | m n |
| *ae a
| | p t ts k q |
| | b d dz g |
| | s h ʀ |
| | w l r j |
|
| |
|
| ==Unknown Quame branch==
| | i u |
| Consonants:
| | e o |
| | æ a |
|
| |
|
| p t ts tɬ tʃ k q ʔ | | ==Some auxlang?== |
| | ===Consonants=== |
| | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;" |
| | |+ '''Consonants''' |
| | ! colspan="2" | |
| | ! |Labial |
| | ! |Coronal |
| | ! |Palatal |
| | ! |Velar |
| | ! |Glottal |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal |
| | | '''m''' /m/ |
| | | '''n''' /n/ |
| | | |
| | | '''ŋ''' /ŋ/ |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! rowspan="2" |Plosive |
| | ! |<small>unaspirated</small> |
| | | '''b''' /p/ |
| | | '''d''' /t/ |
| | | '''j''' /tɕ/ |
| | | '''g''' /k/ |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! |<small>aspirated</small> |
| | | '''p''' /pʰ/ |
| | | '''t''' /tʰ/ |
| | | '''ch''' /tɕʰ/ |
| | | '''k''' /kʰ/ |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative |
| | | '''f''' /f/ |
| | | '''s''' /s/ |
| | | '''sh''' /ɕ/ |
| | | '''kh''' /x/ |
| | | '''h''' /h/ |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" |Approximant |
| | | '''w''' /w~v/ |
| | | '''l''' /l/; '''r''' /r/ |
| | | '''y''' /j/ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |- |
| | ! colspan="2" |Trill |
| | | |
| | | '''r''' /r/ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |} |
|
| |
|
| b~v d~ð dz~z dʒ~ʒ g~ɣ
| | ===Vowels=== |
|
| |
|
| f s ɬ ʃ h
| | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" |
| | |+ '''Vowels''' |
| | |- |
| | ! style="width: 60px; "| |
| | ! style="width: 60px; " |Front |
| | ! style="width: 60px; " |Central |
| | ! style="width: 60px; " |Back |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Close |
| | | '''i''' /i/ |
| | | |
| | | '''u''' /u/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Mid |
| | | '''e''' /e/ |
| | | '''ə''' /ø~ə~ɤ/ |
| | | '''o''' /o/ |
| | |- |
| | ! style="" |Open |
| | | |
| | | '''a''' /a/ |
| | | |
| | |} |
|
| |
|
| m n w l r j
| | Diphthongs: '''ai ao''' /ai au/ |
|
| |
|
| *kʷēma > teyma
| | ===Phonotactics=== |
| *tiłōr > šiłoyr
| | Consonant clusters are disallowed, except medial geminates and -NC- sequences. Only /p t k m n ŋ/ can come in word-final position. |
| *nazgē > nadzgey > nagdzey
| |
| *λaup'ē > džaupey
| |
| *caliłē > tšaliłey
| |
| *stāma > šayma
| |
| *rōdē > roydey
| |
| *lozedē > lozedey
| |
| *pʼazgʷē > padzgey > pagdzey
| |
| *qʼeyōr > ʔeyoyr > yoyr
| |
|
| |
|
| ==A Damin== | | ==Σȣομʚ== |
| *Nasals: ɱ n̼ ɳ ɲ
| |
| *Plosives: d̼ ʈ c'
| |
| *Affricates: tθ ʡħ
| |
| *Fricatives: ð̼ θ̱ ç
| |
| *Clicks: ʞ
| |
| *Liquids: ʙ ʟ ʢ
| |
| *vowels: y ɤ æ
| |
|
| |
|
| ==CW Minlang #1==
| | Καʚκκʚ ʚⱶμʚσετ συντυϝητ ϝαπαʚνα ια τασαϝερταʚσʚνα αρϝολτααν ια οʚκεȣκσʚλτααν. Ⱶεʚλλε ον αννεττȣ ιηρκʚ ια οματȣντο, ια ⱶεʚδην ον τοʚμʚτταϝα τοʚσʚααν κοⱶτααν ϝελιευδεν ⱶεγγεσση. |
| /t k n a i ə/
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Tuna Sandwich== | | ==Qe!== |
| Vowels are doubled for length.
| | Jāheqozron vemālaerus qe doñanqerosy. |
| *₳ = /a/
| |
| *฿ = /b/
| |
| *₫ = /ð/
| |
| *₯ = /ɮ/
| |
| *€ = /i/
| |
| *¢ = /k/
| |
| *¢¢ = /ts/
| |
| *₡ = /kʷ/
| |
| *₲ = /qʷ/
| |
| *₣ = /w/
| |
| *₰ = /f/
| |
| *₴ = /ʔ/
| |
| *Ħ = /h/
| |
| *₭ = /x/
| |
| *£ = /l/
| |
| *₤ = /ɬ/
| |
| *ℳ = /m/
| |
| *₦ = /n/
| |
| *¤ = /ə/
| |
| *₱ = /p/
| |
| *₧ = /r/
| |
| *$ = /s/
| |
| *₪ = /ʃ/
| |
| *৳ = /tʃ/
| |
| *₮ = /tɬ/
| |
| *₩ = /u/
| |
| *X̱ = /χ/
| |
| *¥ = /j/
| |
| *zł = /zʷ/
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Coffeebrew== | | ==Pristac Guanorliviroc== |
| ha-: declarative
| |
|
| |
|
| ze-: interrogative
| | <poem> |
| | Leißelbeiger Glündesschnock, |
| | bhfaoigh na dhruisce leis an ngloc, |
| | с куздом твачу зблодащок, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
|
| |
|
| she-, le-, be-, mi-, ...
| | Tyűlöszöbbes hávaltok, |
| | ṇentronné veux mains du roque, |
| | geuteureun madeul ryeonmok, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
|
| |
|
| lakov: person
| | Iūcullātur plexē hoc, |
| | Takzitxerri ezbantzok, |
| | Ηζειν ευθρασιν στουροκ, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
|
| |
|
| iktzaf: language
| | Nguyết sảnh xưa nỡn hầng màu trọc, |
| | Cuālliquimeh huixōtloc, |
| | tʰˁawk pgəts məlˁaj n̊əŋs qʷʰˁraʔ tkʰˁens nˁrok, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
|
| |
|
| mutza: be
| | Raamaanujanniaviusuq- |
| | qanngutsijałłaumiartuq, |
| | Post hoc ergo propter hoc, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
|
| |
|
| me-dosh: sea
| | Zíj phlàa vîek rang dèt Bangkok, |
| | Satthayaarongsamphonnok, |
| | Pikna la-magtef litzmok, |
| | pristac guanorliviroc! |
| | </poem> |
|
| |
|
| shakfa - go
| | ==Finno-Arabic== |
| | /t tˁ k q ʔ f s sˁ x χ h m n l r w j a aa ə əə i ii u uu ai au əi əu ia ua iə uə/ |
|
| |
|
| daldelet - bird
| | ==Irish with pharyngealized consonants== |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| Haimuktzatzaf: I am a language.
| | /a/: a ea ae eae |
| | /e/: oeu eu oe e |
| | /i/: ai ia aia i |
| | /o/: o uo uea ue |
| | /u/: aua ua au u |
|
| |
|
| Haimuktzatzafiya: I am not a language.
| | ==Uncanny valley Korean== |
| | Consonants: /m n ŋ bʰ dʰ dzʰ gʰ p t ts k f s fʰ sʰ h w j r ʔ/ |
|
| |
|
| Halamukotzav: I am a person.
| | Postvocalic /ʔ/ may be realized as creaky voice. |
|
| |
|
| ha-147258693: 123 456's 789
| | Vowels: /i ɨ u e ə o ɛ ɔ æ a/ |
|
| |
|
| Halakodalkofadeltov: The man likes the bird
| | ==Proto-Eomujic== |
| | *ä, a, e, o |
| | *eu, i <- syllabic resonants |
|
| |
|
| ze-124375869: does 123 456 789?
| | *p t k p’ t’ k’ b d g |
| | *s z ts ts’ ʂ ʐ ʈʂ ʈʂ’ |
| | *m n ŋ r l ʀ w j h |
| | ==Gleb phonologies== |
| | ===SEA-esque=== |
| | m̥ m n̻̥ n̻ ɲ̥ ɲ |
| | mb mɓ̰ nd̻ nɗ̰̻ nɗ̱̰ nd͡ʒ |
| | pʰ p b ɓ̰ tʰ̻ t̻ d̻ ɗ̰̻ t͡s̻ ɗ̱̰ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ kʰ k |
| | ɸ β s̻ z̻ ʃ ʒ x h |
| | l̻ j w |
|
| |
|
| ==Ricelandic== | | i iː ɨ ɨː u uː |
| | e eː ɘ ɘː o oː |
| | ɛ ɛː ɜ ɜː ɔ ɔː |
| | a aː |
| | ===Indic-esque=== |
| | m̥ m n̥ n ɳ̥ ɳ ɲ̥ ɲ |
| | pʰ p b tʰ t d ʈʰ ʈ ɖ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ kʰ k g ʔ |
| | f v s z ʂ ʐ ʃ ʒ x ɣ h |
| | r ɽ j |
| | i u |
| | ɪ ʊ |
| | ɑ |
|
| |
|
| ==Quame substrate==
| |
| <poem>
| |
| p pʰ b t tʰ d ts tsʰ dz k kʰ g q qʰ ɢ
| |
| f v s z h m n ŋ l ɬ r w y ʟ ʟ̥
| |
| a ā e ē i ī o ō u ū
| |
|
| |
|
| rū = 1
| | (C1)V(C2) |
| loze = 2
| |
| dō = 3
| |
| mara = 4
| |
| bila = 5
| |
| dendza = 6
| |
| rūd = 7
| |
| lozed = 8
| |
| pazwa = 9
| |
| waru = 10
| |
| </poem>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Blablabla==
| | C1: a consonant |
| Brüschlingssträpfchenentzürmungsdreicherwildeleischenerbröpflichkeitsspülzergebraußerspeichelsmäudsgrefferklittenwertsbrimmendlicherungsschnäfternascherndräckelbassungsbärzenherdlichengerützelbeunungströtterbeteibertenspründerschlettengeschärtungsentdraufengeschiemlichkeitsneftertreuenhauscheraufstrüpfenanwadlungsstaufengrammlermeitscherluchseneinstrupfungsgeweidsschmesserdornenbekeifersträmpferentblüstungsgefrützerhaumenrießenschweiherbockerschaftsbedeuferungsbezandlungsgestürdenscheuchterdachsergeisterzerbrüttungsfrätterschoffergriedenteckenschwindsgemerzenheitsbrauftenscharnesspeizendentkremmensielesstrüstergezwohrenenvergräuferspeilenhuftschuckerverwaftungsschmagenentdränzerwinkenmeundenbielerglüftenverzäumlichkeitspfarnengortenspahlenentschrangenkrindenschufendriechengreierschnockenwiegerwungenschieberdähmenstuchtgejästnisgräbenspunkereienschneiligungsspürzenknafterschaumenbrußenbedreuernisjackerkeldungsheidenschmüsselnzudrenkenrumpferleigungsbehedigungsschweiterwackengesteckerbeizerwendungsfrüchlingszweibenseiderschangenhubergeidengemermlichkeitsgelechterschlammengogengettenberzlerfiegenlundenbädelnspanderquändelerbeichenstahrgebütenhenerbluhnenentzängerbreumenbefärzigergampfendreigenschaftszerbrenklungsgebrohungsschmindlergaftengaufsgekemmtenbräuzchenzerkreinerndenschleitenhaufsdröffernzerschwällenzwünderdreisungsenttrebenpflingergreuferschmaunenverrümmerkreibenquängerheitsschmatterverzwenkerungsflebereibenguftenjangereideldreibengangenbleizerbehürberschierdequammerhüngenbrössenbekleiterzwandengemiegerzeistigungsbegählnisberachtungsschwadenkrütteranklaumenschweicherleinerbröhnungsneidelnkufenschrankenziederdrabenschöhlerbruhnspeutscherentgäumungsvergürblichungsverweidnisglündergehuhmendreucherbeibengreusteszwerterschründereienbücklingserstorchenspienerhetschergohrenausschweislichkeitenlemdengetranderschrifferbeschlecherlingswingerkrantengedärzerzärncheneinfleuderhackerstälzenbriednisseigerungsverdraußerräuchselstommerfrätzelschlünterstürglingszwätcheneinblittenspüßenentdried
| |
| <poem>
| |
| Die Breige hüben friene Grauscher,
| |
| in siefe ausgepferzte dauscher;
| |
| Säder brinnt zer einem Wist,
| |
| Fagel hirzen leine drisst.
| |
| Beđehn' die dir in Ŧimst entfeißet,
| |
| gim itzo Feuche haben,
| |
| und Meden brassen was mich sŧeißet,
| |
| Đechse vorzuschraben.
| |
| Wenngleich das Werg in Krafe seucht,
| |
| mieŧ' ich wie Sprame gürfen;
| |
| Denn mich bekriest die weistlich' Dreucht,
| |
| die mich in Reune stürfen.
| |
| Mein Günden heigt im färz'gen Harbe;
| |
| was mich zur gracken Fasen funget.
| |
| Feisen Ŧickmasionen ŧarbe,
| |
| neifen sie herch hinbrunget.
| |
|
| |
|
| Was Zühlen erkeifet, bacht heinaden Gand;
| | V: a vowel |
| Mein' Kründ'rung erbrauget und diro getrannt.
| |
| Die Juchtlingen pfriechender Häumchen zu henken,
| |
| Verschwilligereien, die itzund uns brenken.
| |
| Wir reftmunschig braußen,
| |
| mit zärbenden Faußen,
| |
| Ermeie uns, wenn unser' Berze dir schmannt!
| |
| </poem>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Future Korean==
| | C2: a non-palatal consonant other than a postalveolar consonant or one of /d g z ɣ/; i.e. one of /m̥ m n̥ n pʰ p b tʰ t kʰ k ʔ f v s x h r/ |
| Should be Irishy
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Themsarian/de== | | ===Pseudo-Polynesian=== |
| :''Der korrekte Titel dieses Artikels lautet "Themsarisch".''
| |
|
| |
|
| Die '''themsarische Sprache''', auch bezeichnet als '''Edles Themsarisch''', ist eine alte talsmische Sprache, die im Andaegṓr-Imperium gebräuchlich war.
| | m n̻ p b t̻ d̻ k g l̻ j w i u ɪ ʊ e o ɛ ɔ a |
|
| |
|
| ==Netagin/de==<!--
| | (C)V |
| Die '''Netagin'''-Sprache (Netagin: ''brítz nˀAthághín'' 'Sprechen in unserer Welse') ist eine Sprache, welche sowohl Wurzelkonsonanten als auch Anlautmutationen verwendet. (vgl. Hebräisch.)-->
| |
|
| |
|
| ==PIE in Hebrew==
| | C: a consonant |
| This Hebrew abjadic script is based on the glottalic theory: "voiced" stops are written as Hebrew emphatic consonants, and "breathy voiced" stops are written as voiced stops. Also note that the "palatal" series of stops is transcribed with the Hebrew affricate series (thus showing a coincidental Satem bias).
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
| | V: a vowel |
| !colspan="8"|'''Consonants'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | [[labial consonant|Labial]]
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | [[coronal consonant|Coronal]]
| |
| ! colspan=3| [[dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
| |
| ! rowspan="2" | [[Laryngeal theory|Laryngeal]]
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>palatal</small>
| |
| ! <small>plain</small>
| |
| ! <small>labial</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| |
| | {{heb|מ}} *{{PIE|m}}
| |
| | {{heb|נ}} *{{PIE|n}}
| |
| | || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=3| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
| |
| ! <small>voiceless</small>
| |
| | {{heb|פ}} *{{PIE|p}}
| |
| | {{heb|ת}} *{{PIE|t}}
| |
| | {{heb|ס}} *{{PIE|ḱ}}
| |
| | {{heb|כ}} *{{PIE|k}}
| |
| | {{heb|כ׳}} *{{PIE|kʷ}}
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>voiced/ejective?</small>
| |
| | ({{heb|פ׳}} *{{PIE|b}})
| |
| | {{heb|ט}} *{{PIE|d}}
| |
| | {{heb|צ}} *{{PIE|ǵ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ק}} *{{PIE|g}}
| |
| | {{heb|ק׳}} *{{PIE|gʷ}}
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>(breathy) voiced</small>
| |
| | {{heb|ב}} *{{PIE|bʰ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ד}} *{{PIE|dʰ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ז}} *{{PIE|ǵʰ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ג}} *{{PIE|gʰ}}
| |
| | {{heb|ג׳}} *{{PIE|gʷʰ}}
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| |
| |
| |
| | {{heb|ש}} *{{PIE|s}}
| |
| | || ||
| |
| | {{heb|א}} *Ø<BR/>{{heb|ה}} *{{PIE|h₁}}<BR/>{{heb|ע}} *{{PIE|h₂}}<BR/>{{heb|ע׳}} *{{PIE|h₃}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | [[liquid consonant|Liquid]]
| |
| |
| |
| | {{heb|ר}} *{{PIE|r}}<BR/>{{heb|ל}} *{{PIE|l}}
| |
| | || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | [[Semivowel]]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | {{heb|י}} *{{PIE|y}}
| |
| |
| |
| | {{heb|ו}} *{{PIE|w}}
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | Gleb seed 1516956979 |
|
| |
|
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width:250px; text-align: center;"
| | ===Liquidless pseudo-French=== |
| |-
| | m n̻ ṉ p b t̻ d̻ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ k g f v s̻ z̻ ʃ ʒ h w i y u ɛ ɛ̃ œ œ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ a ã |
| !colspan="2"|Ablaut grades
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{heb|אֶ}} *{{PIE|e}}||{{heb|אָ}} *{{PIE|o}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |{{heb|אֵ}} *{{PIE|ē}}||{{heb|אֹ}} *{{PIE|ō}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |colspan="2"|{{heb|אְ}} *Ø
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Schleicher's fable===
| | (C1)V(C2) |
| <p align=center>{{heb|<big>עָ֫וְיְש הֶ֫סְוׂשךֶ׳</big>}}</p>
| |
|
| |
|
| <p align=center><big>h<sub>2</sub>ówis h<sub>1</sub>ék’wōsk<sup>w</sup>e</big></p>
| | C1: a consonant |
|
| |
|
| <p align=center>{{heb|עָ֫וְיְש, יֶ֫שְמְין עְוְלְעְנֶ֫ע נֶאֶ֫הֶשְת, טֶטָרְסֶ הֶ֫סְוָנְש, תָ֫ם, וָ֫זָם קֶ֫׳רְעְוְם וֶ֫זָנְתְם, תָ֫ם, בָ֫רָם מֶ֫צָעְם, תָ֫ם, דְזֶ֫מָנְם עָאְסְ֫ו בֶ֫רָנְתְם. עָ֫וְיְש הֶ֫סְוָבָש אֶוֶוְכֶ׳(ת): סֵרְט עְגְנְוְתָי מָי וְיְטְנְתֶ֫י דְזְמָ֫נְם הֶ֫סְוָנְש עֶ֫זצָנְתְם. הֶ֫סְוׂש הֶוֶוְך׳: סְלְוְדְי, עָוְי! סֵרְט עְגְנְוְתָי וְיְטְנְתְבָ֫ש: דְזֶ֫מֹ(ן), פָ֫תְיְס, עְוְלְנֶ֫עְם עָ֫וְיָם כְ׳נֶוְתְי שֶ֫בָי גִ֫׳רְמָם וֶ֫שְתְרָם; עֶ֫וְיְבָשךֶ׳ וְלְעְנֶ֫ע נֶ֫הֶסְתְי. תָ֫ט סֶסְלְוְוׂ֫ש עָ֫וְיְש עֶ֫צְרָם אֶבְוְקֶ(ת).}}</p>
| | V: a vowel |
|
| |
|
| <p align=center>h<sub>2</sub>ówis, (H)jésmin h<sub>2</sub>wlh<sub>2</sub>néh<sub>2</sub> ne éh<sub>1</sub>est, dedork’e (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wons, tóm, wóg’<sup>h</sup>om g<sup>w</sup>érh<sub>2</sub>um wég’<sup>h</sup>ontm, tóm, b<sup>h</sup>órom még’oh<sub>2</sub>m, tóm, d<sup>h</sup>g’<sup>h</sup>émonm h<sub>2</sub>oHk’ú b<sup>h</sup>érontm. h<sub>2</sub>ówis (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wob<sup>h</sup>os ewewk<sup>w</sup>e(t): k’ḗrd h<sub>2</sub>g<sup>h</sup>nutoj moj widntéj d<sup>h</sup>g’<sup>h</sup>mónm (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wons h<sub>2</sub>ég’ontm. (h<sub>1</sub>)ék’wōs ewewk<sup>w</sup>: k’lud<sup>h</sup>í, h<sub>2</sub>ówi! k’ḗrd h<sub>2</sub>g<sup>h</sup>nutoj widntb<sup>h</sup>ós: d<sup>h</sup>g’<sup>h</sup>émō(n), pótis, h<sub>2</sub>wlnéh<sub>2</sub>m h<sub>2</sub>ówjom k<sup>w</sup>newti séb<sup>h</sup>oj g<sup>wh</sup>érmom wéstrom; h<sub>2</sub>éwib<sup>h</sup>osk<sup>w</sup>e h<sub>2</sub>wlh<sub>2</sub>néh<sub>2</sub> né h<sub>1</sub>esti. Tód k’ek’luwṓs h<sub>2</sub>ówis h<sub>2</sub>ég’rom eb<sup>h</sup>uge(t).</p>
| | C2: a consonant |
|
| |
|
| ==Semitic notes==
| | Gleb seed 1601724777 |
|
| |
|
| u/i merge: Ge'ez; a/i merge: (kinda) Hebrew; a/u merge: (kinda) Socovíc as of 3/16/2015
| | ===A nice one=== |
|
| |
|
| ==North Semlang 2nd try==
| | m n̻ nʲ̻ tʰ̻ t̻ kʰ k kʷ f s̻ l̻ i iː u uː ɛ ɛː ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː ɔ ɔː ɔ̃ ɔ̃ː a aː ã ãː |
| *still want conditional a/u merger and nasal Vs
| |
| *i-umlaut
| |
| **a, u > ø / _Ci
| |
| **ā > é / _Ci
| |
| **u > ø / _Ci
| |
| **ū > ý / _Ci
| |
| **aw > ǿ / _Ci
| |
| **ay > í / _Ci
| |
| *need to start from triptotic declension here:
| |
|
| |
|
| ===PNSem===
| | (C1)V(C2) |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative
| |
| | ''yawmu'' || ''yawmā(mi)'' || ''yawmū(ma)''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Accusative
| |
| | ''yawma'' || ''yawmay(mi)'' || ''yawmī(ma)''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''yawmi'' || ''yawmay(mi)'' || ''yawmī(ma)''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Early===
| | C1: a consonant |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Nominative
| |
| | ''jóm'' || ''jómá(mi)'' || ''jómú(m)''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Accusative
| |
| | ''jóm''~''jómi'' || ''jómé(mi)'' || ''jómí(m)''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Genitive
| |
| | ''jómi'' || ''jómé(mi)'' || ''jómí(m)''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Judeo-Indo-Aryan==
| | V: a vowel |
| A modern Indo-Aryan language spoken by Jews in India.
| |
|
| |
|
| *Use Babylonian Hebrew, not Tiberian Hebrew
| | C2: a consonant other than /nʲ̻/ |
| *Differs more from Hindustani than Yiddish does from German
| |
| *Lot of additional palatalization
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Atzòpic==
| | Gleb seed 1364524938 |
| {{Infobox language
| |
| |image =
| |
| |imagesize =
| |
| |name = Atzòpic
| |
| |nativename = hìzbut atzòpį
| |
| |pronunciation= [atsəˈpĩ]
| |
| |region =
| |
| |extinct =
| |
| |fam1=Zachydic
| |
| |fam2=Raxo-Talsmic
| |
| |fam3=Ractamic
| |
| |familycolor=zachydic
| |
| |ancestor=Old Atzòpic
| |
| |script= Raxic script
| |
| |iso3=
| |
| |notice=IPA
| |
| }}
| |
|
| |
|
| ''Neguąsitł Linguifeczix, acthìzbutètł dǫsix uicìx!''
| | ===vaguely Clofab=== |
| | consonants: |
|
| |
|
| Motivated by Raxic C[+ejective]V > Atzòpic C[-ejective]V[+creaky] - Hence the ejectives disappear.
| | m n mb nd ndz ŋg p b t d ts dz k g mv nz f v s z h r w |
|
| |
|
| /ks/ > /xs/ > /ʃ/
| | vowels: |
|
| |
|
| Seven cases:
| | a e i o u |
|
| |
|
| *nominative -Ø
| | syllable structure: (C)V |
| *accusative ''-z''
| |
| *genitive ''-c'' (animate sg.?)/''-z'' (inanimate sg.?)/''-u'' (animate pl.?)
| |
| *dative ''-tł''
| |
| *locative-comitative ''-x''
| |
| *ablative ''-ː~'' (nasalized vowel)
| |
| *instrumental ''-ːl''
| |
|
| |
|
| Vowels change according to historical stress positions as well as historical ejective consonants. The Ractamic stress/vowel system start out similarly to Latin, but develop in very different directions.
| | Gleb seed 1390372573 |
|
| |
|
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
| | ===Liquidless phonology=== |
| ! colspan="10" | Consonants
| | m̥ m n̥ n ŋ̥ ŋ mpʰ mb ntʰ nd ŋkʰ pʰ p b tʰ t d kʰ k ʔ f s x |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 136px; "|
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Labial
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 136px; " |Coronal
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 136px; " |Velar
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="width:68px;" |<small>central</small>
| |
| ! style="width:68px;" |<small>lateral</small>
| |
| ! style="width:68px;" |<small>plain</small>
| |
| ! style="width:68px;" |<small>labialized</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| |
| | '''m''' /m/
| |
| | '''n''' /n/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | <span style="color:gray;">[ŋ]</span>
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Plosive
| |
| ! |<small>tenuis</small>
| |
| | '''p''' /p/
| |
| | '''t''' /t/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''c''' /k/
| |
| | '''qu''' /kʷ/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''h''' /ʔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
| |
| | '''b''' /pʰ/
| |
| | '''d''' /tʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''g''' /kʰ/
| |
| | '''gu''' /kʷʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| |
| | '''f''' /f/
| |
| | '''z''' /s~z/
| |
| | '''ł''' /ɬ/
| |
| | '''x''' /ʃ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |<span style="color:gray;">[ʰ~ɦ]</span>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Affricate
| |
| ! |<small>tenuis</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''tz''' /ts/
| |
| | '''tł''' /tɬ/
| |
| | '''tx''' /tʃ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
| |
| |
| |
| | '''dz''' /tsʰ/
| |
| | '''dł''' /tɬʰ/
| |
| | '''dx''' /tʃʰ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Approximant
| |
| |
| |
| | '''s''' /ɹ/
| |
| | '''l''' /l/
| |
| | '''y''' /j/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''u''' /w/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="" |Trill
| |
| |
| |
| | '''r''' /r/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Music theory terminology==
| | a e ɛ i o ɔ u |
| *blackwood[10] major: ''rāmáth'' 'diurnal'
| |
| *blackwood[10] minor: ''mináth'' 'nocturnal'
| |
| *the different ways of subtly tuning/i.e. well-temperaments are called 'seasons' (that lengthen or shorten the day and night).
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Diachronics lab==
| | (C)V(N) |
| Pluractionality ≈ antipassive
| |
|
| |
|
| we exc/inc > we formal/intimate
| | C: a consonant |
|
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| Demonstrative/definite affix > construct state: PL-clam-those [of the] man > PL-clam-CONST man
| | V: a vowel |
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| Classifiers are in construct state
| | N: a nasal; i.e. one of /m̥ m n̥ n ŋ̥ ŋ/ |
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| this CL NOUN > the.GENDER NOUN
| | Gleb seed 1408165181 |
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| apposition NOUN-1SG NOUN > CL-1SG NOUN > of_i-1SG NOUN_i
| | ==A Damin== |
| | *Nasals: ɱ n̼ ɳ ɲ |
| | *Plosives: d̼ ʈ c' |
| | *Affricates: tθ ʡħ |
| | *Fricatives: ð̼ θ̱ ç |
| | *Clicks: ʞ |
| | *Liquids: ʙ ʟ ʢ |
| | *vowels: y ɤ æ |
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| PREP-3SG NOUN > CASE.SG-NOUN
| | ==from An Bhlaoighne== |
| | <poem> |
| | big: go qhéith |
| | small: go mionn (from Latin "minimus") |
| | long: go mheal |
| | short: go laomh |
| | wide: go raoi |
| | narrow: go cuachar |
| | thick: go scúil |
| | thin: go h-ádh |
| | woman: an fháixe, na bhfáixe |
| | man: an beathra, na mbeathra |
| | child: an stíotha, na stíotha |
| | mother: an feadhan-fháixe? |
| | father: an feadhan-beathra? |
| | na bhfeadhan-fháixe, na bhfeadhan-beathra |
| | wife: an sleith-fháixe |
| | husband: an sleith-beathra |
| | na dhsleith-fháixe, na dhsleith-beathra |
| | fish: an déimhe, na dhéimhe |
| | bird: an chuar, na cuar |
| | (all these are from the bhadhagha gib) |
| | dog: an lior, na lior |
| | louse: an h-úmha, na n-úmha |
| | snake: an bhfaost, na faost |
| | worm: an ghean, na ngean |
| | tree: an daodha, na dhaodha |
| | forest: an ríne, na ríne |
| | stick: an cuath, na chuath |
| | fruit: an thamha, na dtamha |
| | seed: an páile, na páile |
| | leaf: an fhuix, na bhfuix |
| | root: an dhóife, na dhóife |
| | bark: an cior, na cior |
| | flower: an qeógh, na qheógh |
| | grass: an rúiche, na rúiche |
| | rope: an mbuad, na bhuad |
| | skin: an geabh, na gheabh |
| | meat: an ceith, na gceith |
| | blood: an dhséabha, na dhséabha |
| | bone: an reist, na reist |
| | fat: an xuile, na xuile |
| | egg: an qé, na qhé *hmoob intensifies* |
| | horn: an n-aire, na h-aire |
| | tail: an h-aoi, na h-aoi |
| | feather: an gcoít, na choít |
| | hair: an núcha, na núcha |
| | head: an snith, na snith |
| | ear: an dtiocha, na tiocha |
| | eye: an fheirn, na bhfeirn |
| | nose: an gaoine, na ngaoine |
| | mouth: an cnuile, na chnuile |
| | tooth: an iacha, na h-iacha |
| | tongue: an bhlaoighne? 😀 |
| | fingernail: an sciofhth, na sciofhth |
| | foot: an reithe, na reithe |
| | leg: an ndeocha reith, na dheocha reith |
| | knee: an xionn reith, na dhxionn reith |
| | hand: flúin |
| | an bhflúin, na fhlúin |
| | arm: an ndeocha bhflúin, na dheocha bhflúin |
| | elbow: an xionn bhflúin, na dhxionn bhflúin |
| | wing: an ceamh, na gceamh |
| | belly: an táile, na tháile |
| | guts: an nquinneach, na quinneach |
| | neck: an xaoiphe, na xaoiphe |
| | back: an mbíolbh, na bíolbh |
| | breast: an dhsracht, na sracht |
| | heart: an luisc, na luisc |
| | liver: an steóisc, na dhsteóisc |
| | go neábha 'to drink' |
| | go séic 'to eat' |
| | go xumhadh 'to bite' |
| | go scéimh 'to suck' |
| | go fiara 'to spit, to eject' |
| | go fiara an néitheasach 'to vomit' |
| | go fíoxa 'to blow' |
| | go stúimhe 'to breathe' |
| | go sraoth 'to laugh' |
| | go bhfeirthe 'to see' |
| | go dtiodh 'to hear' |
| | go xeólaigh 'to know' |
| | go bhrainne 'to think' |
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| CONJ VERB NOUN > PREP NOUN
| | to smell: go mbuir |
| | fear: an xaoithe, na dhxaoithe |
| | to sleep: go h-uaileas |
| | to live: go chaith |
| | </poem> |
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| evidential-marking "because" or "therefore", as opposed to the protasis verb
| | dance: from An Bhlaoighne "dannsa" (to move to a beat), from "dann" (beat; imitative of a drum) + -tha/-the verbalizer (-nnth- becomes -nns-) |
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| feminine > abstract > honorific
| | ==Long German gibby word== |
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