49,058
edits
Wascotl: Difference between revisions
no edit summary
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| (20 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
| familycolor = wasc | | familycolor = wasc | ||
| ancestor = one of Pollasena's primary language families | | ancestor = one of Pollasena's primary language families | ||
|era = -4000 to -2400 MT | |||
}} | }} | ||
| Line 15: | Line 16: | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Wascotl phonology is most often reconstructed as follows. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Consonants | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] !! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]] !! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[w:Labialization|Labialized velar]] !! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | |||
| *m || *n || colspan="2" | || (*n) | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] | |||
| *p || *t || colspan="2" | || *k || *qu || *' | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | |||
| || *c || *tl | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]] | |||
| *f || *s || *ł || *sc || colspan="2" | || *h | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | |||
| || *r || *l || *j || || *w | |||
|} | |||
*The realization of *n likely depended on following consonants, varying between [ŋ] before (labio)velar and glottal consonants and [n] before other consonants, and was possibly in free variation before vowels. | |||
*Based on allophones of *n and *e, in early Wascotl *' *h may have been uvular. | |||
**[ç] was likely an allophone of *h before *i. | |||
*Whether the consonants listed here as approximants (other than *r which was most likely a trill) were true approximants or voiced fricatives is uncertain. | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Vowels | |||
|- | |||
! !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Close vowel|High]] | |||
| *i || *ī || *į || | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | |||
| *e || *ē || *ę || *o || *ō | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Open vowel|Low]] | |||
| colspan="3"| || *a || *ā | |||
|} | |||
*Length was most likely the distinction between *i and *ī etc., but phonation has also been proposed. | |||
*[ɤ ɤː] were likely allophones of *e *ē after (labio)velar and glottal consonants. | |||
*The realization of *a *ā is uncertain but most likely back [ɑ ɑː]. | |||
*A marginal vowel *u may also have occurred as an allophone of *w. | |||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
| Line 21: | Line 69: | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Wascotl is reconstructed as having (C)V(C) syllables; the lack of evidence for * | Wascotl is reconstructed as having (C)V(C) syllables; the lack of evidence for *S' clusters suggests that *' was disallowed after stop consonants. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Alignment=== | ===Alignment=== | ||
Wascotl morphosyntactic alignment is not reconstructable, but most descendants have nominative-accusative alignment. | Wascotl morphosyntactic alignment is not reconstructable, but most descendants have nominative-accusative alignment. | ||
===Suffix pairs=== | |||
Each speech-part suffix had full and reduced forms. Whether alternations in these pairs marked any grammatical difference in early Wascotl in unknown; later they had already lost any such distinction with each word in most pairs being semantically distinct, but some noun pairs suggest a diminutive-augmentative split. The reduction or retention in each pair may also have been the result of an earlier infix lost without trace in the later language. | |||
===Nouns and pronouns=== | ===Nouns and pronouns=== | ||
All nouns ended in a suffix marking one of five classes as follows. | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! {{gcl|D|divine}} !! {{gcl|O|organic}} !! {{gcl|H|human}} !! {{gcl|A|animate}} !! {{gcl|I|inanimate}} | |||
|- | |||
! Full | |||
| *-ekan || *-ila || *-que || *-otl || *-scati | |||
|- | |||
! Reduced | |||
| *-kan || *-la || *-e || *-tl || *-ati | |||
|} | |||
Plural nouns and pronouns were marked by final syllable reduplication. | |||
====Pronouns==== | ====Pronouns==== | ||
The following pronouns are reconstructed. | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! {{gcl|1}} !! {{gcl|2}} !! {{gcl|D|divine}} !! {{gcl|O|organic}} !! {{gcl|H|human}} !! {{gcl|A|animate}} !! {{gcl|I|inanimate}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|SG}} | |||
| *cek || *ques || *a'jō || *inał || *pas || *anki || *o | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
| *cek-cek || *ques-ques || *a'jō-jō || *inał-nał || *pas-pas || *anki-ki || *o-o | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
All verbs ended in a suffix ''*-i'' or ''*-si''. | |||
====Agreement==== | ====Agreement==== | ||
The following verb agreement prefixes are reconstructed. | The following verb agreement prefixes are reconstructed. These prefixes appear to be derived from earlier prefixed pronouns. | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|D|divine}} !! >{{gcl|O|organic}} !! >{{gcl|H|human}} !! >{{gcl|A|animate}} !! >{{gcl|I|inanimate}} | |||
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|D|divine}} !! >{{gcl|O|organic}} !! >{{gcl|H|human}} !! {{gcl|A|animate}} !! >{{gcl|I|inanimate}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|1}} | ! {{gcl|1}} | ||
| | | *∅- || *ceque- || *ceka'jō- || *cetnał- || *ceppa- || *canki- || *co- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|2}} | ! {{gcl|2}} | ||
| | | *quer- || *∅- || *quera'jō- || *querił- || *quepa- || *queran- || *quo- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|D|divine}} | ! {{gcl|D|divine}} | ||
| | | *a'jōcek- || *a'jōques- || *∅- || *a'jōwin- || *a'jōpa- || *a'jōwan- || *a'jōwo- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|O|organic}} | ! {{gcl|O|organic}} | ||
| | | *inac- || *inaque- || *inała'jō- || *∅- || *inapla- || *inałan- || *no- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|H|human}} | ! {{gcl|H|human}} | ||
| | | *parek- || *paque- || *pasa'jō- || *parin- || *∅- || *panki- || *po- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|A|animate}} | ! {{gcl|A|animate}} | ||
| | | *ancek- || *anque- || *anka'jō- || *ankin- || *ankipa- || *∅- || *o- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|I|inanimate}} | ! {{gcl|I|inanimate}} | ||
| | | *oce- || *oque- || *owa'jō- || *owinał- || *opa- || *owanki- || *∅- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Adjectives and adverbs=== | ===Adjectives and adverbs=== | ||
All adjectives ended in a suffix ''*-cosc'' or ''*-osc'' and agreed with their noun in class. Agreement prefixes are reconstructed as follows, likely derived the same way as the verbal agreement prefixes. | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! {{gcl|D|divine}} !! {{gcl|O|organic}} !! {{gcl|H|human}} !! {{gcl|A|animate}} !! {{gcl|I|inanimate}} | |||
|- | |||
| *a'jō- || *ina- || *pa- || *an- || *o- | |||
|} | |||
Whether adverbs were a category separate from adjectives and/or verbs is unknown. | |||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
| Line 71: | Line 152: | ||
===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
A negative particle or clitic ''*tlenō'' is reconstructed, but rules on its use are | A negative particle or clitic ''*tlenō'' is reconstructed, but rules on its use are unknown. | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
| Line 92: | Line 173: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Number marking on numerated nouns was likely optional. | Number marking on numerated nouns and pronouns was likely optional. | ||
===Reduplication=== | |||
Productive full reduplication may have occurred in Wascotl, but variation in the use of full reduplication in descendants make its function in Wascotl unreconstructable. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
| Line 99: | Line 183: | ||
===Noun and verb phrases=== | ===Noun and verb phrases=== | ||
Adjectives and numerals most likely preceded their noun, and possessors likely followed their noun, though this order may have been flexible. Where adverbs were placed relative to their head is unknown. | |||
==Resources== | ==Resources== | ||