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Wascotl: Difference between revisions
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| familycolor = wasc | | familycolor = wasc | ||
| ancestor = one of Pollasena's primary language families | | ancestor = one of Pollasena's primary language families | ||
|era = -4000 to -2400 MT | |||
}} | }} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Consonants | |||
|- | |||
! | ! | ||
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] !! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]] !! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[w:Labialization|Labialized velar]] !! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | ! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] !! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]] !! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[w:Labialization|Labialized velar]] !! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | ||
| Line 28: | Line 31: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | ! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | ||
| || *c || * | | || *c || *tl | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ||
| Line 34: | Line 37: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ||
| || *r || *l || *j || || *w | |||
| | |||
| || * | |||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 43: | Line 43: | ||
*Based on allophones of *n and *e, in early Wascotl *' *h may have been uvular. | *Based on allophones of *n and *e, in early Wascotl *' *h may have been uvular. | ||
**[ç] was likely an allophone of *h before *i. | **[ç] was likely an allophone of *h before *i. | ||
*Whether * | *Whether the consonants listed here as approximants (other than *r which was most likely a trill) were true approximants or voiced fricatives is uncertain. | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
| Line 57: | Line 57: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Open vowel|Low]] | ! [[w:Open vowel|Low]] | ||
| colspan="3"| *a || *ā | | colspan="3"| || *a || *ā | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 74: | Line 74: | ||
===Alignment=== | ===Alignment=== | ||
Wascotl morphosyntactic alignment is not reconstructable, but most descendants have nominative-accusative alignment. | Wascotl morphosyntactic alignment is not reconstructable, but most descendants have nominative-accusative alignment. | ||
===Suffix pairs=== | |||
Each speech-part suffix had full and reduced forms. Whether alternations in these pairs marked any grammatical difference in early Wascotl in unknown; later they had already lost any such distinction with each word in most pairs being semantically distinct, but some noun pairs suggest a diminutive-augmentative split. The reduction or retention in each pair may also have been the result of an earlier infix lost without trace in the later language. | |||
===Nouns and pronouns=== | ===Nouns and pronouns=== | ||
All nouns ended in a suffix marking one of five classes as follows. | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! {{gcl|D|divine}} !! {{gcl|O|organic}} !! {{gcl|H|human}} !! {{gcl|A|animate}} !! {{gcl|I|inanimate}} | |||
|- | |||
! Full | |||
| *-ekan || *-ila || *-que || *-otl || *-scati | |||
|- | |||
! Reduced | |||
| *-kan || *-la || *-e || *-tl || *-ati | |||
|} | |||
Plural nouns and pronouns were marked by final syllable reduplication. | |||
====Pronouns==== | ====Pronouns==== | ||
The following pronouns are reconstructed. | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! !! {{gcl|1}} !! {{gcl|2}} !! {{gcl|D|divine}} !! {{gcl|O|organic}} !! {{gcl|H|human}} !! {{gcl|A|animate}} !! {{gcl|I|inanimate}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|SG}} | |||
| *cek || *ques || *a'jō || *inał || *pas || *anki || *o | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
| *cek-cek || *ques-ques || *a'jō-jō || *inał-nał || *pas-pas || *anki-ki || *o-o | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
All verbs ended in a suffix ''*-i'' or ''*-si''. | |||
====Agreement==== | ====Agreement==== | ||
The following verb agreement prefixes are reconstructed. | The following verb agreement prefixes are reconstructed. These prefixes appear to be derived from earlier prefixed pronouns. | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|D|divine}} !! >{{gcl|O|organic}} !! >{{gcl|H|human}} !! >{{gcl|A|animate}} !! >{{gcl|I|inanimate}} | |||
! !! >{{gcl|1}} !! >{{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|D|divine}} !! >{{gcl|O|organic}} !! >{{gcl|H|human}} !! {{gcl|A|animate}} !! >{{gcl|I|inanimate}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|1}} | ! {{gcl|1}} | ||
| | | *∅- || *ceque- || *ceka'jō- || *cetnał- || *ceppa- || *canki- || *co- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|2}} | ! {{gcl|2}} | ||
| | | *quer- || *∅- || *quera'jō- || *querił- || *quepa- || *queran- || *quo- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|D|divine}} | ! {{gcl|D|divine}} | ||
| | | *a'jōcek- || *a'jōques- || *∅- || *a'jōwin- || *a'jōpa- || *a'jōwan- || *a'jōwo- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|O|organic}} | ! {{gcl|O|organic}} | ||
| | | *inac- || *inaque- || *inała'jō- || *∅- || *inapla- || *inałan- || *no- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|H|human}} | ! {{gcl|H|human}} | ||
| | | *parek- || *paque- || *pasa'jō- || *parin- || *∅- || *panki- || *po- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|A|animate}} | ! {{gcl|A|animate}} | ||
| | | *ancek- || *anque- || *anka'jō- || *ankin- || *ankipa- || *∅- || *o- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|I|inanimate}} | ! {{gcl|I|inanimate}} | ||
| | | *oce- || *oque- || *owa'jō- || *owinał- || *opa- || *owanki- || *∅- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Adjectives and adverbs=== | ===Adjectives and adverbs=== | ||
All adjectives ended in a suffix ''*-cosc'' or ''*-osc'' and agreed with their noun in class. Agreement prefixes are reconstructed as follows, likely derived the same way as the verbal agreement prefixes. | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! {{gcl|D|divine}} !! {{gcl|O|organic}} !! {{gcl|H|human}} !! {{gcl|A|animate}} !! {{gcl|I|inanimate}} | |||
|- | |||
| *a'jō- || *ina- || *pa- || *an- || *o- | |||
|} | |||
Whether adverbs were a category separate from adjectives and/or verbs is unknown. | |||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
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===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
A negative particle or clitic ''*tlenō'' is reconstructed, but rules on its use are | A negative particle or clitic ''*tlenō'' is reconstructed, but rules on its use are unknown. | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Number marking on numerated nouns was likely optional. | Number marking on numerated nouns and pronouns was likely optional. | ||
===Reduplication=== | |||
Productive full reduplication may have occurred in Wascotl, but variation in the use of full reduplication in descendants make its function in Wascotl unreconstructable. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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===Noun and verb phrases=== | ===Noun and verb phrases=== | ||
Adjectives and numerals most likely preceded their noun, and possessors likely followed their noun, though this order may have been flexible. Where adverbs were placed relative to their head is unknown. | |||
==Resources== | ==Resources== | ||