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| '''j z''' /j z/ are used in loanwords.
| | Palatals and aspirated stops are used in loanwords from Indic. |
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| ;Notes | | ;Notes |
| *The voiceless stops /p t̪ ʈ k q/ are normally aspirated as much as Japanese voiceless stops; however, they are unaspirated after fricatives. | | *The voiceless stops /p t̪ ʈ k q/ are unaspirated. |
| */n̪ t̪ d̪ l̪/ are dental; /s̪/ is dentalized alveolar (transcribed /n t d s l/ for sake of convenience). | | */n̪ t̪ d̪ l̪/ are dental; /s̪/ is dentalized alveolar (transcribed /n t d s l/ for sake of convenience). |
| *[ŋ] and [ɴ] are allophones of /n̪/ before velar and uvular consonants, respectively. | | *[ŋ] and [ɴ] are allophones of /n̪/ before velar and uvular consonants, respectively. |
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| In addition, ''s'' and ''ṟ'' are not allowed initially. | | In addition, ''s'' and ''ṟ'' are not allowed initially. |
| ====Sandhi==== | | ====Sandhi==== |
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| ==Orthography==
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| Roshterian natively uses the Talmic script.
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| ===Punctuation===
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| *| = period
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| *. = comma
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| *₂ = strong comma
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| *ᑉ = question mark
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| *ᖾ = exclamation point
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| *- = dash
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| *~ = ellipsis
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| *⸗ = semicolon
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| *ᕑ = colon
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| *⟨ ⟩ = parentheses
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| ===Numerals===
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| Roshterian uses a base-12 positional numeral system. The digits are as follows:
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| ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E
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| duodecimal point: :
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| 1728's separator: · (optional)
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| Examples:
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| 2017 = 1,201dd = ı·ʎɔı
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| π = 3.184809493b918...dd = ɺ:ıɴħ·ɴɔк·ħкɺ·кʋı·ɴ... or ɺ:ıɴħɴɔкħкɺкʋıɴ...
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| ==Sound changes==
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| The most significant change characterizing Roshterian is the coalescing and altering of consonant clusters, often creating retroflex consonants.
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| *kw, gw > p, b
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| *gl-, gr- > l, r
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| *{{recon|ā}} > ''ia'' ({{recon|nā}} > ''nia'' 'I'); {{recon|ō}} > ''ua''; {{recon|au}} > ''oo''; {{recon|ou}} > ''uu''; {{recon|ū}} > ''ii''
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| *{{recon|qʷ}} > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > ''x''; {{recon|ʁʷ}} > /ζ/ > ''ṟ''
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| **''ʁʷelinəs'' ("6 parts [of 12]") > ''ṟelin'' 'half'
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| **''gʷaθwā'' > ''bati'' 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. ''gaθvā'' 'throat (also language)'
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| *{{recon|sl-, sm-, sn-}} > ''ḻ-, f-, ṉ-''
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| *{{recon|sɸ-, sr-, sw-}} > ''x-, ṟ-, x-''
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| *{{recon|st, sk, skʷ, sq}} > ''ṯ-/sṯ, t-/st-, f, q-/xq''
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| **''stuφs'' 'fire' > ''ṯuu''
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| **''stas-'' > ''ṯetsil'' 'gathering' (~ Thn. ''Stasnyssōs'' > Tíogall ''Stánsa'', Clofabosin ''stannsin'' 'a holiday')
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| **''skəttai'' > ''tyyta'' 'body' ~ Thn. ''scattae''
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| **{{recon|bastom}} > ''bast'' 'king' ~ Thn. ''bastom'' 'head'
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| *{{recon|sb, sd, sg}} > ''ṟb, ṟḏ, ṟg''
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| **{{recon|nasg-}} > ''naṟg'' '3'
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| *{{recon|φn, tn, φl, tl/dl}} > /ːn, t-/ts, ːt, ʈ/ɖ/
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| **''θnāgin'' > ''tiagin'' 'I believe' ~ Thn. ''θnāginis''
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| **''oφlutsus'' > ''ootus'' 'wave'
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| *{{recon|kt, qt}} > /jt, ːʈ/
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| **{{recon|tektə}} > ''teit'' /teit/ 'child'
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| **{{recon|neqtə}} > ''neeṯ'' /neːʈ/ 'cloud'
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| *{{recon|ks, qs}} > /js, ːʂ/
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| *{{recon|kn, gn, kʷn, gʷn, qn, ql, qr}} > /jn, jn, m, m, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
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| **''sφugnus'' > ''xuun'' 'root' ~ Thn. ''sφugnus''
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| **''leqnos'' > ''leeṉ'' 'river' ~ Thn. ''leānos''?
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| **''qrīdis'' > ''ṟiid'' 'knife' ~ Thn. ''ȝrīdis'' 'edge'
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| *Word-initially, kn, gn, kʷn, gʷn > /kl, gl, pl, bl/
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| **''gʷnūnum'' > ''bliin'' 'wound, injury' ~ Thn. ''gnūnum'' 'scar', Tíogall ''gnúinte'' 'scar'
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| *{{recon|φj, tj, kj, qj}} > ''pt s s-/ts ḡ''
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| *{{recon|j-, s-}} > ''h-''
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| *{{recon|φ-}} > ''∅-''
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| *Initial short vowels drop
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| *{{recon|skj, stj}} > ''ṯ-/xṯ, s-/ːs''
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| *final short vowels lost; final ''-m, -r, -s, -t'' lost; final long vowels shorten (''ia, ua'' > ''i, u'')
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| *''i''-affection: The following changes affect V1 in sequences of the form V1 + consonant cluster + ultimate (*i/*ī/*j) unless the consonant cluster after V1 contains a retroflex consonant.
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| **''a'' > ''e''
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| **''e'' > ''i''
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| *Stress shifts to final
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| *Some combining forms and combined forms are altered due to the stress shift - conjunct forms for verbs arise when there is an antepenultimate syllable
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| *penultimate ''ia'' > ''i''
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| *remaining ''s-'' > ''t-''
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| ==Morphology== | | ==Morphology== |
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| :''In my opinion, they are mere children.'' | | :''In my opinion, they are mere children.'' |
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| :'''''Hyroṉḏuar, hywleituar?''''' | | :'''''Hyroṉḏuar, hyteituar?''''' |
| :hy-roṉḏ-uar, hy-bleit-uar | | :hy-roṉḏ-uar, hy-teit-uar |
| :Q-man-COP.2SG, Q-woman-COP.PRES.2SG | | :Q-man-COP.2SG, Q-child-COP.PRES.2SG |
| :''Are you a man or a woman?'' | | :''Are you a man or a boy?'' |
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| When the copula is added on nouns without an evidential, it emphasizes the noun or simply indicates the tense of an action (either past or non-past). | | When the copula is added on nouns without an evidential, it emphasizes the noun or simply indicates the tense of an action (either past or non-past). |