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Roshterian: Difference between revisions
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:[[Roshterian/Swadesh list]] | :[[Roshterian/Swadesh list]] | ||
:[[Roshterian/Lexicon]] | :[[Roshterian/Lexicon]] | ||
:[[Roshterian/ | :[[Roshterian/Giatiroxṯer|Funcumi di giatiroxṯer (This page in Roshterian)]] | ||
'''Roshterian''' (from rāSTra) is an Indian language isolate of the Lõis timeline. | |||
'''Roshterian''' | |||
==Numbers== | ==Numbers== | ||
TODO: Combining forms, ordinals, distributives | TODO: Combining forms, ordinals, distributives | ||
*1: ''peem, peemy-'' | *1: ''peem, peemy-'' | ||
*2: ''ṯitu, ṯitu-'' | *2: ''ṯitu, ṯitu-'' | ||
*3: '' | *3: ''naaṟ, naṟ-'' | ||
*4: ''loob, loo-'' | *4: ''loob, loo-'' | ||
*5: ''helit'', ''lit-'' | *5: ''helit'', ''lit-'' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Palatals and aspirated stops are used in loanwords from Indic. | |||
;Notes | ;Notes | ||
*The voiceless stops /p t̪ ʈ k q/ | *The voiceless stops /p t̪ ʈ k q/ are unaspirated. | ||
*/n̪ t̪ d̪ l̪/ are dental; /s̪/ is dentalized alveolar (transcribed /n t d s l/ for sake of convenience). | */n̪ t̪ d̪ l̪/ are dental; /s̪/ is dentalized alveolar (transcribed /n t d s l/ for sake of convenience). | ||
*[ŋ] and [ɴ] are allophones of /n̪/ before velar and uvular consonants, respectively. | *[ŋ] and [ɴ] are allophones of /n̪/ before velar and uvular consonants, respectively. | ||
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**Some dialects always use [Cɭ] or [Cɻ] for /Cr/. | **Some dialects always use [Cɭ] or [Cɻ] for /Cr/. | ||
*Not allowed initially: /mp nt ɳʈ ŋk ɴq mb nd ɳɖ ŋg ɴʁ ns ɳʂ lp lt ɭʈ lk ɭq lb ld ɭɖ lg ɭʁ rp rt ɻʈ rk rq rb rd ɻɖ rg rʁ rm rn ɻb ɻg ɻm ɻɳ sp st ʂʈ sk ʂq/ {{angbr|''mp nt ṉṯ nc nq mb nd ṉḏ ng nḡ ns ṉx lp lt ḻṯ lc ḻq lb ld ḻḏ lg ḻḡ rp rt ṟṯ rc rq rb rd ṟḏ rg rḡ rm rn ṟb ṟg ṟm ṟṉ sp st xṯ sc xq''}} | *Not allowed initially: /mp nt ɳʈ ŋk ɴq mb nd ɳɖ ŋg ɴʁ ns ɳʂ lp lt ɭʈ lk ɭq lb ld ɭɖ lg ɭʁ rp rt ɻʈ rk rq rb rd ɻɖ rg rʁ rm rn ɻb ɻg ɻm ɻɳ sp st ʂʈ sk ʂq/ {{angbr|''mp nt ṉṯ nc nq mb nd ṉḏ ng nḡ ns ṉx lp lt ḻṯ lc ḻq lb ld ḻḏ lg ḻḡ rp rt ṟṯ rc rq rb rd ṟḏ rg rḡ rm rn ṟb ṟg ṟm ṟṉ sp st xṯ sc xq''}} | ||
In addition, ''s'' and ''ṟ'' are not allowed initially. | |||
====Sandhi==== | ====Sandhi==== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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*''boo-'' = 'alas' | *''boo-'' = 'alas' | ||
*''yṟ/ṟy-'' = (softening marker) | *''yṟ/ṟy-'' = (softening marker) | ||
=====Evidentiality affixes===== | =====Evidentiality affixes===== | ||
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*''i-'' (before C), ''r-'' (before V) = I witnessed or otherwise directly experienced this | *''i-'' (before C), ''r-'' (before V) = I witnessed or otherwise directly experienced this | ||
*''pyn-'' = information I obtained from hearsay or am quoting | *''pyn-'' = information I obtained from hearsay or am quoting | ||
*'' | *''nar-'' = a third-party source I consider credible | ||
*''me-'' = my own inference, assumption or subjective opinion | *''me-'' = my own inference, assumption or subjective opinion | ||
*''hy-'' (< PTal ''*səni φī...'' 'tell me if...') = interrogative (used for both wh-questions and yes-no questions) | *''hy-'' (< PTal ''*səni φī...'' 'tell me if...') = interrogative (used for both wh-questions and yes-no questions) | ||
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=====Negative/focus affixes===== | =====Negative/focus affixes===== | ||
Negation is marked with the negative affix ''mis-'' (before V), or ''mi-''/''N-'' (before C), which may alter the verb stem to its incorporating form. | Negation is marked with the negative affix ''mis-'' (before V), or ''mi-''/''N-'' (before C), which may alter the verb stem to its incorporating form. | ||
*Negative: ''mis-'', ''mi-'', ''N-'' | *Negative: ''mis-'', ''mi-'', ''N-'' | ||
=====Causative person markers===== | =====Causative person markers===== | ||
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=====Subject+TAM markers===== | =====Subject+TAM markers===== | ||
Roshterian tenses: present, perfect, imperfect, future | |||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
{| class="bluetable" | {| class="bluetable" | ||
|+ | |+ Present indicative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Person !! Affix !! ''-ḡaimian'' 'I fly' !! ''-caasyn'' "I eat" | ! Person !! Affix !! ''-ḡaimian'' 'I fly' !! ''-caasyn'' "I eat" | ||
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{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
{| class="bluetable" | {| class="bluetable" | ||
|+ | |+ Past indicative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Person !! ''-ḡaimian'' "I fly" || ''-caasyn'' "I eat" | ! Person !! ''-ḡaimian'' "I fly" || ''-caasyn'' "I eat" | ||
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*''-peren'': 'I can/I'm able to' | *''-peren'': 'I can/I'm able to' | ||
*''-ṯysin'': 'I may/I have permission to' (negated: 'I must not') | *''-ṯysin'': 'I may/I have permission to' (negated: 'I must not') | ||
*''-xan'': 'I | *''-xan'': 'I will' (future tense) | ||
*''-dawan'': 'I | *''-dawan'': 'I want to' (future tense) | ||
====Copula==== | ====Copula==== | ||
To express "is a [NOUN]" or "is [ADJ]", the copula ''-(l)uan'' is suffixed to the bare stem of X; X plus the copula then goes to the normal stem slot for purposes of verb inflection. The noun itself doesn't go into the plural even when the subject is plural. | To express "is a [NOUN]" or "is [ADJ]", the copula ''-(l)uan'' is suffixed to the bare stem of X; X plus the copula then goes to the normal stem slot for purposes of verb inflection. The noun itself doesn't go into the plural even when the subject is plural. | ||
:''''' | :'''''Lamebaaṯuu.''''' | ||
:la-me- | :la-me-baaṯ-uu | ||
:merely-INFERRED-child-COP.PRES.3PL | :merely-INFERRED-child-COP.PRES.3PL | ||
:''In my opinion, they are mere children.'' | :''In my opinion, they are mere children.'' | ||
:'''''Hyroṉḏuar, | :'''''Hyroṉḏuar, hyteituar?''''' | ||
:hy-roṉḏ-uar, hy- | :hy-roṉḏ-uar, hy-teit-uar | ||
:Q-man-COP.2SG, Q- | :Q-man-COP.2SG, Q-child-COP.PRES.2SG | ||
:''Are you a man or a | :''Are you a man or a boy?'' | ||
When the copula is added on nouns without an evidential, it emphasizes the noun or simply indicates the tense of an action (either past or non-past). | When the copula is added on nouns without an evidential, it emphasizes the noun or simply indicates the tense of an action (either past or non-past). | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. However, the lemma form of a noun is typically its combining form, which is the incorporated form of a noun and is also used to form possessed forms and compounds. Unlike [[Thensarian]], Roshterian lost the [[ | Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. However, the lemma form of a noun is typically its combining form, which is the incorporated form of a noun and is also used to form possessed forms and compounds. Unlike [[Thensarian]], Roshterian lost the Proto-[[Talmic]] grammatical gender; gendered pronouns and verb affixes no longer mark grammatical gender, but natural gender (as in [[Naquian]]). There is no definite or indefinite article. | ||
The plural form is inherited from the Proto-Talmic reduplicated collective, and is often formed by reduplication. Example: ''bleit'' /blɛit/ 'woman', ''bebleit'' /bɛˈblɛit/ 'women'. Some irregularities may be present due to the retention of the original single consonant in the reduplicant, as opposed to the stem-initial cluster where the consonants interacted to produce new consonants and clusters. | The plural form is inherited from the Proto-Talmic reduplicated collective, and is often formed by reduplication. Example: ''bleit'' /blɛit/ 'woman', ''bebleit'' /bɛˈblɛit/ 'women'. Some irregularities may be present due to the retention of the original single consonant in the reduplicant, as opposed to the stem-initial cluster where the consonants interacted to produce new consonants and clusters. | ||
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|''weinys''||''uweinys'' | |''weinys''||''uweinys'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|his | !|his (3) | ||
|'' | |''weinyty''||''uweinyty'' | ||
|- | |||
!|her (3) | |||
|''weinytii''||''uweinytii'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|its (3) | !|its (3) | ||
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|''doiros''||''ledoiros'' | |''doiros''||''ledoiros'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|his | !|his | ||
|'' | |''doiroty''||''ledoiroty'' | ||
|- | |||
!|her | |||
|''doirotii''||''ledoirotii'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|its | !|its | ||
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|''ṟiidis''||''qeṟiidis'' | |''ṟiidis''||''qeṟiidis'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|his | !|his | ||
|'' | |''ṟiidity''||''qeṟiidity'' | ||
|- | |||
!|her | |||
|''ṟiiditii''||''qeṟiiditii'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|its | !|its | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
The class of adjectives is actually a small, closed subclass of nouns, usually relating to concrete properties of objects such as shape, color, size, and texture, and relatively permanent characteristics of people. Note that most English adjectives, like "cozy", "active", "incendiary", ..., are expressed in Roshterian by other means such as | The class of adjectives is actually a small, closed subclass of nouns, usually relating to concrete properties of objects such as shape, color, size, and texture, and relatively permanent characteristics of people. Note that most English adjectives, like "cozy", "active", "incendiary", ..., are expressed in Roshterian by other means such as inflected verbs or verb phrases. | ||
Predicative adjectives work the same way as predicative nouns in that they must take the copula. | Predicative adjectives work the same way as predicative nouns in that they must take the copula. | ||
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Sometimes not using applicatives is preferred, sometimes vice versa: | Sometimes not using applicatives is preferred, sometimes vice versa: | ||
:'' | :''Ixoorin di Qaaroxṯerim.'' | ||
:'I live in Roshteria.' (lit. I inhabit | :'I live in Roshteria.' (lit. I live in Roshteria) | ||
:''Idixoorin ḡeeliaṉ.'' | |||
:'I live in a city.' (lit. I inhabit a city) | |||
Applicatives are not only useful for emphasizing or topicalizing the oblique argument but in fact are necessary for certain syntactic constructions (and for just sounding natural). When an applicative is used, the original direct object (when used) takes the instrumental preposition ''nai''. | Applicatives are not only useful for emphasizing or topicalizing the oblique argument but in fact are necessary for certain syntactic constructions (and for just sounding natural). When an applicative is used, the original direct object (when used) takes the instrumental preposition ''nai''. | ||
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===Tower of Babel=== | ===Tower of Babel=== | ||
===Snake Lemma=== | ===Snake Lemma=== | ||
:''Professor Kate Gunzinger proves the Snake Lemma in the film ''It's My Turn'' (1980). I'll omit the proof, which is less linguistically interesting. [Most Roshterians prefer to use Eevo terms when discussing higher mathematics anyway.]'' | :''Professor Kate Gunzinger proves the Snake Lemma in the film ''It's My Turn'' (1980). I'll omit the proof, which is less linguistically interesting. [Most Roshterians prefer to use [[Eevo]] terms when discussing higher mathematics anyway.]'' | ||
:'''''Haxupimyṯrut yṟonypinoofer ''binróþ'' s, | :'''''Haxupimyṯrut yṟonypinoofer ''binróþ'' s, beṉṯylaḡilcoma peeṯypryṉifiaqolip, ḻe?''''' | ||
:haxu-pi-myṯru-t yṟ-ony-pi-noo-fer binróþ s | :haxu-pi-myṯru-t yṟ-ony-pi-noo-fer binróþ s ben-ṯy-laḡ-ilcom-a pee-ṯypr-yṉif-iaqoli-ip ḻe | ||
:way-4-build-CONST DISC_SOFTEN-CAUS.1SG-4-see-2PL.SUBJ.PERF mathematical_function s, | :way-4-build-CONST DISC_SOFTEN-CAUS.1SG-4-see-2PL.SUBJ.PERF mathematical_function s, DISC_"should be obvious"-PASS-APPL_TELIC-sow-3SG.N NOMZ-PASS-examine-show-at_first-4 TAG | ||
:''Let me just show you how to *construct* the map s, which is the fun of the lemma anyhow, okay?'' | :''Let me just show you how to *construct* the map s, which is the fun of the lemma anyhow, okay?'' | ||
[[Category:Talmic languages]] | [[Category:Talmic languages]] | ||