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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
| || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | || l || || j
| || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
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*/ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords.
*/ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords.
*/n/ assimilates in place of articulation to following stops.
*Consonants except /f, fː, j/ are pharyngealized adjacent to pharyngealized vowels and other pharyngealized consonants.
*Consonants except /f, fː, j/ are pharyngealized adjacent to pharyngealized vowels and other pharyngealized consonants.
**Pharyngealization of trills is optional and varies by speaker.
**Pharyngealization of trills is optional and varies by speaker.
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*Voiceless and non-geminated ejective stops may be lightly aspirated and ejected.
*Voiceless and non-geminated ejective stops may be lightly aspirated and ejected.
*Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as strongly aspirated or ejected.
*Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as strongly aspirated or ejected.
**Word-initial /qː, qʼː/ are realized as [q, qʼ].
*/l/ is in free variation with [ɫ], especially for younger speakers.
*/w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels.
*/w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels.
**/w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels are realized as [v].
**/w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels and /j/ are realized as [v].


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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Cases are split into absolutive (including genitive 1) and oblique. Genitive 1 and 2 are used with absolutive and absolutive (not including genitive 1) head nouns respectively. Some nouns also have suppletive oblique stems.
Cases are split into absolutive (including genitive 1) and oblique. Genitive 1 and 2 are used with absolutive and absolutive (not including genitive 1) head nouns respectively. Some nouns also have suppletive oblique stems.
Some nouns also mark


{| style="background: none"
{| style="background: none"
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
| -исс || -исбиъ
| -исс || -иппиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
! {{gcl|COM}}
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
! {{gcl|ERG}}
| -ин -инис
| -ин || -инис
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
| -интиъ -инытиъ
| -интиъ || -инытиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
| -нис -нә̄м
| -нис || -нә̄м
|-
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
! {{gcl|DAT}}
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
| тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м || тӏәшэ̄с || тӏэ̄сә̄м || тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м || rowspan="2"| сив
| сәтиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ || сэ̄тиъ || тӏэ̄ттиъ || тӏәттиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ || rowspan="2"| сив
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
| сәтиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ || сэ̄тиъ || тӏэ̄ттиъ || тӏәттиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ
| тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м || тӏәшэ̄с || тӏэ̄сә̄м || тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м
|-
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
! {{gcl|DAT}}
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Verbs are most often derived by pairing a light verb with either a following adjective or a preceding absolutive noun. When an absolutive noun is part of a complex verb, the clause's patient is instead marked as dative.
Verbs are most often derived by pairing a light verb with either a following adjective or a preceding absolutive noun. When an absolutive noun is part of a complex verb, the clause's patient is instead marked as dative.
====Other verb markers====
=====Tense, aspect, and mood=====
A number of tense-aspect combinations are formed by compounding verbs.
{| class="wikitable"
! imperfective infinitive
| verb.{{gcl|IPFV}} || rowspan="5" | + || be.{{gcl|INF}}
|-
! pluperfect
| verb.{{gcl|PRF}} || be.{{gcl|IPFV}}.{{gcl|NPST}}
|-
! discontinuous
| verb.{{gcl|PRF}} || become.{{gcl|PFV}}
|-
! habitual
| verb.{{gcl|IPFV}} || do.{{gcl|IPFV}}
|-
! iterative
| verb.{{gcl|IPFV}} || verb.{{gcl|IPFV}}
|}
Four mood suffixes can be applied to indicative verbs: subjunctive ''-кьи'', conditional ''-ссә'', counterfactual ''-(й)ә̄й'', and abilitative ''-ыъ''.
=====Converbs=====
There are two converbs: relative/attributive ''-ды'' which puts no restriction on its verb's inflection, and simultaneous ''-цы'' which can only be applied to imperfective verbs.
=====Valency modifiers=====
Verb valency can be increased and decreased with suffixes ''-гьэ'' and ''-ухъ'' respectively. These suffixes are also mostly used to derive new verbs, for example ''диркӏ, диркӏгьэ'' "to see, to look" and ''вӣд, вӣдухъ'' "to know, to think."
=====Causatives=====
Causative verbs are marked with particles preceding the causee. These particles agree with the causer's gender: masculine ''вит'', feminine ''вәт'', neuter ''уът''.
If present in the clause, the causer is marked as the agent of the verb, and the causee is put in the absolutive.
=====Reflexives and reciprocals=====
For reflexives see [[Guimin#Demonstratives and pronouns|Demonstratives and pronouns]]. Reciprocals are marked with a verb suffix ''-зәм''.
=====Questions=====
Questions are marked either with interrogative proforms or an interrogative verb suffix: ''-ма'' for polar questions, and ''-май'' for mediative questions.
====Verb affix order====
{| class="wikitable"
! negation !! пӏә- "un-"/<br>двиъ- "re-"
| verb<br>stem
! valency<br>modifier !! reciprocal !! mood !! converb !! question !! gerund/<br>agentivizer
|}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives agree with their head noun in case, number, and gender.
Adjectives agree with their head noun in case, number, and gender.


(inflection tables here)
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="7"| First declension
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
| тӏ(ә)- || -әм || ццӏ(а)- || rowspan="2"| -э̄с || с(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -ә̄с
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
| -әс || -эс || -э̄ || -әс
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
| -итиъ || -әмтиъ || -э̄тиъ || -э̄мтиъ || -әтиъ || -әгьиъ
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
| -әш || -ә̄м || -э̄с || -э̄м || -исәс || -исә̄м
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -э || -әмәс || -ӣъ || -э̄мәс || -исӣ || -исмәс
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
| -ә̄ || -э̄с || -эхъ || -э̄биъ || -исс || -иппиъ
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
| colspan="2"| -әми || colspan="2"| -э̄ми || colspan="2"| -ими
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
| colspan="2"| -әсы || colspan="2"| -э̄сы || colspan="2"| -исы
|}
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="7"| Second declension
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
| тӏ(ә)- || -иъм, -йм || ццӏ(а)- || rowspan="2"| -е̄с || с(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -йә̄с
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
| -иъс, -йс || -ӣс || -е̄ || -йәс
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
| -иътиъ, -йтиъ || -е̄тиъ || -е̄мтиъ || -ӣтиъ || -йәтиъ || -йәгьиъ
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
| -ӣс || -ё̄м || -е̄с || -е̄м || -исәс || -исә̄м
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| rowspan="2"| -ӣъ || -иъмәс, -ймәс || -ӣъ || -е̄мәс || -исӣ || -исмәс
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
| -иъбиъ, -йбиъ || -е̄хъ || -е̄биъ || -исс || -иппиъ
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
| colspan="2"| -иъми, -йми || colspan="2"| -е̄ми || colspan="2"| -ими
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
| colspan="2"| -иъсы, -йсы || colspan="2"| -е̄сы || colspan="2"| -исы
|}
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="7"| Third declension
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
| тӏ(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -вис || ццӏ(а)- || rowspan="2"| -вэ̄с || с(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -вә̄с
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
| -уъс, -вс || -вэ̄ || -вәс
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
| -уътиъ, -втиъ || -отиъ || -вэ̄тиъ || -вэ̄мтиъ || -вәтиъ || -вәгьиъ
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
| -ос || -вә̄м || -вэ̄с || -вэ̄м || -висәс || -висә̄м
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -вӣ || -уъмәс, -вмәс || -вӣъ || -вэ̄мәс || -висӣ || -висмәс
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
| -ӯъ, -в || -уъбиъ, -вбиъ || -вэхъ || -вэ̄биъ || -висс || -виппиъ
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
| colspan="2"| -уъми, -вми || colspan="2"| -вэ̄ми || colspan="2"| -вими
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
| colspan="2"| -уъсы, -всы || colspan="2"| -вэ̄сы || colspan="2"| -висы
|}


Absolutive singular adjectives optionally mark gender with prefixes ''тӏ(ә)-, ццӏ(а)-, с(ә)-'' for masculine, feminine, and neuter respectively.
The absolutive singular prefixes ''тӏ(ә)-, ццӏ(а)-, с(ә)-'' are optional and most often used for disambiguation.


Comparative and superlative adjectives are preceded by particles ''е '' and ''бәч'' respectively, and compared nouns use the equative case.
Comparative and superlative adjectives are preceded by particles ''е'' and ''бәч'' respectively, and compared nouns use the equative case.


===Evidentiality===
===Evidentiality===
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Numerals 1-4 have irregular ordinal forms ''пӏӯв, двиъчӏ, тӏыриътӏ, кӏтӏвытӏ'', other ordinals are marked by ''-(ы)тӏ''. Distributive and collective numerals are marked by ''-ар'' and ''-ла'' respectively.
Numerals 1-4 have irregular ordinal forms ''пӏӯв, двиъчӏ, тӏыриътӏ, кӏтӏвытӏ'', other ordinals are marked by ''-(ы)тӏ''. Distributive and collective numerals are marked by ''-ар'' and ''-ла'' respectively.
===Derivational morphology===
Adverbs are formed with -э̄.
====Part-of-speech modifiers====


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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===Noun and verb phrases===
===Noun and verb phrases===
Numerals precede their head. Genitives, possessives, and adjectives may either precede or follow their head. Adverbs follow their head.


===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
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{{interlinear
{{interlinear
|Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә.
|Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә.
|{{gcl|NWIT|non-witness}} human.ABS-PL.ABS all-M.PL.ABS free-ADJ.NZ-COM and equal-ADJ.NZ-COM dignity-SG.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} and right.PL-PL.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} make.PFV.PASS.M.PL
|{{gcl|NWIT|non-witness}} human.ABS-PL.ABS all-M.PL.ABS free-ADJ.NZ-COM and equal-ADJ.NZ-COM dignity-SG.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} and rights-PL.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} make.PFV.PASS.M.PL
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
<br>
<br>
Dillon
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