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Guimin: Difference between revisions
→Example texts
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! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]] | ! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]] | ||
| || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | || l || || j | | || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ! rowspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ||
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*/ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords. | */ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords. | ||
*/n/ assimilates in place of articulation to following stops. | |||
*Consonants except /f, fː, j/ are pharyngealized adjacent to pharyngealized vowels and other pharyngealized consonants. | *Consonants except /f, fː, j/ are pharyngealized adjacent to pharyngealized vowels and other pharyngealized consonants. | ||
**Pharyngealization of trills is optional and varies by speaker. | **Pharyngealization of trills is optional and varies by speaker. | ||
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*Voiceless and non-geminated ejective stops may be lightly aspirated and ejected. | *Voiceless and non-geminated ejective stops may be lightly aspirated and ejected. | ||
*Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as strongly aspirated or ejected. | *Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as strongly aspirated or ejected. | ||
**Word-initial /qː, qʼː/ are realized as [q, qʼ]. | |||
*/l/ is in free variation with [ɫ], especially for younger speakers. | */l/ is in free variation with [ɫ], especially for younger speakers. | ||
*/w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels. | */w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels. | ||
**/w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels are realized as [v]. | **/w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels and /j/ are realized as [v]. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | ! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | ||
| | | сәтиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ || сэ̄тиъ || тӏэ̄ттиъ || тӏәттиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ || rowspan="2"| сив | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | ! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | ||
| | | тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м || тӏәшэ̄с || тӏэ̄сә̄м || тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | ! {{gcl|DAT}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! pluperfect | ! pluperfect | ||
| verb.{{gcl|PRF}} || be.{{gcl|IPFV}}. | | verb.{{gcl|PRF}} || be.{{gcl|IPFV}}.{{gcl|NPST}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! discontinuous | ! discontinuous | ||
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! colspan="7"| First declension | ! colspan="7"| First declension | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}} | ! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | ! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | ||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| тӏ(ә)- || -әм || ццӏ(а)- || rowspan="2"| -э̄с || с(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -ә̄с | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -әс || -эс || -э̄ || -әс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -итиъ || -әмтиъ || -э̄тиъ || -э̄мтиъ || -әтиъ || -әгьиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -әш || -ә̄м || -э̄с || -э̄м || -исәс || -исә̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| -э || -әмәс || -ӣъ || -э̄мәс || -исӣ || -исмәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -ә̄ || -э̄с || -эхъ || -э̄биъ || -исс || -иппиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -әми || colspan="2"| -э̄ми || colspan="2"| -ими | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -әсы || colspan="2"| -э̄сы || colspan="2"| -исы | |||
|} | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="7"| Second declension | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| тӏ(ә)- || -иъм, -йм || ццӏ(а)- || rowspan="2"| -е̄с || с(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -йә̄с | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -иъс, -йс || -ӣс || -е̄ || -йәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -иътиъ, -йтиъ || -е̄тиъ || -е̄мтиъ || -ӣтиъ || -йәтиъ || -йәгьиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -ӣс || -ё̄м || -е̄с || -е̄м || -исәс || -исә̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| rowspan="2"| -ӣъ || -иъмәс, -ймәс || -ӣъ || -е̄мәс || -исӣ || -исмәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -иъбиъ, -йбиъ || -е̄хъ || -е̄биъ || -исс || -иппиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -иъми, -йми || colspan="2"| -е̄ми || colspan="2"| -ими | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -иъсы, -йсы || colspan="2"| -е̄сы || colspan="2"| -исы | |||
|} | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="7"| Third declension | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | ! {{gcl|ABS}} | ||
| - | | тӏ(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -вис || ццӏ(а)- || rowspan="2"| -вэ̄с || с(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -вә̄с | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | ! {{gcl|ERG}} | ||
| - | | -уъс, -вс || -вэ̄ || -вәс | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | ! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | ||
| - | | -уътиъ, -втиъ || -отиъ || -вэ̄тиъ || -вэ̄мтиъ || -вәтиъ || -вәгьиъ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | ! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | ||
| - | | -ос || -вә̄м || -вэ̄с || -вэ̄м || -висәс || -висә̄м | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | ! {{gcl|DAT}} | ||
| - | | -вӣ || -уъмәс, -вмәс || -вӣъ || -вэ̄мәс || -висӣ || -висмәс | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | ! {{gcl|INSTR}} | ||
| - | | -ӯъ, -в || -уъбиъ, -вбиъ || -вэхъ || -вэ̄биъ || -висс || -виппиъ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|COM}} | ! {{gcl|COM}} | ||
| colspan="2"| - | | colspan="2"| -уъми, -вми || colspan="2"| -вэ̄ми || colspan="2"| -вими | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | ! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | ||
| colspan="2"| - | | colspan="2"| -уъсы, -всы || colspan="2"| -вэ̄сы || colspan="2"| -висы | ||
|} | |} | ||
( | The absolutive singular prefixes ''тӏ(ә)-, ццӏ(а)-, с(ә)-'' are optional and most often used for disambiguation. | ||
Comparative and superlative adjectives are preceded by particles ''е'' and ''бәч'' respectively, and compared nouns use the equative case. | |||
Comparative and superlative adjectives are preceded by particles ''е '' and ''бәч'' respectively, and compared nouns use the equative case. | |||
===Evidentiality=== | ===Evidentiality=== | ||
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Numerals 1-4 have irregular ordinal forms ''пӏӯв, двиъчӏ, тӏыриътӏ, кӏтӏвытӏ'', other ordinals are marked by ''-(ы)тӏ''. Distributive and collective numerals are marked by ''-ар'' and ''-ла'' respectively. | Numerals 1-4 have irregular ordinal forms ''пӏӯв, двиъчӏ, тӏыриътӏ, кӏтӏвытӏ'', other ordinals are marked by ''-(ы)тӏ''. Distributive and collective numerals are marked by ''-ар'' and ''-ла'' respectively. | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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===Noun and verb phrases=== | ===Noun and verb phrases=== | ||
Numerals precede their head. Genitives, possessives, and adjectives may either precede or follow their head. Adverbs follow their head. | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
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{{interlinear | {{interlinear | ||
|Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә. | |Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә. | ||
|{{gcl|NWIT|non-witness}} human.ABS-PL.ABS all-M.PL.ABS free-ADJ.NZ-COM and equal-ADJ.NZ-COM dignity-SG.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} and | |{{gcl|NWIT|non-witness}} human.ABS-PL.ABS all-M.PL.ABS free-ADJ.NZ-COM and equal-ADJ.NZ-COM dignity-SG.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} and rights-PL.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} make.PFV.PASS.M.PL | ||
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | ||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||