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|name = Guimin | |name = Guimin | ||
|nativename = гӯймин | |nativename = гӯймин | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = gʉːjˈmin | ||
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Guimin | |pronunciation_key = IPA for Guimin | ||
|setting = Dagestan, Russian Federation | |setting = Dagestan, Russian Federation | ||
Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Guimin''' /ˈgoɪmɪn/ (<small>Guimin: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">гӯймин [[IPA for Guimin|[ | '''Guimin''' /ˈgoɪmɪn/ (<small>Guimin: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">гӯймин [[IPA for Guimin|[gʉːjˈmin]]]</span>) is an Indo-European language spoken in eastern Dagestan. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
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Guimin has historically been written with the Arabic, Mkhedruli, and Latin scripts, but is now largely written with the Cyrillic script. | Guimin has historically been written with the Arabic, Mkhedruli, and Latin scripts, but is now largely written with the Cyrillic script. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Guimin alphabet | |||
|- | |||
! А а !! А̄ а̄ !! Ав ав !! А̄в а̄в !! Авъ авъ !! А̄въ а̄въ !! Ай ай !! А̄й а̄й !! Айъ айъ !! А̄йъ а̄йъ | |||
|- | |||
| /ɑ/ || /ɑː/ || /ɑu/ || /ɑuː/ || /ɑuˤ/ || /ɑuˤː/ || /ɑi/ || /ɑiː/ || /ɑiˤ/ || /ɑiˤː/ | |||
|- | |||
! Б б !! В в !! Г г !! Гъ гъ !! Гь гь !! Д д !! Дж дж !! Дз дз !! Е е !! Е̄ е̄ | |||
|- | |||
| /b/ || /w/ || /g/ || /ʁ/ || /h/ || /d/ || /d͡ʒ/ || /d͡z/ || /je/ || /jeː/ | |||
|- | |||
! Ё ё !! Ё̄ ё̄ !! Ж ж !! З з !! И и !! Ӣ ӣ !! Иъ иъ !! Ӣъ ӣъ !! Й й !! К к | |||
|- | |||
| /jo/ || /joː/ || /ʒ/ || /z/ || /i/ || /iː/ || /iˤ/ || /iˤː/ || /j/ || /k/ | |||
|- | |||
! Кк кк !! Къ къ !! Кь кь !! Ккь ккь !! Кӏ кӏ !! Ккӏ ккӏ !! Къӏ къӏ !! Кьӏ кьӏ !! Ккьӏ ккьӏ !! Л л | |||
|- | |||
| /kː/ || /qː/ || /t͡ɬ/ || /t͡ɬː/ || /kʼ/ || /kʼː/ || /qʼː/ || /t͡ɬʼ/ || /t͡ɬʼː/ || /l/ | |||
|- | |||
! Лл лл !! Лъ лъ !! М м !! Н н !! О о !! О̄ о̄ !! П п !! Пп пп !! Пӏ пӏ !! Ппӏ ппӏ | |||
|- | |||
| /ɬː/ || /ɬ/ || /m/ || /n/ || /o/ || /oː/ || /p/ || /pː/ || /pʼ/ || /pʼː/ | |||
|- | |||
! Р р !! Рр рр !! Ръ ръ !! С с !! Сс сс !! Т т !! Тт тт !! Тӏ тӏ !! Ттӏ ттӏ !! У у | |||
|- | |||
| /r/ || /r̥ː/ || /r̥/ || /s/ || /sː/ || /t/ || /tː/ || /tʼ/ || /tʼː/ || /u/ | |||
|- | |||
! Ӯ ӯ !! Уъ уъ !! Ӯъ ӯъ !! Ф ф !! Фф фф !! Х х !! Хх хх !! Хъ хъ !! Ц ц !! Цц цц | |||
|- | |||
| /uː/ || /uˤ/ || /uˤː/ || /f/ || /fː/ || /x/ || /xː/ || /χː/ || /t͡s/ || /t͡sː/ | |||
|- | |||
! Цӏ цӏ !! Ццӏ ццӏ !! Ч ч !! Чч чч !! Чӏ чӏ !! Ччӏ ччӏ !! Ш ш !! Шш шш !! Щ щ !! Ы ы | |||
|- | |||
| /t͡sʼ/ || /t͡sʼː/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /t͡ʃː/ || /t͡ʃʼ/ || /t͡ʃʼː/ || /ʃ/ || /ʃː/ || /ʃː/ || /ɨ/ | |||
|- | |||
! Ы̄ ы̄ !! Ыъ ыъ !! Ы̄ъ ы̄ъ !! Э э !! Э̄ э̄ !! Ю ю !! Ю̄ ю̄ !! Юъ юъ !! Ю̄ъ ю̄ъ !! Я я | |||
|- | |||
| /ɨː/ || /ɨˤ/ || /ɨˤː/ || /e/ || /eː/ || /ju/ || /juː/ || /juˤ/ || /juˤː/ || /jɑ/ | |||
|- | |||
! Я̄ я̄ !! Ӏ ӏ !! Ә ә !! Ә̄ ә̄ !! Әъ әъ !! Ә̄ъ ә̄ъ !! Әв әв !! Ә̄в ә̄в !! Әвъ әвъ !! Ә̄въ ә̄въ | |||
|- | |||
| /jɑː/ || /ʔ/ || /æ/ || /æː/ || /æˤ/ || /æˤː/ || /æu/ || /æuː/ || /æuˤ/ || /æuˤː/ | |||
|- | |||
! Әй әй !! Ә̄й ә̄й !! Әйъ әйъ !! Ә̄йъ ә̄йъ | |||
|- | |||
| /æi/ || /æiː/ || /æiˤ/ || /æiˤː/ | |||
|} | |||
*⟨щ⟩ only occurs in Russian loanwords. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]] | ! [[w:Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]] | ||
| | | rowspan="2" | [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]] || || [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || || [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || || colspan="2" | || || colspan="2" | || [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]] | ! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]] | ||
| || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ! rowspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ||
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*/ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords. | */ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords. | ||
*/n/ assimilates in place of articulation to following stops. | |||
*Consonants except /f, fː, j/ are pharyngealized adjacent to pharyngealized vowels and other pharyngealized consonants. | |||
**Pharyngealization of trills is optional and varies by speaker. | |||
**Pharyngealized alveolar consonants (except lateral consonants and trills) are realized as dental. | |||
**Pharyngealized /ʔ/ is realized as [ʡ~ʕ]. | |||
**Pharyngealized /h/ is realized as [ħ~ʜ]. | |||
*Voiceless and non-geminated ejective stops may be lightly aspirated and ejected. | |||
*Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as strongly aspirated or ejected. | |||
**Word-initial /qː, qʼː/ are realized as [q, qʼ]. | |||
*/l/ is in free variation with [ɫ], especially for younger speakers. | |||
*/w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels. | |||
**/w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels and /j/ are realized as [v]. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Vowels | |||
|- | |||
! !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Close vowel|High]] | |||
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || iː || [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] || ɨː || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] || uː | |||
|- | |||
! High [[w:Pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] | |||
| iˤ || iˤː || ɨˤ || ɨˤː || uˤ || uˤː | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | |||
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || eː || colspan="2" | || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] || oː | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Open vowel|Low]] | |||
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]] || æː || colspan="2" | || [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]] || ɑː | |||
|- | |||
! Low [[w:Pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] | |||
| æˤ || æˤː | |||
|} | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Diphthongs | |||
|- | |||
| æi || æiː || æiˤ || æiˤː | |||
|- | |||
| æu || æuː || æuˤ || æuˤː | |||
|- | |||
| ɑi || ɑiː || ɑiˤ || ɑiˤː | |||
|- | |||
| ɑu || ɑuː || ɑuˤ || ɑuˤː | |||
|} | |||
*/æˤ/ only occurs in loanwords. | |||
*/u, uː, o, oː, ɑ, ɑː/ are realized as /ʉ, ʉː, ɵ, ɵː, ɐ, ɑː/ if the following syllable contains /i, iː, iˤ, iˤː, e, eː/. | |||
**/u/ in diphthongs is realized as /ɵ/. | |||
*/iˤ, iˤː, ɨˤ, ɨˤː, uˤ, uˤː, æˤ, æˤː/ are realized as /e, eː, ɘ, ɘː, o, oː, ɘ, ɘː/ word-finally after pharyngealized consonants. | |||
*/e, o/ are in free variation with [ɛ, ɔ]. | |||
*Epenthetic [ɘ] is optionally inserted between morphemes, most often between obstruents of different voicing/fortition. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
Stress is phonemic, most often either stem-initial or directly after the stem (which shifts to stem-final with zero-suffixes). | Stress is phonemic, most often either stem-initial or directly after the stem (which shifts to stem-final with zero-suffixes). | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Guimin has a maximum syllable structure of CCVCC. consonant-/m, n, l, r/ clusters cannot occur word-initially. | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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Guimin has ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment. | Guimin has ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment. | ||
===Nouns and pronouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns inflect for case and number, and are gendered masculine, feminine, or neuter. | |||
Cases are split into absolutive (including genitive 1) and oblique. Genitive 1 and 2 are used with absolutive and absolutive (not including genitive 1) head nouns respectively. Some nouns also have suppletive oblique stems. | |||
{| style="background: none" | |||
|- | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| First declension | |||
|- | |||
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| -∅ || -әм | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -әс || -эс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -итиъ || -әмтиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -әш || -ә̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| -э || -әмәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -ә̄ || -э̄с | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -әми | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -әсы | |||
|} | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Second declension | |||
|- | |||
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| -∅ || rowspan="2"| -ә̄с | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -әс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -әтиъ || -әгьиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -исәс || -исә̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| -исӣ || -исмәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -исс || -иппиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -ими | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -исы | |||
|} | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Third declension | |||
|- | |||
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| -∅ || -ыс, -м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -с || -ис | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -тиъ || -ытиъ, -мтиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -ис || -ә̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| rowspan="2"| -ӣ || -мәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -биъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -ми | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -сы | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
{| style="background: none" | |||
|- | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Fourth declension | |||
|- | |||
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| -∅ || -иъм, -йм | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -иъс, -йс || -ӣс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -иътиъ, -йтиъ || -ӣтиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -ӣс || -ё̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| rowspan="2"| -ӣъ || -иъмәс, -ймәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -иъбиъ, -йбиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -иъми, -йми | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -иъсы, -йсы | |||
|} | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Fifth declension | |||
|- | |||
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| -∅ || rowspan="2"| -вис | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -уъс, -вс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -уътиъ, -втиъ || -отиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -ос || -вә̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| -вӣ || -уъмәс, -вмәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -ӯъ, -в || -уъбиъ, -вбиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -уъми, -вми | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -уъсы, -всы | |||
|} | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Sixth declension | |||
|- | |||
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| -∅ || rowspan="2"| -э̄с | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -э̄ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -э̄тиъ || -э̄мтиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -э̄с || -э̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| -ӣъ || -э̄мәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -эхъ || -э̄биъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -э̄ми | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -э̄сы | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
{| style="background: none" | |||
|- | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Seventh declension | |||
|- | |||
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| -∅ || -иныс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -ин || -инис | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -интиъ || -инытиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -нис || -нә̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| rowspan="2"| -нӣ || -ымәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -ыбиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -ыми | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -ысы | |||
|} | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Eighth declension | |||
|- | |||
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| -∅ || rowspan="2"| -ә̄ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -ы, -н | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -ытиъ, -нтиъ || -ә̄тиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -инс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| -инӣ || rowspan="2"| -нӣ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -ӣн | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -инми | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -инсы | |||
|} | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3"| Ninth declension | |||
|- | |||
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| rowspan="2"| -сәр || -сәрыс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -сәрис | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -сәртиъ || -сәрытиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -ръис || -ръә̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| rowspan="2"| -ръӣ || -сымәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -сыбиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -сыми | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -сысы | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
====Demonstratives and pronouns==== | |||
Pronouns inflect for the same categories as nouns. First-person plural pronouns also mark clusivity, and third-person pronouns mark gender. | |||
Guimin third-person masculine singular pronouns also function as demonstratives, and when used as such often absolutive ''сә'' is treated as the stem inflected as a first-declension noun. | |||
{| style="background: none" | |||
|- | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
|+ First-person pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|INCL}} !! {{gcl|EXCL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| ми || ым || ы̄в | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| ик || вӣ || нә̄ъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| colspan="2"| митиъ || ы̄витиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| мәс || сәм || нә̄ъм | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
|мэ̄ || нә̄с || нә̄ъс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| colspan="2"| митӏ || нә̄ъбиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| икми || вӣми || нә̄ъми | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| иккы || вӣсы || нә̄ъсы | |||
|} | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
|+ Second-person pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| тӏви || уъм | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| тӏӯъ, тӏуъ || ю̄ъс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| colspan="2"| тӏвитиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| тӏо || уъсәм | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| тӏэ̄ || вә̄с | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| colspan="2"| тӏвитӏ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| тӏӯъми, тӏуъми || ю̄ъсми | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| тӏӯъсы, тӏуъсы || ю̄ъссы | |||
|} | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
|+ Third-person pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}} !! rowspan="2"| {{gcl|REFL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| сә || тӏэ̄ || сэ̄ || тӏэ̄с || rowspan="2"| тӏәд || rowspan="2"| тӏэ̄ || rowspan="2"| би | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| тӏәм || тӏәмс || тӏә̄м || тӏэ̄мс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| сәтиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ || сэ̄тиъ || тӏэ̄ттиъ || тӏәттиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ || rowspan="2"| сив | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м || тӏәшэ̄с || тӏэ̄сә̄м || тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| тӏәмӣ || тӏэ̄мәс || тӏәшӣъ || тӏэ̄мәс || тӏәмӣ || тӏэ̄мәс || сӣ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| тӏәнә̄ || тӏэ̄с || тӏӣъ || тӏэ̄миъс || тӏәнә̄ || тӏэ̄с || rowspan="2"| битӏ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| тӏәми || тӏә̄ми || тӏэ̄ми || colspan="2"| тӏәми | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| тӏәсы || тӏәссы || тӏә̄сы || тӏэ̄ссы || тӏәсы || тӏәссы | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
====Locative cases==== | |||
A number of locative cases can be applied to nouns (including demonstratives and pronouns). | |||
= | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Locative case suffixes | |||
|- | |||
! !! {{gcl|LOC}} !! {{gcl|LAT}} !! {{gcl|ABL}} !! {{gcl|TRANS|translative}} !! {{gcl|TERM|terminative}} | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
| -э || -дэ || -әд || -игъ || -быд | |||
|- | |||
! in- | |||
| -инэ || -индэ || -инәд || -инигъ || -имбыд | |||
|- | |||
! super- | |||
| -ыънэ || -ыъндэ || -ыънәд || -ыънигъ || -ыъмбыд | |||
|- | |||
! sub- | |||
| -уъпӏэ || -уъпӏтӏэ || -уъпӏәд || -уъпӏигъ || -уъппыд | |||
|- | |||
! pre- | |||
| -рэ̄ || -рэ̄дэ || -рэ̄д || -рэ̄игъ || -рэ̄быд | |||
|- | |||
! post- | |||
| -ппӏэ || -ппӏтӏэ || -ппӏәд || -ппӏигъ || -ппӏыд | |||
|} | |||
Locative suffixes are applied to the ergative stem of the noun, and in plural nouns follows ergative plural marking. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Guimin has 22 light verbs from which all others are derived. They inflect for tense, aspect, mood, voice, patient number and gender, and other optional categories. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ "to do" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|N}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | {{gcl|INF}} | |||
| colspan="6" | тӣ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="9" | {{gcl|PFV}} | |||
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|IND}} | |||
! {{gcl|PRES}} | |||
| тӣтӏ || тӣнтӏ || тә̄тӏ || тэнтӏ || тыътӏ || ттинтӏ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|PST}} | |||
| тӣнтӏ || тӣнинтӏ || тә̄нтӏ || тә̄нинтӏ || ттытӏ || тыънинтӏ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|PRF}} | |||
| тита̄тӏ || титнэнтӏ || тита̄тӏ || титнэнтӏ || тита̄тӏ || титнэнтӏ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|FUT}} | |||
| тӣтӏиъ || тӣнтӏиъ || тэтӏиъ || тә̄нтӏиъ || ттитӏиъ || ттәнтӏиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|PASS}} | |||
| тӣтӏә || тӣрә || тә̄тӏә || тә̄рә || тыътӏә || тыърә | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | {{gcl|IMP}} | |||
| тӣтӏуъ || тӣнтӏуъ || тә̄тӏуъ || тэнтӏуъ || тыътӏуъ || ттинтӏуъ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | {{gcl|PTCP}} | |||
! {{gcl|NPST}} | |||
| colspan="6" | ттәнцӏ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|PST}} | |||
| colspan="6" | тыънәнцӏ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|PASS}} | |||
| colspan="6" | тты̄нәс | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="7" | {{gcl|IPFV}} | |||
! rowspan="3" | {{gcl|IND}} | |||
! {{gcl|NPST}} | |||
| тэ̄нтӏ || тинэнтӏ || та̄нтӏ || тәнэнтӏ || та̄тӏ || тынэнтӏ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|PST}} | |||
| итэ̄нтӏ || итинэнтӏ || ита̄нтӏ || итәнэнтӏ || ита̄тӏ || итнэнтӏ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|PASS}} | |||
| тэ̄нтӏә || тэ̄нрә || та̄нтӏә || та̄нрә || та̄тӏә || та̄рә | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | {{gcl|PTCP}} | |||
! {{gcl|NPST}} | |||
| colspan="6" | тынанцӏ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|PST}} | |||
| colspan="6" | та̄нәнцӏ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|PASS}} | |||
| colspan="6" | та̄мынәс | |||
|} | |||
===Adjectives and | Verbs are most often derived by pairing a light verb with either a following adjective or a preceding absolutive noun. When an absolutive noun is part of a complex verb, the clause's patient is instead marked as dative. | ||
====Other verb markers==== | |||
=====Tense, aspect, and mood===== | |||
A number of tense-aspect combinations are formed by compounding verbs. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! imperfective infinitive | |||
| verb.{{gcl|IPFV}} || rowspan="5" | + || be.{{gcl|INF}} | |||
|- | |||
! pluperfect | |||
| verb.{{gcl|PRF}} || be.{{gcl|IPFV}}.{{gcl|NPST}} | |||
|- | |||
! discontinuous | |||
| verb.{{gcl|PRF}} || become.{{gcl|PFV}} | |||
|- | |||
! habitual | |||
| verb.{{gcl|IPFV}} || do.{{gcl|IPFV}} | |||
|- | |||
! iterative | |||
| verb.{{gcl|IPFV}} || verb.{{gcl|IPFV}} | |||
|} | |||
Four mood suffixes can be applied to indicative verbs: subjunctive ''-кьи'', conditional ''-ссә'', counterfactual ''-(й)ә̄й'', and abilitative ''-ыъ''. | |||
=====Converbs===== | |||
There are two converbs: relative/attributive ''-ды'' which puts no restriction on its verb's inflection, and simultaneous ''-цы'' which can only be applied to imperfective verbs. | |||
=====Valency modifiers===== | |||
Verb valency can be increased and decreased with suffixes ''-гьэ'' and ''-ухъ'' respectively. These suffixes are also mostly used to derive new verbs, for example ''диркӏ, диркӏгьэ'' "to see, to look" and ''вӣд, вӣдухъ'' "to know, to think." | |||
=====Causatives===== | |||
Causative verbs are marked with particles preceding the causee. These particles agree with the causer's gender: masculine ''вит'', feminine ''вәт'', neuter ''уът''. | |||
If present in the clause, the causer is marked as the agent of the verb, and the causee is put in the absolutive. | |||
=====Reflexives and reciprocals===== | |||
For reflexives see [[Guimin#Demonstratives and pronouns|Demonstratives and pronouns]]. Reciprocals are marked with a verb suffix ''-зәм''. | |||
=====Questions===== | |||
Questions are marked either with interrogative proforms or an interrogative verb suffix: ''-ма'' for polar questions, and ''-май'' for mediative questions. | |||
====Verb affix order==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! negation !! пӏә- "un-"/<br>двиъ- "re-" | |||
| verb<br>stem | |||
! valency<br>modifier !! reciprocal !! mood !! converb !! question !! gerund/<br>agentivizer | |||
|} | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives agree with their head noun in case, number, and gender. | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="7"| First declension | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| тӏ(ә)- || -әм || ццӏ(а)- || rowspan="2"| -э̄с || с(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -ә̄с | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -әс || -эс || -э̄ || -әс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -итиъ || -әмтиъ || -э̄тиъ || -э̄мтиъ || -әтиъ || -әгьиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -әш || -ә̄м || -э̄с || -э̄м || -исәс || -исә̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| -э || -әмәс || -ӣъ || -э̄мәс || -исӣ || -исмәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -ә̄ || -э̄с || -эхъ || -э̄биъ || -исс || -иппиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -әми || colspan="2"| -э̄ми || colspan="2"| -ими | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -әсы || colspan="2"| -э̄сы || colspan="2"| -исы | |||
|} | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="7"| Second declension | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| тӏ(ә)- || -иъм, -йм || ццӏ(а)- || rowspan="2"| -е̄с || с(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -йә̄с | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -иъс, -йс || -ӣс || -е̄ || -йәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -иътиъ, -йтиъ || -е̄тиъ || -е̄мтиъ || -ӣтиъ || -йәтиъ || -йәгьиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -ӣс || -ё̄м || -е̄с || -е̄м || -исәс || -исә̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| rowspan="2"| -ӣъ || -иъмәс, -ймәс || -ӣъ || -е̄мәс || -исӣ || -исмәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -иъбиъ, -йбиъ || -е̄хъ || -е̄биъ || -исс || -иппиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -иъми, -йми || colspan="2"| -е̄ми || colspan="2"| -ими | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -иъсы, -йсы || colspan="2"| -е̄сы || colspan="2"| -исы | |||
|} | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! colspan="7"| Third declension | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ABS}} | |||
| тӏ(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -вис || ццӏ(а)- || rowspan="2"| -вэ̄с || с(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -вә̄с | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|ERG}} | |||
| -уъс, -вс || -вэ̄ || -вәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}} | |||
| -уътиъ, -втиъ || -отиъ || -вэ̄тиъ || -вэ̄мтиъ || -вәтиъ || -вәгьиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} | |||
| -ос || -вә̄м || -вэ̄с || -вэ̄м || -висәс || -висә̄м | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|DAT}} | |||
| -вӣ || -уъмәс, -вмәс || -вӣъ || -вэ̄мәс || -висӣ || -висмәс | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|INSTR}} | |||
| -ӯъ, -в || -уъбиъ, -вбиъ || -вэхъ || -вэ̄биъ || -висс || -виппиъ | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|COM}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -уъми, -вми || colspan="2"| -вэ̄ми || colspan="2"| -вими | |||
|- | |||
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}} | |||
| colspan="2"| -уъсы, -всы || colspan="2"| -вэ̄сы || colspan="2"| -висы | |||
|} | |||
The absolutive singular prefixes ''тӏ(ә)-, ццӏ(а)-, с(ә)-'' are optional and most often used for disambiguation. | |||
Comparative and superlative adjectives are preceded by particles ''е'' and ''бәч'' respectively, and compared nouns use the equative case. | |||
===Evidentiality=== | |||
Witness and nonwitness evidence are marked with clause-initial particles ''ыг'' and ''гӯ'' respectively. Gnomic clauses use neither particle. | |||
Reportative clauses use a separate particle that agrees in gender with the reportee: masculine ''кӏу'', feminine ''кӏо'', neuter ''ккӏа''. If the reportee is included in or near the clause the reportative particle follows the reportee, otherwise it is clause-initial. | |||
===Negation and prohibitives=== | |||
Clauses are negated with a verb clitic ''ни-'', or an emphatic equivalent ''вэ̄-''. These clitics can also function as preceding particles to negate individual words, and as negative interjections. | |||
Prohibitive verbs are marked with a preceding particle ''мӣ'' plus imperative inflection. | |||
===Postpositions=== | ===Postpositions=== | ||
Line 104: | Line 828: | ||
Guimin uses base-20 numerals, except past 1000 where base-10 is used. | Guimin uses base-20 numerals, except past 1000 where base-10 is used. | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Numerals | |||
|- | |||
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 | |||
|- | |||
| эв || двә̄ || тӏырӣ || кӏтӏӯр || пӏукӏ | |||
|- | |||
! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 | |||
|- | |||
| биккӏ || сипӏтӏы || әкӏтӏә̄ || нон || дикӏы | |||
|- | |||
! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 | |||
|- | |||
| дикӏмэв || дикӏыдвә̄ || дикӏытӏырӣ || дикӏыкӏтӏӯр || дикӏыпӏукӏ | |||
|- | |||
! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20 | |||
|- | |||
| дикӏмиккӏ || дикӏысипӏтӏы || дикӏмәкӏтӏә̄ || дикӏынон || виъгьы | |||
|- | |||
! 400 !! 1,000 !! 10,000 !! 100,000 !! 1,000,000 | |||
|- | |||
| кӏытӏ || гьәзә̄р || бә̄вр || дикӏы бә̄вр || милён | |||
|} | |||
*Numeral places above 1,000,000 are Russian loans. | |||
Numerals 1-4 have irregular ordinal forms ''пӏӯв, двиъчӏ, тӏыриътӏ, кӏтӏвытӏ'', other ordinals are marked by ''-(ы)тӏ''. Distributive and collective numerals are marked by ''-ар'' and ''-ла'' respectively. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Line 114: | Line 860: | ||
===Noun and verb phrases=== | ===Noun and verb phrases=== | ||
Numerals precede their head. Genitives, possessives, and adjectives may either precede or follow their head. Adverbs follow their head. | |||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
Line 124: | Line 871: | ||
{{interlinear | {{interlinear | ||
|Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә. | |Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә. | ||
|{{gcl|NWIT|non-witness}} human.ABS-PL.ABS all-M.PL.ABS free-ADJ.NZ-COM and equal-ADJ.NZ-COM dignity-SG.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} and | |{{gcl|NWIT|non-witness}} human.ABS-PL.ABS all-M.PL.ABS free-ADJ.NZ-COM and equal-ADJ.NZ-COM dignity-SG.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} and rights-PL.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} make.PFV.PASS.M.PL | ||
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | ||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | ||
<br> | <br> |
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